Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Monitoring Based on MetOp-A/GOME-2 Sensor Observations in the Troposphere of Iran

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zanjan, Zanjan Province, Iran.

Abstract

Introduction
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is one of the most important air pollutants that can threaten human health and cause respiratory problems, headaches, dizziness and previous attacks. SO2 is the predominant sulfur oxide in the atmosphere, which is non-flammable, non-explosive and colorless, and at concentrations above 3 ppm has a pungent odor and can be fatal. Airway narrowing, bronchospasm, severe cough, eye and respiratory tract irritation, decreased respiratory function and shortness of breath, decreased respiratory depth, and ultimately exacerbated cardiovascular and respiratory complications from the health effects attributed to SO2 It counts. This pollutant in combination with hydroxide and reducing the pH of precipitation, falls in the form of acid rain on the ground and acidifies water and soil, with adverse environmental consequences. On the other hand, SO2 plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry, especially air pollution, and is one of the most important Photochemical smoke fog. SO2 can also alter the earth's radiative balance through photochemical interactions by radiation induction. Therefore, it has a great ability to create climate change by disrupting the energy balance of the Earth system and changing the mechanism of cloud formation. It is estimated that more than 15 sensors are continuously active in monitoring air pollution and atmospheric chemistry and provide the necessary data to those interested. Therefore, many studies have been performed using remote sensing techniques to monitor SO2. The GOME-2 sensor, which was placed on the MetOp-A satellite on October 19, 2006 for data collection of several important gases (O3, NO2, CO2, CO, SO2,), is the basis of research. There was a lot of SO2 monitoring. Good horizontal resolution along with daily time resolution make this sensor suitable for long-term monitoring purposes. SO2 contamination in Iran has been reported by foreign and domestic researchers. However, although SO2 has been studied from several aspects in Iran, but due to the health risks to people living in contaminated areas, there are still many questions about temporal-spatial distribution, trends, hotspots, Its spatial differences and similarities are present in the troposphere of Iran. Therefore, the focus of the present study is to analyze the concentration of SO2 in Iran between 2007 and 2020 using the observations of the GOME-2 sensor of the MetOp-A satellite to answer the questions.
Materials and Methods
The GOME-2 sensor covers a wide range from 240 to 790 nm, with a spectral resolution of 0.26 to 0.51 nm and has an equatorial the time of the passing of 9:30 local time in the Sun-Orbit. The spatial resolution or size of each pixel of this sensor for the main channels is in the form of 80 × 40 km and scan width of 1920 km and 40 × 40 km with scan width of 960 km, which covers the whole world on a daily basis. The use of GOME-2 sensor SO2 products, due to good spectral resolution and optimal calibration compared to similar instruments, has been the basis of numerous studies in the world in the direction of atmospheric SO2 monitoring. In this study, the tropospheric SO2 observations of the Gome-2 sensor in the period of 2007-2020 were used. The data used is an estimate of the weight of SO2 micrograms per cubic meter of tropospheric air, expressed in micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m³). This data was extracted from the website (http://www.temis.nl) with monthly and spatial separation of 40×40 km and after applying quality control and necessary processing, it was converted into monthly, seasonal and annual values. Accordingly, the dimensions of the arrays created are 168×1030 for the months and 56×1030 for the seasons, respectively. The data used, which is digital and the value of SO2 is a numerical value per pixels, was converted into network data and data tables by applying geostatistical algorithms in specialized software environment (Arc GIS, ENVI) Necessary was extracted and analyzed as a raster based on the geographical border of Iran.
Discussion of Results
The mean concentration of SO2 in the troposphere of Iran was 28.5 µg/m³ and the maximum and minimum values were estimated to be 200.9 µg/m³ and 1.70 µg/m³ with a standard deviation of 15.9 µg/m³, respectively. Spatially, Khuzestan province has the highest average SO2 concentration in Iran, followed by Ilam, Bushehr, Tehran, Alborz, Gilan, Mazandaran and southern Kerman. The amount of SO2 over Tehran is also significant. Among the reasons for the high level of tropospheric SO2 over Tehran, we can mention several factors, including geographical and human factors. The location of the city of Tehran in the semi-enclosed environment of the southern slope of the Alborz highlands, causes the Alborz mountains in the north and east to prevent air conditioning as a barrier and provide conditions for the persistence and continuity of tropospheric SO2. The dominance of temperature inversion conditions and the continuous establishment of high-pressure systems are other climatic features of the region that create the conditions for intensifying air pollution in Tehran in some days of the year. In addition to the natural factors mentioned, the establishment of factories and industries in the city (especially in the west and southwest), power plants and refining companies can be added to the amount of tropospheric SO2. The coastal area of northern Iran (Mazandaran and Gilan provinces) has a high population density due to the location of Neka power plant on the one hand and on the other hand due to the favorable weather conditions and relatively favorable infrastructure development. Other areas also experience relatively high concentrations of SO2 during the year due to their industrial nature, dilapidated fleet, and the existence of cement plants and power plants based on diesel or fuel oil (southern Kerman province). These areas are contaminated with tropospheric SO2 according to air quality standards. Analysis of the tropospheric SO2 time series during 168 consecutive months (2020-2007) shows the decreasing trend of SO2 emission in the surface troposphere of Iran. The decrease in tropospheric SO2 concentration in Iran has occurred while Iran joined the Kyoto Protocol in 2005 and has announced cooperation in reducing greenhouse gases.
Conclusions
The aim of the present study is to estimate the spatio-temporal distribution of tropospheric SO2 in Iran using the observations of the GOME-2 sensor of the MetOp-A satellite during the years 2007-2020. The results showed; The average tropospheric SO2 in Iran is 28.5 µg/m³, among which, the highest/lowest values observed are 200.9 µg/m³ and 1.7 µg/m³, respectively, with a standard deviation of 15 µg/m³ It has been. In terms of spatial distribution, the highest concentration of tropospheric SO2 pollutant over a continuous range from northwest of Kermanshah province to the west of Hormozgan province and the provinces of Tehran, Alborz, Gilan, Mazandaran, Isfahan and south of Kerman province. The average of this gas has decreased by 25% from 35 µg/m³ in 2007 to 26 µg/m³ in 2020. Analysis of the output related to the seasonal average of SO2 distribution showed that the seasonal maximum of SO2 occurs in autumn and its seasonal minimum occurs in summer. The highest average monthly SO2 emissions were observed in October, November and January and the lowest in June and July respectively. Higher SO2 concentrations in the colder months and seasons of the year, on the one hand due to more active sources of emissions such as higher fuel oil consumption, increased traffic volume, increasing the amount of fossil fuel consumption to provide Heating of residential and service spaces and on the other hand due to the prevailing meteorological conditions in this period of the year (occurrence of the phenomenon of temperature inversion and reduction of the thickness of the atmospheric boundary layer). The study of the spatial distribution of tropospheric SO2 concentration also indicates its significant spatial differences in the geographical area of Iran. The difference is due to the heterogeneous distribution of tropospheric SO2 production and emission centers in Iran.

Keywords

References

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Journal of Environmental Studies
Volume 47, Issue 2
September 2021
Pages 125-146

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