Journal of Environmental Studies

Journal of Environmental Studies

Identifying Effective Components on Applying Nature-based Runoff Management Approaches in Local Streets of Tehran by Cross Impact Analysis (CIA)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
Parastoo Eshrati 1
Mohammad Motallebi 2
1 School of Architecture, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran. Iran.
2 Department of Environmental Design Enginering, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
10.22059/jes.2022.340903.1008305
Abstract
The current urban runoff management approach in Tehran is a structural approach which its main purpose is to collect and transfer runoff out of the city. However, nature-based approaches emphasize the maximum absorption as near as the source of runoff and apply interdisciplinary perspectives to achieve it. This research pursues two main goals in order to provide the basis for the application of nature-based approaches in the local streets of city of Tehran, Iran: 1) identifying of disciplines and main variables of the nature-based urban drainage approaches, and 2) identifying the role each variable plays in implementing these approaches in Tehran in the current situation. First, a theoretical model of the disciplines and variables has been develops based on literature review. Second, the role of each variable from the point of view of experts was investigated by using Cross Impact Analysis (CIA) method with the tool of MicMac software. The results show that in the current situation, ‘runoff speed and volume’ as an influential variable has the most important role on implementation of these new approaches in urban runoff management in Tehran local streets. And variables of ‘street profile’, ‘land use’, ‘activities’, and ‘planting’ as well as ‘economic feasibility’ are linkage variables. Other variables are either dependent or do not have high priority in the current situation. The results of the research place special emphasis on interdisciplinary teamwork between the specialties of water sciences and urban landscape as well as economics to provide the basis for the application of these approaches.
Keywords
Urban Runoff
Urban Drainage Nature-based Approach
Cross Impact Analysis (CIA)
Local Street
MicMac
  1. Arcade, J., Godet, M., Meunier, F., & Roubelat, F. (2003). Structural Analysis with the MICMAC Method & Actors Strategy with MACTOR Method, AC/UNU Millennium Project: Futures Research Methodology, V2.0, AC/UNU, Washington, DC.
  2. Connecticut Stormwater Quality Manual (2004). The Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection.
  3. Connecticut Stormwater Quality Manual (2004). The Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection.
  4. Dietz, M. E. (2007). Low Impact Development Practices: A Review of Current Research and Recommendations for Future Directions, Water, ir, and Soil Pollution, Issue 186.
  5. Evaluating Options for Water Sensitive Urban Design: A National Guide (2012). Lynbrook Estate (Melbourne, Victoria), in: Appendix A: WSUD Case Studies, Australia: BMT-WBM
  6. Evaluating Options for Water Sensitive Urban Design: A National Guide (2012). Lynbrook Estate (Melbourne, Victoria), in: Appendix A: WSUD Case Studies, Australia: BMT-WBM
  7. Firehock, K. (2010). A Short History of the Term Green Infrastructure and Selected Literature.
  8. Fletcher, T. D., Shuster, W., Hunt, W. F., Ashley, R., Butler, D., Arthur, S., Trowsdale, S., Barraud, S., Semadeni-Davies, A., Bertrand-Krajewski, J., Mikkelsen, P. S., Rivard, G., Uhl, M., Dagenais, D., & Viklander, M. (2014). SUDS, LID, BMPs, WSUD and more – The evolution and application of terminology surrounding urban drainage, Urban Water Journal, 12(7), 525-542, DOI: 10.1080/1573062X.2014.916314
  9. Ghofrani, Z., Sposito, V., & Faggian, R. (2017). A comprehensive review of blue-green infrastructure concepts. International Journal of Environment and Sustainability, 6(1)., 15-36.
  10. Green Infrastructure Guidance (2009). UK: Natural England Publications.
  11. Green Infrastructure Guidance (2009). UK: Natural England Publications.
  12. Hajiani, A. (2017). Principles and Methods of Futures Research. Imam Sadiq University Press, Tehran.
  13. Hoss, F., Fischbach, J., & Molina-Perez, E. (2016). Effectiveness of Best Management Practices for Stormwater Treatment as a Function of Runoff Volume, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 142(11), 05016009-1-12, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000684
  14. Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity, Personnel psychology, 28, 563–575.
  15. Lloyd, D. (2001). Water Sensitive Urban Design in the Australian Context, Synthesis of the Conference: Water Sensitive Urban Design - Sustainable Drainage Systems for Urban Areas, 30 - 31 August 2000, Melbourne, Australia.
  16. Low Impact Development Approaches Handbook (2021). USA: Clean Water Service.
  17. Low Impact Development Approaches Handbook (2021). USA: Clean Water Service.
  18. Low Impact Development Stormwater Management Planning and Design Guide (2010). Conservation Toronto Region for the Living City, Version 1.0.
  19. Low Impact Development Stormwater Management Planning and Design Guide (2010). Conservation Toronto Region for the Living City, Version 1.0.
  20. Melbourne Water (2013). Water Sensitive Urban Design Guidelines South Eastern Councils: Melbourne Water & State Government Victoria.
  21. Melbourne Water (2013). Water Sensitive Urban Design Guidelines South Eastern Councils: Melbourne Water & State Government Victoria.
  22. Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality (2011). Handbook for Erosion Control, Sediment Control and Storm water Management on Construction Sites and Urban Areas, Vol.2, Mississippi, USA.
  23. Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality (2011). Handbook for Erosion Control, Sediment Control and Storm water Management on Construction Sites and Urban Areas, Vol.2, Mississippi, USA.
  24. Mitchell, V., Deletic, A., Fletcher, T. D., Hatt, B. E., & McCarthy, D. T. (2007). Achieving multiple benefits from stormwater harvesting. Water science and technology, 55(4), 135-144.
  25. Molaei, M., Talebian. H. (2016). Future research of Iranian issues with the method of structural analysis, Parliament and Strategy Journal, 23 (86), 5-32.
  26. National Water Agency (2013). Managing Urban Runoff: Drainage Handbook, Singapore National Water Agency, Singapore.
  27. National Water Agency (2013). Managing Urban Runoff: Drainage Handbook, Singapore National Water Agency, Singapore.
  28. National Water Agency (2014). ABC Waters Design Guidelines and Engineering Procedures: 3rd edition, Singapore’s national water agency, Singapore.
  29. National Water Agency (2014). ABC Waters Design Guidelines and Engineering Procedures: 3rd edition, Singapore’s national water agency, Singapore.
  30. National Water Agency (2018). Code of Practice on Surface Water Drainage (COP): 7th edition, Singapore’s national water agency, Singapore.
  31. National Water Agency (2018). Code of Practice on Surface Water Drainage (COP): 7th edition, Singapore’s national water agency, Singapore.
  32. Pennsylvania Stormwater BMP Manual (2006). Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Watershed Management December 30, 2006.
  33. Pennsylvania Stormwater BMP Manual (2006). Department of Environmental Protection Bureau of Watershed Management December 30, 2006.
  34. Philadelphia Stormwater Management Guidance Manual (2014). Prepared by: Planning & Research Philadelphia Water Department, Version 2.1, Revised: February 10, 2014.
  35. Philadelphia Stormwater Management Guidance Manual (2014). Prepared by: Planning & Research Philadelphia Water Department, Version 2.1, Revised: February 10, 2014.
  36. Rabbani, T. (2012). Structural analysis method as a tool for recognizing and analyzing variables affecting the future of urban issues, Frist National Conference of Future Research, Yadegar Derakhshan Aria, Tehran. Iran.
  37. Razmjooi, N., Magdavi, M., Afkhami, H., Mohseni Saravi, M., Moetamed Vaziri, B. (2018). Flood Control and Water Supply for Irrigation of Green Spaces Using Urban Runoff Harvesting Management Design (Case Study: Region 22 of Tehran). Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20(4), 95-109.
  38. Sacramento Region (2018). Storm Water Quality Design Manual: Integrated Design Solutions for Urban Development, Sacramento Region, California, USA.
  39. Sacramento Region (2018). Storm Water Quality Design Manual: Integrated Design Solutions for Urban Development, Sacramento Region, California, USA.
  40. Santiago Fink, H. (2016). Human-nature for climate action: Nature-based solutions for urban sustainability. Sustainability, 8(3), 254, 1-21.
  41. Seddon, N., Chausson, A., Berry, P., Girardin, C. A., Smith, A., & Turner, B. (2020). Understanding the value and limits of nature-based solutions to climate change and other global challenges. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 375(1794), 20190120, 1-12.
  42. Shun Chan, F.K., Griffiths J.A, Higgitte, D., Xu, S., Zhu F., Tang, Y., Xu, Y., & Thorne, C. (2018). “Sponge City” in China—A breakthrough of planning and flood risk management in the urban context, Land Use Policy, 76(C), 772-778.
  43. Shuster, WD., Heberling, MT., & Thurston, HW. (2008). A Multidisciplinary Approach to Sustainable Management of Watershed Resources, Unitd States Environental Protection Agency.
  44. Storm water Management Manual for Western Australia (2007). Government of Western Australia, Department of Water.
  45. Storm water Management Manual for Western Australia (2007). Government of Western Australia, Department of Water.
  46. Tehran Surface Water Management Master Plan. (2011). Volume 8: The Modern Technology Approach (LID / BMP), Tehran Technical and Engineering Consulting Organization and Tehran Municipality Technical and Civil Deputy.
  47. Vasilevska, M. & Vasilevska, L. (2018, April 20). Modern Stormwater Management Approaches in Urban Regeneration, 6th International Conference Contemporary achievements in civil engineering, Subotica: Serbia, 525-534.
  48. Yavari, A., Yazdan Panah, M., Zebardast, L. Alemohammad, S. (2015). Urban Green Infrastructure Assessment for Their Regeneration in Tehran Landscape, Journal of Environmental Studies, 41 (35), 613-625.
  49. Zahmatkesh, Z., Burian, J., Karamouz, M., Tavakol-Davani, H., & Goharian, E. (2015) Low-Impact Development Practices to Mitigate Climate Change Effects on Urban Stormwater Runoff: Case Study of New York City, Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 141(1), 04014043-04014043.
Journal of Environmental Studies
Volume 48, Issue 3
Autumn 2022
Pages 323-344