Optical Monitoring of Coastal-Marine Environments through Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) (Southern Pars Region Case Study)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran Province, Iran

2 Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran Province, Iran

3 Department of Environment, Marine environment and wetlands, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

Objective: Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) of terrestrial origin plays a crucial role in the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in coastal regions. This component significantly influences water quality and ecosystem services by affecting light penetration. Despite the importance of CDOM in coastal ecosystems, most global studies have primarily relied on remote sensing techniques due to their efficiency in large-scale observations. However, remote sensing alone cannot fully capture the spatial and temporal variations of CDOM, making in situ field measurements essential for accurate assessments. In Iran, continuous and systematic monitoring of CDOM in coastal waters remains largely unexplored, leaving a significant knowledge gap regarding its seasonal dynamics and anthropogenic influences.
Method: This study aimed to address this gap by conducting field sampling using a conductivity, temperature, and depth (CTD) device to measure CDOM concentrations in the industrial zone of South Pars and Nayband Marine National Park. To ensure a comprehensive analysis, the study area was divided into four distinct sections: Nayband, the industrial zone, Bonood, and mangrove forests. Each section was selected based on its ecological significance and potential exposure to different sources of CDOM. A total of 144 sampling stations were surveyed across two seasonal periods: winter 2022–2023 and spring 2023. Water samples were collected from various depths to examine vertical distribution patterns of CDOM in addition to spatial variations. The collected data were analyzed to determine the extent of CDOM fluctuations between different regions and seasons.
Results: The findings revealed that CDOM concentrations varied significantly across different locations and seasons. The highest mean CDOM concentration was observed in the mangrove forests, reaching 6.27 ppb in spring and 3.84 ppb in winter. Similarly, in Nayband, CDOM concentrations were recorded at 1.35 ppb in spring and 7.55 ppb in winter. Additionally, the data indicated that CDOM levels were generally higher in coastal areas and surface water layers, which may be attributed to increased organic matter input from terrestrial sources, such as riverine discharge and coastal vegetation. The contrast between winter and spring concentrations suggests seasonal variations in CDOM production and degradation processes.
Conclusions: Measuring CDOM concentrations in Bonood, this study also explored potential sources and driving factors behind its variability. The results indicate that anthropogenic activities, particularly industrial and urban wastewater discharge, play a crucial role in shaping CDOM levels in coastal waters. Additionally, submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) was identified as a significant contributor, particularly in regions with high CDOM concentrations, such as Nayband and the mangrove forests. The interaction between natural and human-induced factors highlights the complexity of CDOM dynamics in coastal environments. Given the observed seasonal and spatial variations, continuous monitoring of CDOM is essential for understanding long-term trends and their implications for water quality management.

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Main Subjects

References

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Journal of Environmental Studies
Volume 51, Issue 2
September 2025
Pages 189-210

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