University of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620323920060823--12342FAJournal Article19700101MTBE is one of the volatile organic compounds in the ambient air .The fuel loss at gas stations and traffic are the main sources of this compound in the air of the city. The studies show 52000 liters of gasoline is lost from the gas station across the city of Tehran. Each station losses approximately 415liters per day, which makes the area on and around the gas stations heavily polluted. In current study, MTBE were measured at two gas stations and 20 main cross streets, during summer and winter. The concentration of MTBE in Khavaran gas station in July and August (3.3-10.7 ppm) was higher than December (4.3-6.4 ppm).MTBE concentration in Beheshty gas station at that time (Summer) were 2.2 - 5.5 ppm . The mean concentration of MTBE in ambient air at the 20 measured places across the city was 0.01 -1.2 ppm . This study shows that effect of gas station as a point source of pollution is 30 m from center of gas station .MTBE is one of the volatile organic compounds in the ambient air .The fuel loss at gas stations and traffic are the main sources of this compound in the air of the city. The studies show 52000 liters of gasoline is lost from the gas station across the city of Tehran. Each station losses approximately 415liters per day, which makes the area on and around the gas stations heavily polluted. In current study, MTBE were measured at two gas stations and 20 main cross streets, during summer and winter. The concentration of MTBE in Khavaran gas station in July and August (3.3-10.7 ppm) was higher than December (4.3-6.4 ppm).MTBE concentration in Beheshty gas station at that time (Summer) were 2.2 - 5.5 ppm . The mean concentration of MTBE in ambient air at the 20 measured places across the city was 0.01 -1.2 ppm . This study shows that effect of gas station as a point source of pollution is 30 m from center of gas station .https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_12342_aa2ecea77badbece276d91916d88f11e.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620323920060823--12343FAJournal Article19700101General circulation models (GCMs) are mathematical models (i.e. computer simulations) of atmospheric and oceanic properties and processes that attempt to describe earth's climate system(The global climate system is a consequence of, and a link between, the atmosphere, oceans, the ice sheets (cryosphere), living organisms (biosphere) and the soils, sediments and rocks). Developed in 1960s, they have become the chief tools in analyzing effects of Global climatic change.CO2 doubling as one of the most important parameter affecting atmosphere was simulated using the resultant monthly indexes of temperature and precipitation on grid points in Tabriz for a 53-year time period
(1952-2003). The resulting Hythergraph and Ambrothermic model of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GDFL) for Tabriz indicate monthly increases of temperature and precipitation during the CO2 doubling periods.General circulation models (GCMs) are mathematical models (i.e. computer simulations) of atmospheric and oceanic properties and processes that attempt to describe earth's climate system(The global climate system is a consequence of, and a link between, the atmosphere, oceans, the ice sheets (cryosphere), living organisms (biosphere) and the soils, sediments and rocks). Developed in 1960s, they have become the chief tools in analyzing effects of Global climatic change.CO2 doubling as one of the most important parameter affecting atmosphere was simulated using the resultant monthly indexes of temperature and precipitation on grid points in Tabriz for a 53-year time period
(1952-2003). The resulting Hythergraph and Ambrothermic model of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GDFL) for Tabriz indicate monthly increases of temperature and precipitation during the CO2 doubling periods.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_12343_544e96c76e33eadb9431d41d40a7b2aa.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620323920060823--12344FAJournal Article19700101Distilleries wastewater is an important environmental problem due to its high BOD and COD content, and toxic materials such as phenolic compounds, and low pH. Direct and continuous discharge of this effluent to the soil reduces the quality of soil and destroys agricultural crops. In addition, its discharge to rivers and sea will seriously affect aquatic life. In order to prevent environmental hazards, a number of biological, chemical and physical methods have been introduced for treatment of this wastewater. Chemical and physical methods are based on surface sorption, ion exchange, membrane processes and chemical oxidations. In biological methods, anaerobic processes are more economical than aerobic processes and are more developed more in recent years. Anaerobic lagoons reduce 60-70% of BOD with 1-2 months retention time. Most of anaerobic bioreactor methods are able to reduce wastewater BOD by 80-85% and the remaining 15-20% of BOD can be reduced by aerobic processes.Distilleries wastewater is an important environmental problem due to its high BOD and COD content, and toxic materials such as phenolic compounds, and low pH. Direct and continuous discharge of this effluent to the soil reduces the quality of soil and destroys agricultural crops. In addition, its discharge to rivers and sea will seriously affect aquatic life. In order to prevent environmental hazards, a number of biological, chemical and physical methods have been introduced for treatment of this wastewater. Chemical and physical methods are based on surface sorption, ion exchange, membrane processes and chemical oxidations. In biological methods, anaerobic processes are more economical than aerobic processes and are more developed more in recent years. Anaerobic lagoons reduce 60-70% of BOD with 1-2 months retention time. Most of anaerobic bioreactor methods are able to reduce wastewater BOD by 80-85% and the remaining 15-20% of BOD can be reduced by aerobic processes.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_12344_8e22d54a7a03b4ed9dcf2268394e5224.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620323920060823--12345FAJournal Article19700101Application of nitrogen fertilizers have been increased without considering the harmful impacts on soil properties, agricultural products and especially on the environment. As the most common form of nitrogen, nitrate is easily transferred to ground-water resources. Ground-water is the main water supply in arid and semi arid regions, because of good quality and easy availability. The objective of this study was to determine nitrate concentration, distribution and fluctuations in the ground-water around the Zayanderoud River in the arid and semi arid region of Isfahan province. In this way, about 100 functional wells were selected from Baghbahadoran to Varzaneh and the concentration of NO3-N,Cl-, HCO3- K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO2-4, TH and EC were measured monthly from October 1998 to October 2002. The average concentration of NO3-N in Baghbahadoran, Flavarjan, and Varzaneh were 5.5, 17.6 and 6.4 mg/l respectively. The highest value of nitrate nitrogen of 70.8 mg/l (7 times much than standard value of 10 mg/l) was observed in Jalalabad region, one kilometer from Zayanderud River. There was not any significantApplication of nitrogen fertilizers have been increased without considering the harmful impacts on soil properties, agricultural products and especially on the environment. As the most common form of nitrogen, nitrate is easily transferred to ground-water resources. Ground-water is the main water supply in arid and semi arid regions, because of good quality and easy availability. The objective of this study was to determine nitrate concentration, distribution and fluctuations in the ground-water around the Zayanderoud River in the arid and semi arid region of Isfahan province. In this way, about 100 functional wells were selected from Baghbahadoran to Varzaneh and the concentration of NO3-N,Cl-, HCO3- K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO2-4, TH and EC were measured monthly from October 1998 to October 2002. The average concentration of NO3-N in Baghbahadoran, Flavarjan, and Varzaneh were 5.5, 17.6 and 6.4 mg/l respectively. The highest value of nitrate nitrogen of 70.8 mg/l (7 times much than standard value of 10 mg/l) was observed in Jalalabad region, one kilometer from Zayanderud River. There was not any significanthttps://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_12345_e356475a5836af381671282eb666cc30.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620323920060823--12346FAJournal Article19700101In this research, the Shefa-rud river sediments have been chemically analyzed to determine elemental matrix, heavy metals concentrations and pollution intensity. Though comparison of geochemical results with the world’s standards have been a common practice since 1971 but the research results show that use of mean of the metals concentrations of the earth's crust and world sediments are not suitable means to estimate the pollution load in the study area. Heavy metals concentrations of Shefa-rud river bed sediments are under control by the geology of study area and as a matter of fact, limestone units have a greater significant role than the other units. As limestone contain lesser concentrations of heavy metals, it is evident that the obtained concentrations are much lower than various world average sediment metal concentration.In this research, the Shefa-rud river sediments have been chemically analyzed to determine elemental matrix, heavy metals concentrations and pollution intensity. Though comparison of geochemical results with the world’s standards have been a common practice since 1971 but the research results show that use of mean of the metals concentrations of the earth's crust and world sediments are not suitable means to estimate the pollution load in the study area. Heavy metals concentrations of Shefa-rud river bed sediments are under control by the geology of study area and as a matter of fact, limestone units have a greater significant role than the other units. As limestone contain lesser concentrations of heavy metals, it is evident that the obtained concentrations are much lower than various world average sediment metal concentration.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_12346_25d6054b8e0e053321cbc8e39d9c212a.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620323920060823--12347FAJournal Article19700101Wastewater is the main point-source pollutant on a global scale. Between 90 and 95% of the sewage produced in the world is released into the environment without any treatment. ِDevelopment of petrochemical industry in IRAN, construction of new plants and up gradation of existing units, has lead to generate more wastewater of higher strength. Some kinds of aerobic and anaerobic processes are applied for treatment of this type of wastewater. Performances during startup of a anaerobic hybrid reactor (UASB/Filter) treating petrochemical wastewater at mesophilic condition were investigated. The reactor was seeded with flocculent sludge from a UASB plant treating dairy wastewater. The reactor was run for 5 months without adaptation but it was unsuccessful. Hence the adaptation of sludge considered in 2 stage operationWastewater is the main point-source pollutant on a global scale. Between 90 and 95% of the sewage produced in the world is released into the environment without any treatment. ِDevelopment of petrochemical industry in IRAN, construction of new plants and up gradation of existing units, has lead to generate more wastewater of higher strength. Some kinds of aerobic and anaerobic processes are applied for treatment of this type of wastewater. Performances during startup of a anaerobic hybrid reactor (UASB/Filter) treating petrochemical wastewater at mesophilic condition were investigated. The reactor was seeded with flocculent sludge from a UASB plant treating dairy wastewater. The reactor was run for 5 months without adaptation but it was unsuccessful. Hence the adaptation of sludge considered in 2 stage operationhttps://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_12347_05c74bf488ea13560684589223afc324.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620323920060823--12348FAJournal Article19700101Heat island and urbanization effects of Tehran have been studied using time series of long term (about 40 years) weather records. This investigation shows a significant increase in minimum temperatures compared with maximum temperatures. The greatest trend for the mean temperature has occurred in November. Comparisons of time series of temperature for Tehran and Varamin in this period show that the rate of annual minimum temperature increases in Tehran was four times lager than that of Varamin(S.Tehran). Although a decrease rate of maximum temperature seems to be observed in both stations. The highest trend of mean monthly minimum temperature in Tehran and Varamin were 4.64°C and 2.12°C respectively, which were occurred in November. This indicates that the artificial and anthropogenic increases of temperature leading to urban heat island in Tehran have been significant in this period. This study also indicates that drainage of cold air from northern mountains over Tehran (Mehrabad) has also been weakened due to the increase in built-up area. The wind decreasing trend intensifies urban heat island effect.Heat island and urbanization effects of Tehran have been studied using time series of long term (about 40 years) weather records. This investigation shows a significant increase in minimum temperatures compared with maximum temperatures. The greatest trend for the mean temperature has occurred in November. Comparisons of time series of temperature for Tehran and Varamin in this period show that the rate of annual minimum temperature increases in Tehran was four times lager than that of Varamin(S.Tehran). Although a decrease rate of maximum temperature seems to be observed in both stations. The highest trend of mean monthly minimum temperature in Tehran and Varamin were 4.64°C and 2.12°C respectively, which were occurred in November. This indicates that the artificial and anthropogenic increases of temperature leading to urban heat island in Tehran have been significant in this period. This study also indicates that drainage of cold air from northern mountains over Tehran (Mehrabad) has also been weakened due to the increase in built-up area. The wind decreasing trend intensifies urban heat island effect.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_12348_ba610d8861f595d07c839b7460caf3c0.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620323920060823--12349FAJournal Article19700101Systematic study of wood mouse (Genus: Apodemus) was carried out using morphological and morphometric dental and cranial characters in eight specimens from Noor region (Altitude: -26 m) in Mazindaran Province. According to present study, this is the first record of wood mouse (A.hyrcanicus) in Noor region. The skin is black brown in ventral side, which obviously is different from the other species of Apodemus in Iran. V shaped Fronto-parietal suture with frequency of %88, curved posterior edge of palatine (frequency: %77), developed and wide Angular process, massive bulla, absence of Cingulums in lower M/2 (frequency: %87.5), Absence of C1 Cingulum in lower M/2 (frequency: %100), largeness of length and width of lower Molars, and largeness of length and width of upper M2/ are the Key discriminating characters. The geographic distribution of Apodemus hyrcanicus, which is native to the hyrcanian region, stretch from deciduous lowland forest of eastern Caucasus in the west to the easternmost limit of hyrcanian forest in the southern coast of the Caspian Sea in IranSystematic study of wood mouse (Genus: Apodemus) was carried out using morphological and morphometric dental and cranial characters in eight specimens from Noor region (Altitude: -26 m) in Mazindaran Province. According to present study, this is the first record of wood mouse (A.hyrcanicus) in Noor region. The skin is black brown in ventral side, which obviously is different from the other species of Apodemus in Iran. V shaped Fronto-parietal suture with frequency of %88, curved posterior edge of palatine (frequency: %77), developed and wide Angular process, massive bulla, absence of Cingulums in lower M/2 (frequency: %87.5), Absence of C1 Cingulum in lower M/2 (frequency: %100), largeness of length and width of lower Molars, and largeness of length and width of upper M2/ are the Key discriminating characters. The geographic distribution of Apodemus hyrcanicus, which is native to the hyrcanian region, stretch from deciduous lowland forest of eastern Caucasus in the west to the easternmost limit of hyrcanian forest in the southern coast of the Caspian Sea in Iranhttps://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_12349_0f3797cf9767af20e32956b076e8078d.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620323920060823--12350FAJournal Article19700101Nematodes are one of those biological organisms that because of their abundance in surface water and their resistance to disinfection are of great importance in control of water treatment processes. Because of lack of information about efficiency of nematodes removal in direct filtration process, this subject has been examined under various conditions in this research with regard to size of filter media, filtration rate, injection rate of coagulant and activity or inactivity of nematodes, by using a pilot plant consisting of raw water unit, coagulation and flocculation units as well as two parallel single and triple media filter. Based on results obtained, the average efficiency for removal of active nematodes by single and triple media Filters has been 68.8 and 73.9 percent respectively. Based on microscopic survey, the mobility of nematodes has been the main reason for low rate efficiency. By making nematodes inactive, prior to entering the filter ,the average efficiency for removal of nematodes in single and triple media filters increased by 93.7 and 95.8 percent respectively. Hence, this is strongly recommended.Nematodes are one of those biological organisms that because of their abundance in surface water and their resistance to disinfection are of great importance in control of water treatment processes. Because of lack of information about efficiency of nematodes removal in direct filtration process, this subject has been examined under various conditions in this research with regard to size of filter media, filtration rate, injection rate of coagulant and activity or inactivity of nematodes, by using a pilot plant consisting of raw water unit, coagulation and flocculation units as well as two parallel single and triple media filter. Based on results obtained, the average efficiency for removal of active nematodes by single and triple media Filters has been 68.8 and 73.9 percent respectively. Based on microscopic survey, the mobility of nematodes has been the main reason for low rate efficiency. By making nematodes inactive, prior to entering the filter ,the average efficiency for removal of nematodes in single and triple media filters increased by 93.7 and 95.8 percent respectively. Hence, this is strongly recommended.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_12350_39e552763e2d2fea360b5e03f1875942.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620323920060823--12351FAJournal Article19700101The soil studies are necessary for all of investigation of natural resources. One of the common soil studying method in natural resources is Geology method. This method, was applied in Hasanjoon sub-catchments of Taleghan drainage basing which is located in to longitude and to latitude, and having considerable geological variation. First, the map of geology units with photo logy and field checks using geographic information system, (scale 1:20000)was prepared. Then 60 profiles and soil samples were analyzed physically and chemically and pH, Ec, %OM, %caco3 , %silt, %sand and clay were determined. Results of statistical test showed that, geology method is proper appropriate for primary study, because geology units are significantly different together .It is necessary to separate faces from litho logy for soil science study, because geology units are not homogenous and the profiles located at material have significant difference (except pH). Therefore for overall investigation and at identification stage, geology method can be useful, but for common soil science in natural resources, this method only is suitable to evaluate pH.The soil studies are necessary for all of investigation of natural resources. One of the common soil studying method in natural resources is Geology method. This method, was applied in Hasanjoon sub-catchments of Taleghan drainage basing which is located in to longitude and to latitude, and having considerable geological variation. First, the map of geology units with photo logy and field checks using geographic information system, (scale 1:20000)was prepared. Then 60 profiles and soil samples were analyzed physically and chemically and pH, Ec, %OM, %caco3 , %silt, %sand and clay were determined. Results of statistical test showed that, geology method is proper appropriate for primary study, because geology units are significantly different together .It is necessary to separate faces from litho logy for soil science study, because geology units are not homogenous and the profiles located at material have significant difference (except pH). Therefore for overall investigation and at identification stage, geology method can be useful, but for common soil science in natural resources, this method only is suitable to evaluate pH.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_12351_8ad9420947494929641c20a8c99a3172.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620323920060823--12352FAJournal Article19700101Siahkuh protected area is managed by the Dept. Environment of Yazd province since 2001.This region (199512 ha) contains a flat plain covering about (65%) with altitude 950-2050m. A study was conducted to determine vegetation and wildlife biota as well as limiting factors. Major limiting factors are : climatic limits(precipitation equal 48 mm/year), length of aridity season, land resources limitations salinity, high ground water table, soil depth inaducey, erosion and sedimentation , land drainage problem) and lack of water resources. Other factors are mine exploitation and hunting. In this harsh ecological conditions, xerophytes vegetation and aridity resistance wildlife are living.47 species of plants belong to 43 genera and 25 families were identified . Major plant families are Chenopodiaceae with 9 taxa, Compositae and Umbelifera with 4 taxa, and Polygonaceae with 3 taxa. Based on Red Data List 4 taxa in Lower Risk(LR) includ:Hyssopus angustifolius, Zataria multiflora, Salsola yazdiani and Acantholimon scorpus.Later two taxa are endemic.Siahkuh protected area is managed by the Dept. Environment of Yazd province since 2001.This region (199512 ha) contains a flat plain covering about (65%) with altitude 950-2050m. A study was conducted to determine vegetation and wildlife biota as well as limiting factors. Major limiting factors are : climatic limits(precipitation equal 48 mm/year), length of aridity season, land resources limitations salinity, high ground water table, soil depth inaducey, erosion and sedimentation , land drainage problem) and lack of water resources. Other factors are mine exploitation and hunting. In this harsh ecological conditions, xerophytes vegetation and aridity resistance wildlife are living.47 species of plants belong to 43 genera and 25 families were identified . Major plant families are Chenopodiaceae with 9 taxa, Compositae and Umbelifera with 4 taxa, and Polygonaceae with 3 taxa. Based on Red Data List 4 taxa in Lower Risk(LR) includ:Hyssopus angustifolius, Zataria multiflora, Salsola yazdiani and Acantholimon scorpus.Later two taxa are endemic.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_12352_dafa1f5220365ee951c1c5d3562ae6e8.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620323920060823--12353FAJournal Article19700101Banff National Park has the potential for large-scale connectivity. However, conservation of the area depends on the resolution of problems arising from the historical development of the park. The study area for this project, centered in the town of Banff, represents a conflict zone between human use and valued ecosystem components in the park. This project would provide a scientific basis for the modification of human use in the area through an assessment of the relative human use capabilities of biophysical parameters. It would consider ‘Ground Cover Index’ and ‘Habitat Effectiveness’, respectively, as the standard indicators of local and regional ecosystems, using 20 key independent indicators of GCI. The study area has been divided into a total of 715 homogeneous units that are distributed over the study area and form a total, 36532 units. One hundred and ninety-one sampling units have been randomly selected from these populations that include 54 homogeneous units. Attribute data are collected for each sampling unit. The data was analyzed using multiple regressionBanff National Park has the potential for large-scale connectivity. However, conservation of the area depends on the resolution of problems arising from the historical development of the park. The study area for this project, centered in the town of Banff, represents a conflict zone between human use and valued ecosystem components in the park. This project would provide a scientific basis for the modification of human use in the area through an assessment of the relative human use capabilities of biophysical parameters. It would consider ‘Ground Cover Index’ and ‘Habitat Effectiveness’, respectively, as the standard indicators of local and regional ecosystems, using 20 key independent indicators of GCI. The study area has been divided into a total of 715 homogeneous units that are distributed over the study area and form a total, 36532 units. One hundred and ninety-one sampling units have been randomly selected from these populations that include 54 homogeneous units. Attribute data are collected for each sampling unit. The data was analyzed using multiple regressionhttps://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_12353_81b0866ff1bab5c2f465c0ea63f27cd9.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620323920060823--12354FAJournal Article19700101The wetlands are dynamic ecosystems, having greater biodiversity and special botanic- ecological structure. These ecosystems are always changing under the influence of natural and human factors by passing through healthy threshold and destruction. One of the approved regulations of Ramsar convention and AGENDA 21 about wise use of wetlands and immigrant birds, for member countries is the measurement of ecological characteristics and sustaining the biodiversity in order to evaluate the environmental consequences in wetlands. To understand the effects of socio-economical activities of human societies around wetlands on vegetation structure of these ecosystems, the present research has been carried out in 7 indicator wetlands in northern Iran, located in southern coast of Caspian sea during 1995-2005. The evaluation of the changes in relative density of observed plants on water surface has been done by Distance Method and the statistical analysis has been carried out by using the ANOVA with SPSS9 software. Based in the results of the research, the following plant species: Azolla filiculoides, Nympha alba, Phragmites australis, Nelumbiym nuciferum, Juncus articulatus, Scirpus maritimus and Utricularia neglecta are the increasing species and the following plant species: Lemna minor, Butomus umbelatus, Sparganium erectum, Salvinia natans and Iris pseudacorus are the decreasing species in northern Iran’s wetlandsThe wetlands are dynamic ecosystems, having greater biodiversity and special botanic- ecological structure. These ecosystems are always changing under the influence of natural and human factors by passing through healthy threshold and destruction. One of the approved regulations of Ramsar convention and AGENDA 21 about wise use of wetlands and immigrant birds, for member countries is the measurement of ecological characteristics and sustaining the biodiversity in order to evaluate the environmental consequences in wetlands. To understand the effects of socio-economical activities of human societies around wetlands on vegetation structure of these ecosystems, the present research has been carried out in 7 indicator wetlands in northern Iran, located in southern coast of Caspian sea during 1995-2005. The evaluation of the changes in relative density of observed plants on water surface has been done by Distance Method and the statistical analysis has been carried out by using the ANOVA with SPSS9 software. Based in the results of the research, the following plant species: Azolla filiculoides, Nympha alba, Phragmites australis, Nelumbiym nuciferum, Juncus articulatus, Scirpus maritimus and Utricularia neglecta are the increasing species and the following plant species: Lemna minor, Butomus umbelatus, Sparganium erectum, Salvinia natans and Iris pseudacorus are the decreasing species in northern Iran’s wetlandshttps://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_12354_46b7c5e5321099a6f020a4ea4e63caaf.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620323920060823--12355FAJournal Article19700101https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_12355_28100d497ee8dc66e04612068ca42b29.pdf