دانشگاه تهران
Journal of Environmental Studies
1025-8620
27
27
2001
06
22
Effects of anaerobic reaction time and sludge age on the biological phosphorus removal in SBR
Effects of anaerobic reaction time and sludge age on the biological phosphorus removal in SBR
25621
FA
Journal Article
1970
01
01
In this research, a plot consisting of two sequencing batch
Reactors (SBR) Both reactors were anaerobic stageand its
aeration time was had the primary anaerobic stage Witling change inthe'toUilr:eaction time (9.5 hours).The average concentration of influent phosphorus and Rector Were 7.5 And 800 miligram Per litre respectively. In two months periods the average effeciencies of phosphorus removal for the blank reactor and the second reactor with anaerobic reaction
times, of 2,3, and 4.5 hours were 16%, 26%, 64%, and 99% respectively.
In the reactor with anaerobic of 4.5 hours, increasing the sludge age from 5 days to 10 days resulted in decreasing of phosphorus removal efficiency from 99% to 87%. .
In general, the result of this investigation show that the increases of anaerobic reaction time can increase the efficiency of phosphorus 'removal, because of the prevalence of phosphorus removing .
microrganisms over other species. Also the accurate control of additional sludge volume (sludge age) has an appropriate effect on the removal efficiency.
In this research, a plot consisting of two sequencing batch
Reactors (SBR) Both reactors were anaerobic stageand its
aeration time was had the primary anaerobic stage Witling change inthe'toUilr:eaction time (9.5 hours).The average concentration of influent phosphorus and Rector Were 7.5 And 800 miligram Per litre respectively. In two months periods the average effeciencies of phosphorus removal for the blank reactor and the second reactor with anaerobic reaction
times, of 2,3, and 4.5 hours were 16%, 26%, 64%, and 99% respectively.
In the reactor with anaerobic of 4.5 hours, increasing the sludge age from 5 days to 10 days resulted in decreasing of phosphorus removal efficiency from 99% to 87%. .
In general, the result of this investigation show that the increases of anaerobic reaction time can increase the efficiency of phosphorus 'removal, because of the prevalence of phosphorus removing .
microrganisms over other species. Also the accurate control of additional sludge volume (sludge age) has an appropriate effect on the removal efficiency.
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_25621_8ef88d36e9cb5431c2494579553c7e65.pdf
دانشگاه تهران
Journal of Environmental Studies
1025-8620
27
27
2001
06
22
Effects of Salicylate on Population
Density of Naphthalene Degrading Bacteria
in the Laboratory and Soil
Effects of Salicylate on Population
Density of Naphthalene Degrading Bacteria
in the Laboratory and Soil
25622
FA
Journal Article
1970
01
01
In the study of the effects of salicylate on population density of
naphthalene degrading bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria in a
sample or: soil polluted with aromatic hydrocarbons, two different
concentrations of salicylate (16, 160) ?g / gr of soil incubated for
30 days. At 160 ?g / gr, salicylate enhanced the density of
naphthalene degraders and heterotrophic bacteria for 30 days. No
chenges in recoverable bacterial population densities were observed
when soil samples were treated with 16 ?g of salicylate gr .The
activity of naphthalene oxygenase, specifically involved in
naphthalene metabolism have been measured In the strain,
Pseudomonas pseudomallei after incubation with salicylate. The
results indicate that synthesis of naphthalene oxygenase is enhanced
by salicylate.
In the study of the effects of salicylate on population density of
naphthalene degrading bacteria and heterotrophic bacteria in a
sample or: soil polluted with aromatic hydrocarbons, two different
concentrations of salicylate (16, 160) ?g / gr of soil incubated for
30 days. At 160 ?g / gr, salicylate enhanced the density of
naphthalene degraders and heterotrophic bacteria for 30 days. No
chenges in recoverable bacterial population densities were observed
when soil samples were treated with 16 ?g of salicylate gr .The
activity of naphthalene oxygenase, specifically involved in
naphthalene metabolism have been measured In the strain,
Pseudomonas pseudomallei after incubation with salicylate. The
results indicate that synthesis of naphthalene oxygenase is enhanced
by salicylate.
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_25622_39f320b2853f79df3182c87881c50083.pdf
دانشگاه تهران
Journal of Environmental Studies
1025-8620
27
27
2001
06
22
DETERMINTION of the budget and changes of lead and cadmium in the tissue of different fish species in haraze river
(N. IRAN
DETERMINTION of the budget and changes of lead and cadmium in the tissue of different fish species in haraze river
(N. IRAN
25623
FA
Journal Article
1970
01
01
Pollutants of Various sources and nature, including heavy metals,
find their way into the haraz river .cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb)
concentrations and their fluctuations in the tissues of several fish
species in the lower part of the river were investigated.
The fish samples were Caught By using electroshoker.
using F.test and ANoVA indicated different but significant
, concentration of,these heavy metals in different species and tissues .
However, no significant
difference was found between adult and juvenile fish species
Pollutants of Various sources and nature, including heavy metals,
find their way into the haraz river .cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb)
concentrations and their fluctuations in the tissues of several fish
species in the lower part of the river were investigated.
The fish samples were Caught By using electroshoker.
using F.test and ANoVA indicated different but significant
, concentration of,these heavy metals in different species and tissues .
However, no significant
difference was found between adult and juvenile fish species
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_25623_899eedcd07d9e2e8c88b440f2dd00288.pdf
دانشگاه تهران
Journal of Environmental Studies
1025-8620
27
27
2001
06
22
Environmental Capability Evaluation of
Lavandville wildlife Sanctury
Environmental Capability Evaluation of
Lavandville wildlife Sanctury
25624
FA
Journal Article
1970
01
01
Wildlife sancturies (W.S.) according to IUCN classification need
less conservation, but more development plan.
Lavandville W.S.: (less than 1000 ha, NW of Iran) is located near
Caspian Sea and !is important as habitats for waterfowl and other
birds. Physical resources (sands and oyster shells) of L.W.S. are
exploited ; by local people. The area also provides outdoor
.recreational apportunities for the people.
By system analysis approach environmental resources of L.W.S was
surveyed, analysis integrated and mapped, environmental
capabilities of the area were evaluated for zoning purposes.
Accordingly, 2.68% of L.W.S is suitable for zone 1 (restricted
nature reserve), 57.63% for zone 2 (conservation zone) 35,93% for
extensive use (zone 3), 0/55% for intensive use (zone 4), 1.63% for
zone 5 (rehabilitation zone), and finally, 1.58% is suitable as buffer
zone (zone 8). The development plan of L.S.W, according to zoning
would protect its resources arid ease the management
Wildlife sancturies (W.S.) according to IUCN classification need
less conservation, but more development plan.
Lavandville W.S.: (less than 1000 ha, NW of Iran) is located near
Caspian Sea and !is important as habitats for waterfowl and other
birds. Physical resources (sands and oyster shells) of L.W.S. are
exploited ; by local people. The area also provides outdoor
.recreational apportunities for the people.
By system analysis approach environmental resources of L.W.S was
surveyed, analysis integrated and mapped, environmental
capabilities of the area were evaluated for zoning purposes.
Accordingly, 2.68% of L.W.S is suitable for zone 1 (restricted
nature reserve), 57.63% for zone 2 (conservation zone) 35,93% for
extensive use (zone 3), 0/55% for intensive use (zone 4), 1.63% for
zone 5 (rehabilitation zone), and finally, 1.58% is suitable as buffer
zone (zone 8). The development plan of L.S.W, according to zoning
would protect its resources arid ease the management
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_25624_23aef0fc9593fdcc31d1dfc2795dda6b.pdf
دانشگاه تهران
Journal of Environmental Studies
1025-8620
27
27
2001
06
22
Environmental impact assessment of eastern Tehran province
Environmental impact assessment of eastern Tehran province
25625
FA
Journal Article
1970
01
01
In this research by taking advantage of degradtion model ina grid System an area of 9222 km in eastern part of
Tehran province including Eslam shahr , rey , varamin , Damavand , and firooz kooh were studied .
The results show that 43.8 % of the area , due to its natural condition , is not suitable for development. The
rest of the area ( 42.5) due to the degradation caused by man's activities has lost its natural capability for development.
In this research by taking advantage of degradtion model ina grid System an area of 9222 km in eastern part of
Tehran province including Eslam shahr , rey , varamin , Damavand , and firooz kooh were studied .
The results show that 43.8 % of the area , due to its natural condition , is not suitable for development. The
rest of the area ( 42.5) due to the degradation caused by man's activities has lost its natural capability for development.
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_25625_da0bd9ae2b344db4841bf2d5b1246a41.pdf
دانشگاه تهران
Journal of Environmental Studies
1025-8620
27
27
2001
06
22
Sustainable development: From
Ideas to Actions
Sustainable development: From
Ideas to Actions
25626
FA
Journal Article
1970
01
01
Increasing rate of world population growth has tremendous and
Of ten detrimental impacts on natural environment of our planet.
Unreasonable consumption of non-renewable sources of energy,
deforestation, and the extinction of species are among these impacts.
There are many who believe that global warming which is resulted
due to population :growth, urbanization and over and irresponsible
consumption is now seriously threatening cities and inflict non-repairable
damage on world climate. Our urban planning, under the
influence of classic development model and cliche urban
development models which ignore local ecological conditions have
not only caused the unsustainability conditions in our cities, but the
whole regions (Bahriany, 1378a). It seems that the sustainable
development concepts are perfectly compatible with the goals and
purposes of new urban planning, and, therefore, these concepts may
be used as effective tools to achieve sustainability in urban areas
(Bahrainy, 1378b).Many scholars, analysts, and even politicians are
convinced that any change in the existing conditions of cities
towards sustainability requires a major change in our thought, or a
radical change in our way of thinking and action . But few have gone
any further to provide the practical means for such a change
(Bahrainy, 1375). In this paper, efforts are made to; following a
review of the origin of the concept of sustainability, definitions and
purposes of sustainability and its application in urban development;
a general framework will be developed through which, practical
guidelines and implementation mechanisms will be introduced to
achieve sustainability in the urban areas.
Increasing rate of world population growth has tremendous and
Of ten detrimental impacts on natural environment of our planet.
Unreasonable consumption of non-renewable sources of energy,
deforestation, and the extinction of species are among these impacts.
There are many who believe that global warming which is resulted
due to population :growth, urbanization and over and irresponsible
consumption is now seriously threatening cities and inflict non-repairable
damage on world climate. Our urban planning, under the
influence of classic development model and cliche urban
development models which ignore local ecological conditions have
not only caused the unsustainability conditions in our cities, but the
whole regions (Bahriany, 1378a). It seems that the sustainable
development concepts are perfectly compatible with the goals and
purposes of new urban planning, and, therefore, these concepts may
be used as effective tools to achieve sustainability in urban areas
(Bahrainy, 1378b).Many scholars, analysts, and even politicians are
convinced that any change in the existing conditions of cities
towards sustainability requires a major change in our thought, or a
radical change in our way of thinking and action . But few have gone
any further to provide the practical means for such a change
(Bahrainy, 1375). In this paper, efforts are made to; following a
review of the origin of the concept of sustainability, definitions and
purposes of sustainability and its application in urban development;
a general framework will be developed through which, practical
guidelines and implementation mechanisms will be introduced to
achieve sustainability in the urban areas.
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_25626_d247b5943691085eb45b1d23d9cdb177.pdf
دانشگاه تهران
Journal of Environmental Studies
1025-8620
27
27
2001
06
22
Islamic ideology , sustainable development & Iranian desert cities
Islamic ideology , sustainable development & Iranian desert cities
25627
FA
Journal Article
1970
01
01
Examining historical urban fabric of iranian desert cities
demonstrates that one of the best response to the natural laws in the
establishment of an appropriate built environment for human life,
was considered in these settlement principles applied to the
establishment of these cities not only did not impose disturbance
and damages to the environment but have also granted perfection to
matters.
This paper endeavors to recognize ,those attributes of architecture
and. Spatial organization of Iranian desert cities which are derived
from both people's beliefs and ,culture ,and in harmony with
environmental conditions . These are discussed under the following
, main titles:
-After a brief introduction ,the Islamic pints of view on human
beings. nature their relationship and sustainable development are defined.
The next part of the paper discusses cities and sustainable
development through three sections expressing the principles
predominating over nature and human life , introducing historical
examples , and the present attitude of Iranian desert cities in
response to the principles .
- The final part of the paper is the conclusion in which the main
lessons for future are introduced.
Examining historical urban fabric of iranian desert cities
demonstrates that one of the best response to the natural laws in the
establishment of an appropriate built environment for human life,
was considered in these settlement principles applied to the
establishment of these cities not only did not impose disturbance
and damages to the environment but have also granted perfection to
matters.
This paper endeavors to recognize ,those attributes of architecture
and. Spatial organization of Iranian desert cities which are derived
from both people's beliefs and ,culture ,and in harmony with
environmental conditions . These are discussed under the following
, main titles:
-After a brief introduction ,the Islamic pints of view on human
beings. nature their relationship and sustainable development are defined.
The next part of the paper discusses cities and sustainable
development through three sections expressing the principles
predominating over nature and human life , introducing historical
examples , and the present attitude of Iranian desert cities in
response to the principles .
- The final part of the paper is the conclusion in which the main
lessons for future are introduced.
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_25627_485089ef0b9a6434a2d382df089e2cdb.pdf
دانشگاه تهران
Journal of Environmental Studies
1025-8620
27
27
2001
06
22
Landuse planning, using simple
capability zoning method
Landuse planning, using simple
capability zoning method
25628
FA
Journal Article
1970
01
01
Land and resource developoment suitability is usually achieved by
landscape capability analysis. But using land capability analysis in
planning process is often restricted by budget and time limitations.
A simple yet effective capability analysis method is hence required,
that can furnish 'planners reliable land zonning with the least data
and time requirement. The Optimum Integration Method (Formann,
1995) of land capability analysis, zonning and classification is one
Of these simple, yet effective methods.
An addapttion of this method was used for a land-use planning
project concerning touristic development of Kohkiloye-U'BoyerAhmad
Prbvince (Southern .Iran) Successful achievement of
foreseen planning objectives resulted in introducing this method for
further possible uses in simillar cases. This environmental capability
analysis' method in land-use planning process offered both short-term
management proposals and long-term planning strategies
baseed on actual and preferred land capability and carrying capacity.
Furthermore, proper site selection for implementation of pilot
development projects was also achieved based on regional and local
comparative advantages (and/or disadvantages) of concerning
landscapes.
Land and resource developoment suitability is usually achieved by
landscape capability analysis. But using land capability analysis in
planning process is often restricted by budget and time limitations.
A simple yet effective capability analysis method is hence required,
that can furnish 'planners reliable land zonning with the least data
and time requirement. The Optimum Integration Method (Formann,
1995) of land capability analysis, zonning and classification is one
Of these simple, yet effective methods.
An addapttion of this method was used for a land-use planning
project concerning touristic development of Kohkiloye-U'BoyerAhmad
Prbvince (Southern .Iran) Successful achievement of
foreseen planning objectives resulted in introducing this method for
further possible uses in simillar cases. This environmental capability
analysis' method in land-use planning process offered both short-term
management proposals and long-term planning strategies
baseed on actual and preferred land capability and carrying capacity.
Furthermore, proper site selection for implementation of pilot
development projects was also achieved based on regional and local
comparative advantages (and/or disadvantages) of concerning
landscapes.
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_25628_8875690d567aadf595550967ec25cf19.pdf
دانشگاه تهران
Journal of Environmental Studies
1025-8620
27
27
2001
06
22
Landuse planning of dadghan watershed by Geographic Information system
Landuse planning of dadghan watershed by Geographic Information system
25629
FA
Journal Article
1970
01
01
In order to determine optimum landuses (in accordance with natural
capability) and improve the current land management, landuse
planning process was applied by USing GIS. Within the framework
of system analysis approach basic ecological and socio-economic
, data were mapped. The mapped data were digitized and imported to
Idrisi and Arc/Info to build a Database ,along with other descriptive
data. The process of geographic , coordinates registration, building
topology and editing the maps were done in Arc/Info. Then, in the
analysis stage, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was prepared using
contour map in Idrisi. Based on that,slope, aspect and elevation
maps were produced . In the middle stage of the analysis,
environmental units map and unit attribute table were made by
overlaying slope, elevation,aspect soil and vegetation type and
denSity ltayers in arc/info.Then, environmental units attribute table
was 'completed by considering Other ecological and socio-economic
data in ArcView. Specific ecologica1 models were supplied for
dadghan basin and using Structured Query Language (SQL), each
of environmental units capability was determined and mapped for
allotted landuses. In the last analysis and-landuse planning process
stage, the priority of suitable landuses accordance with natural
capability) was detennined and mapped by cosidering landuse prerequisites
and using ,SQL. Finally, in order to predict institutional,
organizational and executive arrangements, criteria and regulations
of establishing optimum landuses were presented together with
buffers criteria and executive-organizational framework of basin
management plan.
In order to determine optimum landuses (in accordance with natural
capability) and improve the current land management, landuse
planning process was applied by USing GIS. Within the framework
of system analysis approach basic ecological and socio-economic
, data were mapped. The mapped data were digitized and imported to
Idrisi and Arc/Info to build a Database ,along with other descriptive
data. The process of geographic , coordinates registration, building
topology and editing the maps were done in Arc/Info. Then, in the
analysis stage, Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was prepared using
contour map in Idrisi. Based on that,slope, aspect and elevation
maps were produced . In the middle stage of the analysis,
environmental units map and unit attribute table were made by
overlaying slope, elevation,aspect soil and vegetation type and
denSity ltayers in arc/info.Then, environmental units attribute table
was 'completed by considering Other ecological and socio-economic
data in ArcView. Specific ecologica1 models were supplied for
dadghan basin and using Structured Query Language (SQL), each
of environmental units capability was determined and mapped for
allotted landuses. In the last analysis and-landuse planning process
stage, the priority of suitable landuses accordance with natural
capability) was detennined and mapped by cosidering landuse prerequisites
and using ,SQL. Finally, in order to predict institutional,
organizational and executive arrangements, criteria and regulations
of establishing optimum landuses were presented together with
buffers criteria and executive-organizational framework of basin
management plan.
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_25629_129ac6efbe360b9f201b1c3cb49fafbf.pdf
دانشگاه تهران
Journal of Environmental Studies
1025-8620
27
27
2001
06
22
Systematic Application of Degradation
Model for Environmental Impact
Assessment of Lation Watershed
Systematic Application of Degradation
Model for Environmental Impact
Assessment of Lation Watershed
25630
FA
Journal Article
1970
01
01
It is fair to say that the man by including agricultural, industrial activities
and exploitation-of natural resources in his survival agenda is the most
responsible of all for environmental changes.
Fundamentall development in various parts of a watershed is unavoidable
and sometimes necessary. In recent years, large number of
environmentally improper developments including new town development
have taken !place around Latian lake (dam), which have led towards
construction with out proper engineering and environmental observations.
The aim of this research work is assessment and measurement of
degradation due to inappropriate development in environment.
Degradation : Mode] is one of the important tools in quantification of
environmental degradation. This model is a systemic analysis type and
uses mathematical model that yields development effects of a region in the
shortest possible time. In another word, it reduces time and cost for
evaluation process.
In this work, borders of watershed have been drawn to scale of 1:50,000.
The region has been divided to 748 units (i.e, 2cm x 2cm grid) which each
grid covers :an area of 1km2. The degradation model for each individual
unit has been applied by employing computer programs.
It was found that 510 units (68% of total) are unfit for development,
because of certain .inappropriate conditions. Also 149 units (i.e. 20% 0
total) were ideteriorated by human activities that have lost potential for
proper development
It is fair to say that the man by including agricultural, industrial activities
and exploitation-of natural resources in his survival agenda is the most
responsible of all for environmental changes.
Fundamentall development in various parts of a watershed is unavoidable
and sometimes necessary. In recent years, large number of
environmentally improper developments including new town development
have taken !place around Latian lake (dam), which have led towards
construction with out proper engineering and environmental observations.
The aim of this research work is assessment and measurement of
degradation due to inappropriate development in environment.
Degradation : Mode] is one of the important tools in quantification of
environmental degradation. This model is a systemic analysis type and
uses mathematical model that yields development effects of a region in the
shortest possible time. In another word, it reduces time and cost for
evaluation process.
In this work, borders of watershed have been drawn to scale of 1:50,000.
The region has been divided to 748 units (i.e, 2cm x 2cm grid) which each
grid covers :an area of 1km2. The degradation model for each individual
unit has been applied by employing computer programs.
It was found that 510 units (68% of total) are unfit for development,
because of certain .inappropriate conditions. Also 149 units (i.e. 20% 0
total) were ideteriorated by human activities that have lost potential for
proper development
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_25630_d4a0410e1a8456dc6b3d676442eb37ad.pdf