دانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-862038220120822Development of a Spatial Multi Objective Optimization Model for Intensive Energy Industries Land Use PlanningDevelopment of a Spatial Multi Objective Optimization Model for Intensive Energy Industries Land Use Planning1122909510.22059/jes.2012.29095FAGityKhoshamouzMohammadTaleaiAliMansourianJournal Article19700101Land use planning is the process of allocating different land uses and activities to the special units of land. So we face with two problems of assigning kind of activity and location of it. By considering the role of industries in development, employment and environment, we consider industrial and especially intensive energy industries planning as a multi objective optimization problem. In this paper, first with consideration of the environmental rules, unsuitable areas were removed from the case study, then minimized distance from population center was considered as a social objective and maximized distance from lakes, forests and protected areas was considered as an environmental objective. NSGA-II method has been used to find tradeoff between these two objectives. After that we evaluate selected alternatives, as a multi-criteria decision making problem, base on economical factors like maximize accessibility of raw materials and infrastructures. Selected alternatives were prioritized separately for iron and steel, aluminum and cement industries. The characteristics of the utilized model is having spatial dimension in all parts of designing constraints, objectives and prioritization, also it prevents losing good solutions with finding tradeoff between conflicting objectives.Land use planning is the process of allocating different land uses and activities to the special units of land. So we face with two problems of assigning kind of activity and location of it. By considering the role of industries in development, employment and environment, we consider industrial and especially intensive energy industries planning as a multi objective optimization problem. In this paper, first with consideration of the environmental rules, unsuitable areas were removed from the case study, then minimized distance from population center was considered as a social objective and maximized distance from lakes, forests and protected areas was considered as an environmental objective. NSGA-II method has been used to find tradeoff between these two objectives. After that we evaluate selected alternatives, as a multi-criteria decision making problem, base on economical factors like maximize accessibility of raw materials and infrastructures. Selected alternatives were prioritized separately for iron and steel, aluminum and cement industries. The characteristics of the utilized model is having spatial dimension in all parts of designing constraints, objectives and prioritization, also it prevents losing good solutions with finding tradeoff between conflicting objectives.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_29095_a18e8899b5ccdcf7f732b6cef26c01bb.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-862038220120822Investigating the Role of Solar Energy in Protection and Revitalization of Pastures in Dry RegionInvestigating the Role of Solar Energy in Protection and Revitalization of Pastures in Dry Region13222909610.22059/jes.2012.29096FASayed JamalF.HosseiniZahraSoltaniFereshtehGh. GhiasiJournal Article19700101Pastures play an important role in protecting environment and ecosystems. Unfortunately more than 40 percent of pasturess in the world have been destroyed and 20 percent of destroyed pastures are located in developing countries. Application of solar energy could significantly contribute to preserving the pastures. The main purpose of this study was to examine the role of solar energy in protecting pastures and extension of this energy in the South Khorasan Province. The total population of the study consisted of 340 person in rural areas which used the solar energy. A well designed- questionnaire, was used to collect the data through interview and observation. Questionnaire validity confirmed by content validity method with a panel of expert's and its reliability confirmed by implication of pilot test and calculation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.75). All 340 users of solar energy in Nazdasht rural of South Khorasan Province were taken to account as the statistical population of the study. Data have processed through SPSSwin13 software. The results of regression analysis show that 31 percent of variance in the dependent variable (application of solar energy) could be explained by knowledge about importance of pastures, interested in using solar energy and using lecture methods to inform people about solar energy.Pastures play an important role in protecting environment and ecosystems. Unfortunately more than 40 percent of pasturess in the world have been destroyed and 20 percent of destroyed pastures are located in developing countries. Application of solar energy could significantly contribute to preserving the pastures. The main purpose of this study was to examine the role of solar energy in protecting pastures and extension of this energy in the South Khorasan Province. The total population of the study consisted of 340 person in rural areas which used the solar energy. A well designed- questionnaire, was used to collect the data through interview and observation. Questionnaire validity confirmed by content validity method with a panel of expert's and its reliability confirmed by implication of pilot test and calculation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.75). All 340 users of solar energy in Nazdasht rural of South Khorasan Province were taken to account as the statistical population of the study. Data have processed through SPSSwin13 software. The results of regression analysis show that 31 percent of variance in the dependent variable (application of solar energy) could be explained by knowledge about importance of pastures, interested in using solar energy and using lecture methods to inform people about solar energy.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_29096_5199d34353d67f7e4f0461efce49ec00.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-862038220120822Using Integrated Methods of Hierarchical Fuzzy Analysis and Dynamic Programming for Sustainable Management Planning of Gilan Saravan ParkUsing Integrated Methods of Hierarchical Fuzzy Analysis and Dynamic Programming for Sustainable Management Planning of Gilan Saravan Park23342909710.22059/jes.2012.29097FASomaiehShirzadiMahmoudSabouhiJournal Article19700101In this study, sustainable management of Saravan Park of Gilan was planned in the form a Decision Support System model in 3 periods of 10 years for different states of park and considering the economics, ecological and social criteria. In the first, using fuzzy analytic hierarchy programming, desirable level of economics, ecological and social criteria in their composite utility value in different time periods, decisions and states of park was attained simultaneously. Results of this method showed for achieving simultaneously to optimal level of criteria, in the beginning of first 10 periods, the performance of ecological decision, in the beginning of second 10 years in three considered states for park, performance of social, ecological and ecological decisions respectively and in the beginning of third 10 years, performance of social and ecological decisions has achieved maximum composite utility value of goals. Composite utility value was used as a part of entry data in dynamic programming model. Results showed that in the beginning of first 10 years duration, ecological decision performance, in the beginning of second 10 years duration, with considering second situation and planned state of park, ecological decision performance, in the beginning of third 10 years duration, the performance of social decision with establishing the first planned situation was optimal for gaining the sustainable management in Saravan park. Considering to the results, for attaining sustainable management of Saravan park of Gilan, it is essential that decision makers pay more attention to ecological goal toward social and economical ones in futures planning.In this study, sustainable management of Saravan Park of Gilan was planned in the form a Decision Support System model in 3 periods of 10 years for different states of park and considering the economics, ecological and social criteria. In the first, using fuzzy analytic hierarchy programming, desirable level of economics, ecological and social criteria in their composite utility value in different time periods, decisions and states of park was attained simultaneously. Results of this method showed for achieving simultaneously to optimal level of criteria, in the beginning of first 10 periods, the performance of ecological decision, in the beginning of second 10 years in three considered states for park, performance of social, ecological and ecological decisions respectively and in the beginning of third 10 years, performance of social and ecological decisions has achieved maximum composite utility value of goals. Composite utility value was used as a part of entry data in dynamic programming model. Results showed that in the beginning of first 10 years duration, ecological decision performance, in the beginning of second 10 years duration, with considering second situation and planned state of park, ecological decision performance, in the beginning of third 10 years duration, the performance of social decision with establishing the first planned situation was optimal for gaining the sustainable management in Saravan park. Considering to the results, for attaining sustainable management of Saravan park of Gilan, it is essential that decision makers pay more attention to ecological goal toward social and economical ones in futures planning.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_29097_14b642192b4996f30aa9927e4843d34b.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-862038220120822Investigation of Land Use and the Analysis of Landscape Elements in Sivar Village from Environmental ViewpointInvestigation of Land Use and the Analysis of Landscape Elements in Sivar Village from Environmental Viewpoint35442909810.22059/jes.2012.29098FASaeedehEskandariAioubMoradiJournal Article19700101Sivar village locates in semirom city of Isfahan province. In this study was used of QuickBird satellite image in Google Earth software for investigation of landscape this village and recognition of all human and natural uses and their analysis in study area. Then the result map was transferred to ArcGIS 3, 1 software and the land use map was provided after the necessary processes in this software. We also accomplished field survey to verify the harvested terrains and to control the harvested polygons. For reaching to this purpose, all the harvested layers were transferred to GPS and then all of the harvested terrains were controlled by field survey. In next step of this study we used of Frag Stats software and NP ، CA، PERIM ، MNN and SHAPE metrics to analyze the landscape of study area. Results showed that the indigenous people have created the different uses in study area during the consecutive years. Pastures cover the wide area of study area and they are representative of the important pasture species in study area which can be the major support of plant and animal biodiversity in this region. The Human-building uses are limit in the study area that it is a great advantage for implementation of the next protective plans. Since distribution of the patches (uses) due to human interferences in North and east of study area is more than other parts, thus fewer changes have been occurred in natural resources in these parts. Existence of the untouched wide areas in this village can be led us to restore of the wide areas. Agriculture is limit in study area but distribution of its patches can be a danger alarm for this area.Sivar village locates in semirom city of Isfahan province. In this study was used of QuickBird satellite image in Google Earth software for investigation of landscape this village and recognition of all human and natural uses and their analysis in study area. Then the result map was transferred to ArcGIS 3, 1 software and the land use map was provided after the necessary processes in this software. We also accomplished field survey to verify the harvested terrains and to control the harvested polygons. For reaching to this purpose, all the harvested layers were transferred to GPS and then all of the harvested terrains were controlled by field survey. In next step of this study we used of Frag Stats software and NP ، CA، PERIM ، MNN and SHAPE metrics to analyze the landscape of study area. Results showed that the indigenous people have created the different uses in study area during the consecutive years. Pastures cover the wide area of study area and they are representative of the important pasture species in study area which can be the major support of plant and animal biodiversity in this region. The Human-building uses are limit in the study area that it is a great advantage for implementation of the next protective plans. Since distribution of the patches (uses) due to human interferences in North and east of study area is more than other parts, thus fewer changes have been occurred in natural resources in these parts. Existence of the untouched wide areas in this village can be led us to restore of the wide areas. Agriculture is limit in study area but distribution of its patches can be a danger alarm for this area.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_29098_d8c29413e02cb987feee62ec7066f627.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-862038220120822The Ability of Different Vegetative Forms to Carbon Sequestration in Plain Rangeland of MiankalehThe Ability of Different Vegetative Forms to Carbon Sequestration in Plain Rangeland of Miankaleh45542909910.22059/jes.2012.29099FARazaTamartashMohammad RezaTatianMaedeYousefianJournal Article19700101Carbon sequestration in soil and plant biomass is the most simple and economic way for Co2 decrease that is important in environment improvement. This research was done in Miankaleh region of Behshahr in Mazandaran for comparison of carbon sequestration in different plant types. Firstly, plant types were determined and dominant species was identified in each type. Number and size of plots was obtained by statistical and minimal area method in each type respectively. The organic carbon of above and below organs of dominant species was calculated by burning method in lab. The soil sampling was done for OC, EC, pH, texture, and bulk density with plant sampling. The total carbon sequestrated of plant organs in each plot and hectare was calculated by organic carbon conversion coefficient*plant biomass. Finaly, the data was analyzed by analysis of variance and mean comparison (Dunkan test) method. The significant difference between soil parameters under species canopy and out of there was determined by t-Test. The relation between plant cover and soil parameters was obtained by step by step regression in SPSS 16 Software. The results showed that carbon sequestration was different in different species and organs. It increased in species and organs with canopy cover and lignifying increase. Also, the soil and organs carbon sequestration was 20.8 ton/ha in Punica granatum more than Artemisia tschermieriana (10.75 ton/ha) and Hordeum vulgar (2.93 ton/ha). Increase in EC decreased carbon sequestration in Hordeum vulgar and Artemisia tschermieriana but had inverse effect in Punica granatum.Carbon sequestration in soil and plant biomass is the most simple and economic way for Co2 decrease that is important in environment improvement. This research was done in Miankaleh region of Behshahr in Mazandaran for comparison of carbon sequestration in different plant types. Firstly, plant types were determined and dominant species was identified in each type. Number and size of plots was obtained by statistical and minimal area method in each type respectively. The organic carbon of above and below organs of dominant species was calculated by burning method in lab. The soil sampling was done for OC, EC, pH, texture, and bulk density with plant sampling. The total carbon sequestrated of plant organs in each plot and hectare was calculated by organic carbon conversion coefficient*plant biomass. Finaly, the data was analyzed by analysis of variance and mean comparison (Dunkan test) method. The significant difference between soil parameters under species canopy and out of there was determined by t-Test. The relation between plant cover and soil parameters was obtained by step by step regression in SPSS 16 Software. The results showed that carbon sequestration was different in different species and organs. It increased in species and organs with canopy cover and lignifying increase. Also, the soil and organs carbon sequestration was 20.8 ton/ha in Punica granatum more than Artemisia tschermieriana (10.75 ton/ha) and Hordeum vulgar (2.93 ton/ha). Increase in EC decreased carbon sequestration in Hordeum vulgar and Artemisia tschermieriana but had inverse effect in Punica granatum.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_29099_c2c655f20bb4e63ed5cd23b2bda1a382.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-862038220120822The study of Administrative and legal Challenges of the
Protected Areas of Zanjan ProvinceThe study of Administrative and legal Challenges of the
Protected Areas of Zanjan Province55682910010.22059/jes.2012.29100FASayed AminNejatFarhadDabiriJournal Article19700101In areas protected by the current rules are that it can be a special legal regime of the named areas, but these rules apply and a special legal regime to prevent law enforcement will be more general, but it also confirms the fact that The general rules in the areas of special rules that only apply in these areas is about legal regime make up. State eligibility rules related to the EPA, hunting and fishing, destruction and rape of the national territory, grazing unauthorized livestock, settlement, exploration and exploitation of mining industry. Despite the advantages that the state wildlife area is distinct, several factors cause some of the legal and administrative challenges in these areas and in some cases been the irreparable damage is encountered, so the course of case a fill path turbulence with a wide range of trends that show the destruction of endangered wildlife and in the future depicts. Lack of conservation facilities, and habitat destruction by farmers, lack of strong environmental management, lack of efficient and motivated human resources and lack of popular participation, lack of deterrence and defects of some laws and regulations, including cases that are on regional environmental issues added financial and moral damage suffered many governments and even people in the region, therefore, offering practical suggestions can be reduce problems and challenges in order to optimize management practices .In areas protected by the current rules are that it can be a special legal regime of the named areas, but these rules apply and a special legal regime to prevent law enforcement will be more general, but it also confirms the fact that The general rules in the areas of special rules that only apply in these areas is about legal regime make up. State eligibility rules related to the EPA, hunting and fishing, destruction and rape of the national territory, grazing unauthorized livestock, settlement, exploration and exploitation of mining industry. Despite the advantages that the state wildlife area is distinct, several factors cause some of the legal and administrative challenges in these areas and in some cases been the irreparable damage is encountered, so the course of case a fill path turbulence with a wide range of trends that show the destruction of endangered wildlife and in the future depicts. Lack of conservation facilities, and habitat destruction by farmers, lack of strong environmental management, lack of efficient and motivated human resources and lack of popular participation, lack of deterrence and defects of some laws and regulations, including cases that are on regional environmental issues added financial and moral damage suffered many governments and even people in the region, therefore, offering practical suggestions can be reduce problems and challenges in order to optimize management practices .https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_29100_7c849daff7123a7278c726690b06c08a.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-862038220120822Using Autranking Methods for Optimum Setting of Air Pollution Monitoring StationsUsing Autranking Methods for Optimum Setting of Air Pollution Monitoring Stations69822910110.22059/jes.2012.29101FANedaKaffash Charandabi0000-0002-6281-9009Ali AsgharAlesheikhMohammadKarimiJournal Article19700101In recent years, increasing population, vehicles and industrial growth have caused air pollution that is initiated many environment problems and damaged public health. To check the air quality in different regions, pollution data that are collected in air pollution stations are required. For better and more realistic monitoring of air pollution, the stations must be distributed exactly and evenly. So one of the important considerations in implementing an air pollution control system is selecting the suitable locations for stations. To determine the appropriate places for the construction of new stations, decision making methods are purposed. In this paper, for this purpose, 20 new locations were initially proposed in Tehran. Governing factors, such as; population density, distance to nearby stations, distance to trees, building walls and streets, are identified and Priorities of stations are estimated based on 3 methods (namely: PROMETHEE, ELECTRE and WSM) and the results are compared. To provide unique ranking, the triple consolidating methods (simple average, Borda and Copland) were exercised. The validity of results are computed by using of the available air quality maps. Results indicate the optimality of PROMETHEE and triple consolidating methods. The results also show the immediate need for constructing new stations in the vicinity of Basij, Fath, Shahid Araqi, Yadegar-e-Emam and Tehran-Varamin highways.In recent years, increasing population, vehicles and industrial growth have caused air pollution that is initiated many environment problems and damaged public health. To check the air quality in different regions, pollution data that are collected in air pollution stations are required. For better and more realistic monitoring of air pollution, the stations must be distributed exactly and evenly. So one of the important considerations in implementing an air pollution control system is selecting the suitable locations for stations. To determine the appropriate places for the construction of new stations, decision making methods are purposed. In this paper, for this purpose, 20 new locations were initially proposed in Tehran. Governing factors, such as; population density, distance to nearby stations, distance to trees, building walls and streets, are identified and Priorities of stations are estimated based on 3 methods (namely: PROMETHEE, ELECTRE and WSM) and the results are compared. To provide unique ranking, the triple consolidating methods (simple average, Borda and Copland) were exercised. The validity of results are computed by using of the available air quality maps. Results indicate the optimality of PROMETHEE and triple consolidating methods. The results also show the immediate need for constructing new stations in the vicinity of Basij, Fath, Shahid Araqi, Yadegar-e-Emam and Tehran-Varamin highways.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_29101_1d52a8390b01cf8150b7cdcd424eda22.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-862038220120822Methane Production from Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Poultry ManureMethane Production from Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Poultry Manure83882910210.22059/jes.2012.29102FAAnisRoshaniJalalShayeganAzadehBabaeeJournal Article19700101This study investigated the effect of loading and temperature on anaerobic co-digestion of poultry manure with straw in mesophilic conditions. The study was made at lab-scale using 70l reactor with a HRT of 15 days. During the first phase, different loads of 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 kg VS/m3.d were studied in order to produce biogas. At load of 3.0 kg VS/ m3.d, VS removal and gas production rate amounted 72% and 44.8 l/d, respectively. At this state, methane contents were in the 53%-70.2% range and the specific methane yield was calculated about 0.12 m3/kg VS%, at higher loads, VS removal, biogas production rate and methane yield decreased. In next step, the effect of different temperatures of 25, 30 and 35°C on optimum load of the first stage was studied. The methane yield at 30°C and 25°C became less than 34°C. It was measured 0.096 and 0.055m3/kg VS, respectively. VS removal at 30°C was 69% and at 25°C was calculated 61%.The Increase of COD up to 4900 mg/l and the decrease of pH to less than 6.8 causes a drop in efficiency. Proper range of soluble COD was determined 700-3500 mg/l and for pH it was 7.3-8. According to the results, the anaerobic co-digester appeared feasible with a loading of 3.0 kg VS/ m3.d at 34°C and biogas production rate of 44.8 l/d which can be used as a fuel resource.This study investigated the effect of loading and temperature on anaerobic co-digestion of poultry manure with straw in mesophilic conditions. The study was made at lab-scale using 70l reactor with a HRT of 15 days. During the first phase, different loads of 1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 and 4.0 kg VS/m3.d were studied in order to produce biogas. At load of 3.0 kg VS/ m3.d, VS removal and gas production rate amounted 72% and 44.8 l/d, respectively. At this state, methane contents were in the 53%-70.2% range and the specific methane yield was calculated about 0.12 m3/kg VS%, at higher loads, VS removal, biogas production rate and methane yield decreased. In next step, the effect of different temperatures of 25, 30 and 35°C on optimum load of the first stage was studied. The methane yield at 30°C and 25°C became less than 34°C. It was measured 0.096 and 0.055m3/kg VS, respectively. VS removal at 30°C was 69% and at 25°C was calculated 61%.The Increase of COD up to 4900 mg/l and the decrease of pH to less than 6.8 causes a drop in efficiency. Proper range of soluble COD was determined 700-3500 mg/l and for pH it was 7.3-8. According to the results, the anaerobic co-digester appeared feasible with a loading of 3.0 kg VS/ m3.d at 34°C and biogas production rate of 44.8 l/d which can be used as a fuel resource.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_29102_f1be773736b35c3c69a0b0ca8d07facb.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-862038220120822Effect of Ultrasound in Improving Dewatering and Stabilization of Anaerobic Digested SludgeEffect of Ultrasound in Improving Dewatering and Stabilization of Anaerobic Digested Sludge89942910310.22059/jes.2012.29103FAMehdiKargarAmir HoseinMahviJournal Article19700101In biological wastewater treatment large quantities of sludge are produced. This sludge is highly putrescible.For disposal and safe usage should be stabilized. The anaerobic digestion is a standard technique for stabilization. Due to the rate imiting step of sludge hydrolysis, anaerobic degradation is a slow process with high digestion time. Due to high retention time and sludge dewatering problem, application of methods to reduction of retention time and remove of limitation and is necessary. The ultrasonic wave due to increase of enzymatic activity can be reduction time of hydrolysis that limiting step in aerobic digestion. In this survey the samples of sludge were the anaerobic digestion from south Tehran wastewater treatment. Ultrasonic frequency used are 35 and 131 kHz and duration time are 15 , 30,60 and 90 min.Total solids,volatile solids,pH,temperature , total COD, SCOD and settleable solids are measured.The result show that the application of ultrasonic wave increased SCOD and temperature and decrease VS,pH and settleable solids.The rate of VS reduction in 35 kHz at time 15, 30,60 and 90 min are 40,29.3,39.7 and 46.2 percent and in the 131 kHz are 45.4,12.76,30.55and 18.34 percent respectively.Application of ultrasonic wave in frequency 131 kHz to decrease of VS and increase of dewatering of sludge more effective than the 35 kHz at the low sonication time and the most performance are in the 15 min and 131 kHz frequency.In biological wastewater treatment large quantities of sludge are produced. This sludge is highly putrescible.For disposal and safe usage should be stabilized. The anaerobic digestion is a standard technique for stabilization. Due to the rate imiting step of sludge hydrolysis, anaerobic degradation is a slow process with high digestion time. Due to high retention time and sludge dewatering problem, application of methods to reduction of retention time and remove of limitation and is necessary. The ultrasonic wave due to increase of enzymatic activity can be reduction time of hydrolysis that limiting step in aerobic digestion. In this survey the samples of sludge were the anaerobic digestion from south Tehran wastewater treatment. Ultrasonic frequency used are 35 and 131 kHz and duration time are 15 , 30,60 and 90 min.Total solids,volatile solids,pH,temperature , total COD, SCOD and settleable solids are measured.The result show that the application of ultrasonic wave increased SCOD and temperature and decrease VS,pH and settleable solids.The rate of VS reduction in 35 kHz at time 15, 30,60 and 90 min are 40,29.3,39.7 and 46.2 percent and in the 131 kHz are 45.4,12.76,30.55and 18.34 percent respectively.Application of ultrasonic wave in frequency 131 kHz to decrease of VS and increase of dewatering of sludge more effective than the 35 kHz at the low sonication time and the most performance are in the 15 min and 131 kHz frequency.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_29103_1638e3c8578bdd8ab1b448b125f84591.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-862038220120822Effect of Natural Substances in Upgrading the Performance of
Sludge Drying BedsEffect of Natural Substances in Upgrading the Performance of
Sludge Drying Beds951022910410.22059/jes.2012.29104FAElmiraTarverdizadehAliTorabianNaserMehrdadiAliakbarAzimiJournal Article19700101Utilization authorities in sewage companies considered to sludge dewatering methods due to problems and challenges in this field. Dewatering by sludge drying beds is considered in present study. This method is preferred to mechanical methods due to the need for very simple technology. Due to restriction of natural dewatering, we tried to eliminate some of these limitations by the tests and studies of assumptions. In this study, the impact of using natural substances on the top layer of the bed and increased permeability coefficient of the drainage layer survived. For this purpose, a layer of a hemp gunny and water cooler straw that their C / N ratio are high and this character is useful for production of sewage sludge compost is used as a natural substance on the bed. Effects of these hypothesis has been studied on two sections; at first step the capability of natural substances in replacement of the sandy layer platforms by changing of drainage layer's thickness has been investigated and second time by no change in thickness of sandy drainage layer and spend the use of this material on the sludge drying bed has been studied. In this study, retention time of the sludge cake and quality of effluent from the drainage layer were compared with control pilot. Based on the results of this study, using natural substances can improve process of urban sewage sludge dewatering, thus the retention time on the drying bed decrease significantly. By reducing sludge retention time on the bed, the main disadvantage of these beds that require large space platforms to construct will be reduced to a significant extent. Using these natural substances can improve physical and chemical characteristics of effluent from the output of bed, such as turbidity, pH, COD and TDS, while it increases TSS and VSS.Utilization authorities in sewage companies considered to sludge dewatering methods due to problems and challenges in this field. Dewatering by sludge drying beds is considered in present study. This method is preferred to mechanical methods due to the need for very simple technology. Due to restriction of natural dewatering, we tried to eliminate some of these limitations by the tests and studies of assumptions. In this study, the impact of using natural substances on the top layer of the bed and increased permeability coefficient of the drainage layer survived. For this purpose, a layer of a hemp gunny and water cooler straw that their C / N ratio are high and this character is useful for production of sewage sludge compost is used as a natural substance on the bed. Effects of these hypothesis has been studied on two sections; at first step the capability of natural substances in replacement of the sandy layer platforms by changing of drainage layer's thickness has been investigated and second time by no change in thickness of sandy drainage layer and spend the use of this material on the sludge drying bed has been studied. In this study, retention time of the sludge cake and quality of effluent from the drainage layer were compared with control pilot. Based on the results of this study, using natural substances can improve process of urban sewage sludge dewatering, thus the retention time on the drying bed decrease significantly. By reducing sludge retention time on the bed, the main disadvantage of these beds that require large space platforms to construct will be reduced to a significant extent. Using these natural substances can improve physical and chemical characteristics of effluent from the output of bed, such as turbidity, pH, COD and TDS, while it increases TSS and VSS.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_29104_8d923b86abc1a2e94944667d46a73cac.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-862038220120822Using Fuzzy Comprehensive Assessment Method for Rivers Water Quality ZoningUsing Fuzzy Comprehensive Assessment Method for Rivers Water Quality Zoning10311102910510.22059/jes.2012.29105FASayed HoseinHashemiMohammad MehdiAzimiMortezaRayatiSamanehBarekateinJournal Article19700101Water quality zoning have been recognized as a useful tool, which gives managers a sweeping view for taking environmental conservative actionsin oeder of priority. Ordinary methods, which have been used in Iran, involve some defections such as disregard water usage, uncertainty due to sampling error and classification, and changing the class number due to a bit change in water quality parameters. The main idea of this paper is to use fuzzy comprehensive assessment (FCA) technique in Gezel Ozan River, which overcomes mentioned disadvantages. According to this method, at first four water quality classes have been extracted based on available standatdes for agriculture. Three water quality parameters, including total hardness, electrical conductivity, and sodium absorption ratio, have been used. Then, degree of membership matrix has been built based on this method. For calculating the weight factor, information antropy method has been used. Finally the water quality class has been defined by multiplying the weight matrix by membership matrix. Accordig to the results, the river water is unsuitable for agriculture porpuses. Because of its high TDS water.Water quality zoning have been recognized as a useful tool, which gives managers a sweeping view for taking environmental conservative actionsin oeder of priority. Ordinary methods, which have been used in Iran, involve some defections such as disregard water usage, uncertainty due to sampling error and classification, and changing the class number due to a bit change in water quality parameters. The main idea of this paper is to use fuzzy comprehensive assessment (FCA) technique in Gezel Ozan River, which overcomes mentioned disadvantages. According to this method, at first four water quality classes have been extracted based on available standatdes for agriculture. Three water quality parameters, including total hardness, electrical conductivity, and sodium absorption ratio, have been used. Then, degree of membership matrix has been built based on this method. For calculating the weight factor, information antropy method has been used. Finally the water quality class has been defined by multiplying the weight matrix by membership matrix. Accordig to the results, the river water is unsuitable for agriculture porpuses. Because of its high TDS water.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_29105_5f4de2d8772a9b7248d8be68b16c3dbe.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-862038220120822Investigation of the Residues of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Apple Fruit in Damavand RegionInvestigation of the Residues of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in Apple Fruit in Damavand Region1111162910610.22059/jes.2012.29106FAMinaMackialeaghaMaryamFarahaniJournal Article19700101Considering the increased use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture in recent decades and increasing risks of diseases and environmental hazards in human society’s , standards of remaining pesticides in food and agricultural products required to be considered.In this study, residues of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in apple in the Damavand region evaluated. Sampled randomly from the apple orchards based on statistical calculation was performed. After the extracts from appels, residues of pesticide measured, by Gas Chromatography. According to the results, the mean amount of residues of Diazinon is 0.65 and 0.7ppm, in the golden and red varieties of apple, respectively. Also the mean amount of residues of Chlorpyrifos is 1.08 and 1.34 ppm, in the golden and red varieties of apple, respectively.The use of fertilizer increases products reducing the damage caused by diseases, weeds and plant pests. However, it makes the residue of pesticides in agricultural products increase. Comparison of Statistical results with international standards showed that residues of Chlorpyrifos (C8H11Cl3NO3P S) in Damavand apple orchards exceeded the world.Considering the increased use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture in recent decades and increasing risks of diseases and environmental hazards in human society’s , standards of remaining pesticides in food and agricultural products required to be considered.In this study, residues of Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon in apple in the Damavand region evaluated. Sampled randomly from the apple orchards based on statistical calculation was performed. After the extracts from appels, residues of pesticide measured, by Gas Chromatography. According to the results, the mean amount of residues of Diazinon is 0.65 and 0.7ppm, in the golden and red varieties of apple, respectively. Also the mean amount of residues of Chlorpyrifos is 1.08 and 1.34 ppm, in the golden and red varieties of apple, respectively.The use of fertilizer increases products reducing the damage caused by diseases, weeds and plant pests. However, it makes the residue of pesticides in agricultural products increase. Comparison of Statistical results with international standards showed that residues of Chlorpyrifos (C8H11Cl3NO3P S) in Damavand apple orchards exceeded the world.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_29106_ff178363d8748bd430e8f7587fb69f79.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-862038220120822Effect of Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Sulfate on E.coli Survival in Fine Sand MixturesEffect of Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Sulfate on E.coli Survival in Fine Sand Mixtures1171262910710.22059/jes.2012.29107FANasrollahSepehrniaAli AkbarMahboubiMohammad RezaMosadeghiGholamrezaKhodakaramianAliakbarSafari SinejaniJournal Article19700101Water and soil pollution by human pathogenic bacteria draw attention of many researchers. Duration of bacterial survival for reach to the soil and water resources is very important. Current study focused on the effects of CaCO3 and CaSO4 compounds on Escherichia coli survival. Using CaCO3, CaSO4 compounds and fine sand particles (<0.01mm), two types of mixtures with 20 %, 40 %, 60 % and 80 % levels were prepared under sterilized condition. Field capacity of mixtures was calculated using plate pressure device. One milliliter of diluted manure extract in 1:20 proportion added to the mixtures and they were incubated in 28 ?C. A total of 0.1 ml of extracts were added to the plates containing Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) medium. After 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 hours bacterial CFU were counted using colony counter. DATA were analyzed using SAS software. Results indicated that chemical properties of manure, mixture of sand-calcium carbonate and sand-calcium sulfate had no effect on Escherichia coli survival. Effects of time and kind of compound on bacterial growth showed significant differences (P<0.0001). Treatment means comparison showed that CaCO3 concentration higher than 20% decrease severely bacterial growth but no effect on bacterial growth were observed for various levels of CaSO4. Mean of colony forming unit (CFU) of bacteria on mixture of sand-calcium sulfate were higher than mixture of sand-calcium carbonate in all levels of concentration. Also effect of time on bacterial growth in tested mixture was significant (P<0.0001). Bacterial growth in the presence of calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate in the levels higher than 20% were decreased and increased respectively. As a result if CaCO3 compound is used to the waste discharge system, E.coli cells would be filtered, on the other hand this compound is plenty in geological area of Iran, which can decrease filtration costs.Water and soil pollution by human pathogenic bacteria draw attention of many researchers. Duration of bacterial survival for reach to the soil and water resources is very important. Current study focused on the effects of CaCO3 and CaSO4 compounds on Escherichia coli survival. Using CaCO3, CaSO4 compounds and fine sand particles (<0.01mm), two types of mixtures with 20 %, 40 %, 60 % and 80 % levels were prepared under sterilized condition. Field capacity of mixtures was calculated using plate pressure device. One milliliter of diluted manure extract in 1:20 proportion added to the mixtures and they were incubated in 28 ?C. A total of 0.1 ml of extracts were added to the plates containing Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) medium. After 2.5, 5, 10 and 15 hours bacterial CFU were counted using colony counter. DATA were analyzed using SAS software. Results indicated that chemical properties of manure, mixture of sand-calcium carbonate and sand-calcium sulfate had no effect on Escherichia coli survival. Effects of time and kind of compound on bacterial growth showed significant differences (P<0.0001). Treatment means comparison showed that CaCO3 concentration higher than 20% decrease severely bacterial growth but no effect on bacterial growth were observed for various levels of CaSO4. Mean of colony forming unit (CFU) of bacteria on mixture of sand-calcium sulfate were higher than mixture of sand-calcium carbonate in all levels of concentration. Also effect of time on bacterial growth in tested mixture was significant (P<0.0001). Bacterial growth in the presence of calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate in the levels higher than 20% were decreased and increased respectively. As a result if CaCO3 compound is used to the waste discharge system, E.coli cells would be filtered, on the other hand this compound is plenty in geological area of Iran, which can decrease filtration costs.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_29107_f7dfe8e2b06489576b2b64397eba1c53.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-862038220120822Conservation and Rehabilitation of Darband River-Valley Landscape Based on the Behavioral Pattern of UsesConservation and Rehabilitation of Darband River-Valley Landscape Based on the Behavioral Pattern of Uses1271342910810.22059/jes.2012.29108FAHomaBehbahaniShahrzadFaryadiGolnarMohebaliJournal Article19700101Intra- city natural structures have an important role in developing city qualities and the promotion of its aesthetic, ecological and social values which also allow people to have their recreational activities. As Tehran river-valleys have been damaged according to users’ behaviors and irregular constructions, the present paper aims to identify the typical behavioral characters of tourists in Darband river-valley and to study design solutions in order to decrease the damages caused by their incompatible behaviors to the nature.The methodology of this research is Every-day life sociology or Ethnographical methodology, which considers the relationship between behaviors and the surrounding environment. Users’ behaviors have been observed and photograph all along the river-valley path, which were illustrated through maps, called behavioral patterns. These maps were categorized in three sections including behaviors in the morning, at noon and at night. In the next phase, visual analysis was completed based on aesthetic criterions and behavioral analysis according to their impact on natural environment, in order to consider compatibility of behaviors to nature. Design approach was the conservation of the river-valley and to encourage compatible behaviors and to reduce the incompatible ones. Regard to research results, with the help of design, users behaviors could be adjusted to the nature as a recreational area, which would conclude in its conservation.Intra- city natural structures have an important role in developing city qualities and the promotion of its aesthetic, ecological and social values which also allow people to have their recreational activities. As Tehran river-valleys have been damaged according to users’ behaviors and irregular constructions, the present paper aims to identify the typical behavioral characters of tourists in Darband river-valley and to study design solutions in order to decrease the damages caused by their incompatible behaviors to the nature.The methodology of this research is Every-day life sociology or Ethnographical methodology, which considers the relationship between behaviors and the surrounding environment. Users’ behaviors have been observed and photograph all along the river-valley path, which were illustrated through maps, called behavioral patterns. These maps were categorized in three sections including behaviors in the morning, at noon and at night. In the next phase, visual analysis was completed based on aesthetic criterions and behavioral analysis according to their impact on natural environment, in order to consider compatibility of behaviors to nature. Design approach was the conservation of the river-valley and to encourage compatible behaviors and to reduce the incompatible ones. Regard to research results, with the help of design, users behaviors could be adjusted to the nature as a recreational area, which would conclude in its conservation.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_29108_53b8f977a83ce7bfa9177ee88e454bd9.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-862038220120822Evaluating Visual Quality of Educational Campus Based on Users Preferences: The Case of Sistan and Balouchestan University, IranEvaluating Visual Quality of Educational Campus Based on Users Preferences: The Case of Sistan and Balouchestan University, Iran1351502910910.22059/jes.2012.29109FAPeimanGolchinBehrouzNarouiMohammad RezaMasnavi0000-0003-0259-8934Journal Article19700101Nowadays, the aims for assessing visual quality of landscape are to define and determine certain criteria and factors that can be used for conservation, rehabilitation and renovation of landscapes as well as determining whether a landscape is aesthetically appropriate or not. By this way, landscapes with aesthetic values are conserved and the rest are amended. Analyzing the relations between visual characteristic and landscape structural features is one of the most effective methods in fulfilling landscape perception research. Overall, research based on aesthetic criteria in landscape, are in search of deriving users preferences from landscapes. These research are conducted through two approaches, in the first approach, landscape study is based on measurable factors and the relations between them, while the second approach is rather based on recognition of users perception factors. The second approach is used in this research while it intends on using participatory planning and designing in order to suggest design and strategies for enhancing the visual quality of Sistan and Baloochestan University landscape. Users preferences criteria in order to evaluate landscape visual quality is used. For determining criteria which users use to evaluate the quality of landscape, a questionnaire survey is conducted using the quality sort method in this research. Finally, suggestions, solutions and strategies are provided in order to promote the visual quality of university landscape.Nowadays, the aims for assessing visual quality of landscape are to define and determine certain criteria and factors that can be used for conservation, rehabilitation and renovation of landscapes as well as determining whether a landscape is aesthetically appropriate or not. By this way, landscapes with aesthetic values are conserved and the rest are amended. Analyzing the relations between visual characteristic and landscape structural features is one of the most effective methods in fulfilling landscape perception research. Overall, research based on aesthetic criteria in landscape, are in search of deriving users preferences from landscapes. These research are conducted through two approaches, in the first approach, landscape study is based on measurable factors and the relations between them, while the second approach is rather based on recognition of users perception factors. The second approach is used in this research while it intends on using participatory planning and designing in order to suggest design and strategies for enhancing the visual quality of Sistan and Baloochestan University landscape. Users preferences criteria in order to evaluate landscape visual quality is used. For determining criteria which users use to evaluate the quality of landscape, a questionnaire survey is conducted using the quality sort method in this research. Finally, suggestions, solutions and strategies are provided in order to promote the visual quality of university landscape.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_29109_10f797658431ccfb350348f3e2d437e1.pdf