دانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620242119980622--14514FAJournal Article19700101land use planning is a science which based on ecological characteristics of land and its socio - economic conditions determines the optimum uses of land.
In land use planning of Tash - Mojen with 68175 ha, maps of different altitude classes, slope percentage, geographical aspect, edaphicaly properties and vegetation density were combined by overlay method and consequently the final map of environmental unit has been depicted. Climatic characteristics, water resources, road Network and soil erosion for each unit were recorded.
Socio-economic studies for the region have been done through questionnaires method. Ultimately, 249 micro-ecosystems were resulted for planning process. Evaluation of ecological capability has been done for agriculture, range management, intensive tourism, extensive tourism, and conservation. After combining the result of this evaluation with socio-economic needs of the region, land use planning of Tash-Mojen has been concluded. The results of planning of Tash-Mojen, are as follows:
11.23% for agriculture, 47.63% to range management, 30.36% to extensive tourism _nd 10.78% to conservationland use planning is a science which based on ecological characteristics of land and its socio - economic conditions determines the optimum uses of land.
In land use planning of Tash - Mojen with 68175 ha, maps of different altitude classes, slope percentage, geographical aspect, edaphicaly properties and vegetation density were combined by overlay method and consequently the final map of environmental unit has been depicted. Climatic characteristics, water resources, road Network and soil erosion for each unit were recorded.
Socio-economic studies for the region have been done through questionnaires method. Ultimately, 249 micro-ecosystems were resulted for planning process. Evaluation of ecological capability has been done for agriculture, range management, intensive tourism, extensive tourism, and conservation. After combining the result of this evaluation with socio-economic needs of the region, land use planning of Tash-Mojen has been concluded. The results of planning of Tash-Mojen, are as follows:
11.23% for agriculture, 47.63% to range management, 30.36% to extensive tourism _nd 10.78% to conservationhttps://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_14514_20ebef24a45fb386849cb4f0527c76ed.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620242119980622--14515FAJournal Article19700101The main objective of the research is to develop a mathematical describing denitrification process within a Fluidized Bed Biofilm (FBBR). The developed model consists of the following sud-model:
- Fluidization sub - model;
- Transport sub - model;
- Bio - particle sub - model;
Model inputs consist of influent charactristics, physical and biological constrants, and design parameters, while the outputs are equilibrium biofilm thickness, bed porosity, biomass concentration, effectiveness factor (a factor through which mass transfer resistance is incorporated into the reaction term), and finally substrate concentration along the reactor.
The model is a steady state one, and considers as the only substance controlling denitrification rate. The model shows to have acceptable accuracy in predicting longitudinal nitrate profile, when compared to the exprimental results in The literature. (1)The main objective of the research is to develop a mathematical describing denitrification process within a Fluidized Bed Biofilm (FBBR). The developed model consists of the following sud-model:
- Fluidization sub - model;
- Transport sub - model;
- Bio - particle sub - model;
Model inputs consist of influent charactristics, physical and biological constrants, and design parameters, while the outputs are equilibrium biofilm thickness, bed porosity, biomass concentration, effectiveness factor (a factor through which mass transfer resistance is incorporated into the reaction term), and finally substrate concentration along the reactor.
The model is a steady state one, and considers as the only substance controlling denitrification rate. The model shows to have acceptable accuracy in predicting longitudinal nitrate profile, when compared to the exprimental results in The literature. (1)https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_14515_6002eb90d54cbb8fdcfd5e96c16c21be.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620242119980622--14516FAJournal Article19700101In this study the adsorption of pb(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II)
metal ions by sawdust were investigated in a batch reactor. This process was rapid and the time reaching to an equilibrium was
about half an hour. The amount of adsorption depended on the species and initial concentrations of metal ions and the PH of
solutions. In the lower PH (PH<3), adsorptions were insignificant. The amount of adsorbed metal ions on the sawdust increased by the increasing of initial ion concentrations. The
sorption phenomenon was expressed by the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The resulted experimental data were in agreement with
the Freundlich model. Pretreatments were also done on the sawdust. It was observed the pretreatment by N aOH caused
adsorption to increase in comparison with the sorption on the commercial activated carbon. This adsorption was significant. Also Column tests were done by synthetic waste Water and Nickel
plating rinse water.In this study the adsorption of pb(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II)
metal ions by sawdust were investigated in a batch reactor. This process was rapid and the time reaching to an equilibrium was
about half an hour. The amount of adsorption depended on the species and initial concentrations of metal ions and the PH of
solutions. In the lower PH (PH<3), adsorptions were insignificant. The amount of adsorbed metal ions on the sawdust increased by the increasing of initial ion concentrations. The
sorption phenomenon was expressed by the Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The resulted experimental data were in agreement with
the Freundlich model. Pretreatments were also done on the sawdust. It was observed the pretreatment by N aOH caused
adsorption to increase in comparison with the sorption on the commercial activated carbon. This adsorption was significant. Also Column tests were done by synthetic waste Water and Nickel
plating rinse water.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_14516_9e5c263080335fa163f6662fc2b7424f.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620242119980622--14517FAJournal Article19700101City ofRamsar and surrounding villages, situated in the Caspian Littoral of Iran, is one of the natural radioactive areas in the world. One of the side effects of high natural radiation is infertility. In order to examine the fertility status amongst the population of this area, a study by interview qusetionnaire was conducted in June 1992, of all couples of reproductive age who had reffered to a health center in the village of Talesh Mahaleh. The area covered by this health center consisted of 4 villages, with a total population of 1132, consisting of 247 households. The number of women interviewed was 64. Out of this number, 15 were seeking further medical advice for infertility. The results indicated that no couple in the study has more than 3 children, an unexpected finding for the rural areas in the North of Iran. Abortion and still birth rate was reported as high as 27.4% . 50%
of couples who were married for more than 10 years had no more than 3 children. 78% of husbands seemed natives to the area, none had more than 3 children. Amongt women with short duration of residence in the area, the number with 2 children was high, indicating that these children must have been born in other places. It was therefore concluded that the low fertility amongst the couples studied was possibly attributed to the high natural radiation in the area.
In conclusion, even though the number of couples in the study area is small, but considering the relative infertility amongst these couples especially among those who had no more than three
children, we might conclude that similar to other studies; an important environmental factor, i. e. background radiation, which is 250-500 times that of normal could be a contributing factor to the low fertility amongst this group.City ofRamsar and surrounding villages, situated in the Caspian Littoral of Iran, is one of the natural radioactive areas in the world. One of the side effects of high natural radiation is infertility. In order to examine the fertility status amongst the population of this area, a study by interview qusetionnaire was conducted in June 1992, of all couples of reproductive age who had reffered to a health center in the village of Talesh Mahaleh. The area covered by this health center consisted of 4 villages, with a total population of 1132, consisting of 247 households. The number of women interviewed was 64. Out of this number, 15 were seeking further medical advice for infertility. The results indicated that no couple in the study has more than 3 children, an unexpected finding for the rural areas in the North of Iran. Abortion and still birth rate was reported as high as 27.4% . 50%
of couples who were married for more than 10 years had no more than 3 children. 78% of husbands seemed natives to the area, none had more than 3 children. Amongt women with short duration of residence in the area, the number with 2 children was high, indicating that these children must have been born in other places. It was therefore concluded that the low fertility amongst the couples studied was possibly attributed to the high natural radiation in the area.
In conclusion, even though the number of couples in the study area is small, but considering the relative infertility amongst these couples especially among those who had no more than three
children, we might conclude that similar to other studies; an important environmental factor, i. e. background radiation, which is 250-500 times that of normal could be a contributing factor to the low fertility amongst this group.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_14517_e992ddd46abf191d06a6bd6d66dfb033.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620242119980622--14518FAJournal Article19700101In order to determine the distribution of common yew (Taxus baccata L.) and to assess biodiversity of woody vegetations of its sites, a 0.5 ha sampling plot was selectively sampled in each site. The type of woody species and the number of individuals for each species were recorded in each plot. The collected data from each site was then camputed. A divers programm was used for assessment of biodiversity indices (Simpson's index, Shannon- Weiner function and Brillouin's index) for each site. The, richness indices of Margalef and Menhinick for each site were also calculated. The results showed that the sites number 1,2,4 and 8 had the highest species diversity while the'sites 9,13 and 15 had the lowest value in diversity.In order to determine the distribution of common yew (Taxus baccata L.) and to assess biodiversity of woody vegetations of its sites, a 0.5 ha sampling plot was selectively sampled in each site. The type of woody species and the number of individuals for each species were recorded in each plot. The collected data from each site was then camputed. A divers programm was used for assessment of biodiversity indices (Simpson's index, Shannon- Weiner function and Brillouin's index) for each site. The, richness indices of Margalef and Menhinick for each site were also calculated. The results showed that the sites number 1,2,4 and 8 had the highest species diversity while the'sites 9,13 and 15 had the lowest value in diversity.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_14518_3e759e2911365ab84059493f8e757c6f.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620242119980622--14519FAJournal Article19700101The principal objective of any strategy to improve urban environment is the enhancement of the quality of life for its citizens. In order to determine the quality of an urban environment, it is necessary to use appropriate techniques that would enable us to monitor and measure those variables which, over a certain period of time, will have significant impact on the quality of the environment.
During the past, and up until recently, evaluation techniques have been generally based on the application of descriptive-qualitiative methods, and ideal criteria. Experience in recent decades has shown that the design, compilation, and application of the
so-called environmental quality indices is a very valuable tool for evaluating the quality of the urban environment. This tool has great potentials for the evaluation of policies, plans, ideas, and innovations that have been applied in the urban environment.
This paper intends to introduce a model, after following a brief review of a number of descriptive and traditional evaluation techniques, and discussing a few analytical methods.The principal objective of any strategy to improve urban environment is the enhancement of the quality of life for its citizens. In order to determine the quality of an urban environment, it is necessary to use appropriate techniques that would enable us to monitor and measure those variables which, over a certain period of time, will have significant impact on the quality of the environment.
During the past, and up until recently, evaluation techniques have been generally based on the application of descriptive-qualitiative methods, and ideal criteria. Experience in recent decades has shown that the design, compilation, and application of the
so-called environmental quality indices is a very valuable tool for evaluating the quality of the urban environment. This tool has great potentials for the evaluation of policies, plans, ideas, and innovations that have been applied in the urban environment.
This paper intends to introduce a model, after following a brief review of a number of descriptive and traditional evaluation techniques, and discussing a few analytical methods.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_14519_2871b78d980a4b19d2508018bf1a2342.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620242119980622--14520FAJournal Article19700101Rapid development of science and technology, regardless of environmental aspects, have caused some obstacles in mankind daily life.
In order to achieve sustinable devlopment, envirnmental constraints must be considered. Otherwise economic development will degrade environment. Considering these facts, sound development of human activities need to take the resource limitations and environmental constraints into account planning
process.
According to the above mentioned idea, one of the appropriate action for taking into account the environmental constraints is the determination of ecological susceptibility of ecosystems, aiming to direct intensity of development into less-developed ecosystems.
In relation to these ideas, a methodology for determination of ecological susceptibility. of ecosystems is introduced, using system analysis approach.
According to this methodology, first a system diagram is designed by the involved ecological factors including slope, asect, elevation, vegetation, isotemperature and isopercipitation. The system is analysed by interaction matrix method in order to objectively calculate significance of these factors. Second mapping of ecological factors is undertaken. Spatial data of these ecological factors are integrated by grid method.
Finally, according to Environmental Quality Index (EQI) formulate, an arbitrary index for determining ecological susceptibility of ecosystems is developed and mapped.Rapid development of science and technology, regardless of environmental aspects, have caused some obstacles in mankind daily life.
In order to achieve sustinable devlopment, envirnmental constraints must be considered. Otherwise economic development will degrade environment. Considering these facts, sound development of human activities need to take the resource limitations and environmental constraints into account planning
process.
According to the above mentioned idea, one of the appropriate action for taking into account the environmental constraints is the determination of ecological susceptibility of ecosystems, aiming to direct intensity of development into less-developed ecosystems.
In relation to these ideas, a methodology for determination of ecological susceptibility. of ecosystems is introduced, using system analysis approach.
According to this methodology, first a system diagram is designed by the involved ecological factors including slope, asect, elevation, vegetation, isotemperature and isopercipitation. The system is analysed by interaction matrix method in order to objectively calculate significance of these factors. Second mapping of ecological factors is undertaken. Spatial data of these ecological factors are integrated by grid method.
Finally, according to Environmental Quality Index (EQI) formulate, an arbitrary index for determining ecological susceptibility of ecosystems is developed and mapped.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_14520_18fb62b71715ccaee60d3bfc1b6d1a04.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620242119980622--14521FAJournal Article19700101The effect of noise on communities surrounding major roads presents a serious problem. Procedures have been developed to estimate the magnitude and the extent of the noise generated from vehicles operating on roads. Until recently calculation of road traffic noise levels have neglected the impact of weather conditions. Procedures have only considered situations in which the atmosphere was homogeneous and sound waves travelled in straight lines. This paper describes a new method for calculating road noise, taking into consideration the effect of weather factors, such as wind and temperature. Using this new method, which is compulsory in France for the study of road projects, will enable us
to make a better evaluation of the impact of noise from major roads.The effect of noise on communities surrounding major roads presents a serious problem. Procedures have been developed to estimate the magnitude and the extent of the noise generated from vehicles operating on roads. Until recently calculation of road traffic noise levels have neglected the impact of weather conditions. Procedures have only considered situations in which the atmosphere was homogeneous and sound waves travelled in straight lines. This paper describes a new method for calculating road noise, taking into consideration the effect of weather factors, such as wind and temperature. Using this new method, which is compulsory in France for the study of road projects, will enable us
to make a better evaluation of the impact of noise from major roads.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_14521_76e2b8d501e9d2e35a38f641ff91f026.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620242119980622--14522FAJournal Article19700101At present, tourist industry, with its development - oriented characteristics, is a major productive activity in both developed and developing world. The developmont of this type of industny, in every country, needs a rational strategy, plan, and management processes. In the last 15 years, sustainable development indices,
and environmental criteria, lihe in other industries, have also been considered for tourism development.
In this article, after a brief review of the tourism characteristics, a framework for a dynamic management process in accordance with sustainable development is presented.At present, tourist industry, with its development - oriented characteristics, is a major productive activity in both developed and developing world. The developmont of this type of industny, in every country, needs a rational strategy, plan, and management processes. In the last 15 years, sustainable development indices,
and environmental criteria, lihe in other industries, have also been considered for tourism development.
In this article, after a brief review of the tourism characteristics, a framework for a dynamic management process in accordance with sustainable development is presented.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_14522_b4672825cf2fd16f22b0a83eb909424d.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620242119980622--14523FAJournal Article19700101In order to have clean environment and healthy people at rural areas, we have to provide them enough safe drinking water at reasonable distance to dwellings. The more the number of villages in one water supply project, (called village complexes) more qualified engineers can be involved in the design, construction and operaticn, processes. So, naturally better quality of water with reasonable price can be produced.
About 180 of this kind of complexes were surveyed through 72 questionnairs and the collected data were analysed for design criteria and project features. One of the main objective to compute was cost per capita and per cubic meter of water produced. It showed that we have to determine the limit of the number of villages in any complex in order to have the reasonable price.In order to have clean environment and healthy people at rural areas, we have to provide them enough safe drinking water at reasonable distance to dwellings. The more the number of villages in one water supply project, (called village complexes) more qualified engineers can be involved in the design, construction and operaticn, processes. So, naturally better quality of water with reasonable price can be produced.
About 180 of this kind of complexes were surveyed through 72 questionnairs and the collected data were analysed for design criteria and project features. One of the main objective to compute was cost per capita and per cubic meter of water produced. It showed that we have to determine the limit of the number of villages in any complex in order to have the reasonable price.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_14523_a501f41b7a3473756f195c60ee95c5d5.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620242119980622--14524FAJournal Article19700101An adjoint Petrov - Galerkin method was proposed by Neuman [1] to solve multidimensional advection - dispersion equation. The method uses a numerical solution of the adjoint state equation on a sequence of nested grids to compute the weight functions. A numerical application of the method shows that at low Peelet numbers, the application of method results in a satisfactory match between the analytical and the numerical solutions. When the Peelet number increases and advection become dominant, the results obtained show oscillations of the concentration profile and a lag between the analytical and the numerical solution. The oscillations are a function of the Peelet and Courant numbers. Accurate solutions are obtained when the Courant number is
equal to one, for Peelet number up to 50. For Peelet number greater than 50, the numerical solution lags behind the analytical solution. At other Courant numbers, the maximum Peelet number for stable solution drops off rapidly.An adjoint Petrov - Galerkin method was proposed by Neuman [1] to solve multidimensional advection - dispersion equation. The method uses a numerical solution of the adjoint state equation on a sequence of nested grids to compute the weight functions. A numerical application of the method shows that at low Peelet numbers, the application of method results in a satisfactory match between the analytical and the numerical solutions. When the Peelet number increases and advection become dominant, the results obtained show oscillations of the concentration profile and a lag between the analytical and the numerical solution. The oscillations are a function of the Peelet and Courant numbers. Accurate solutions are obtained when the Courant number is
equal to one, for Peelet number up to 50. For Peelet number greater than 50, the numerical solution lags behind the analytical solution. At other Courant numbers, the maximum Peelet number for stable solution drops off rapidly.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_14524_379c2c58a39de0c0106eddc4d5d26faa.pdf