University of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620365620110220Selection of New Protected Areas Emphasizing Vegetation
Types Using C-Plan (Case Study: Kohgiluye & Boir-Ahmad Province, Iran)Selection of New Protected Areas Emphasizing Vegetation
Types Using C-Plan (Case Study: Kohgiluye & Boir-Ahmad Province, Iran)11222187FAAliJafariAhmad RezaYavari0000-0003-2786-379XShahramBahramiNabiollahYaraliJournal Article19700101In this study the representativeness of protected areas emphasizing vegetation types has been considered in central Zagros, K & B province, Iran. Using "Systematic Conservation Planning" as the method of study and "C-Plan" as conservation decision support tools imply determining goals (% of study area need to be conserve) and targets (% of each vegetation types). Conservation target for each vegetation type was determined based on their natural rarity and encountered threats. Conservation gaps for each vegetation types realized by overlaying their maps and PAs network map. Then, using C-Plan two set of PAs network with and without taking in to account existing PAs was selected and compared in terms of area efficiency. The network which not take in to account existing protected areas as a constraint, is more efficient (total redundant area equals to 7.29% of the study area) comparing to the other one (total redundant area equals to 10.08% of the study area). However, due to the probable efficiency of existing PAs network for other taxa (mammals, birds, reptiles), it proposed to remaining current PAs network and adding new protected areas based on their complementarity for vegetation types.In this study the representativeness of protected areas emphasizing vegetation types has been considered in central Zagros, K & B province, Iran. Using "Systematic Conservation Planning" as the method of study and "C-Plan" as conservation decision support tools imply determining goals (% of study area need to be conserve) and targets (% of each vegetation types). Conservation target for each vegetation type was determined based on their natural rarity and encountered threats. Conservation gaps for each vegetation types realized by overlaying their maps and PAs network map. Then, using C-Plan two set of PAs network with and without taking in to account existing PAs was selected and compared in terms of area efficiency. The network which not take in to account existing protected areas as a constraint, is more efficient (total redundant area equals to 7.29% of the study area) comparing to the other one (total redundant area equals to 10.08% of the study area). However, due to the probable efficiency of existing PAs network for other taxa (mammals, birds, reptiles), it proposed to remaining current PAs network and adding new protected areas based on their complementarity for vegetation types.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_22187_74032549e4e177524911de65d3c4a212.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620365620110220Sdudy of Effect Variation Dosage Absorbent Sawdust on Uptake kinetics in Aqueous SolutionSdudy of Effect Variation Dosage Absorbent Sawdust on Uptake kinetics in Aqueous Solution616822188FAZamanShamohamadi HeidariMostafaKhajeJournal Article19700101Sawdust of the most inexpensive and abundant most engrossing read and the ability to absorb heavy metals from water and wastewater types. On the other hand increased metal hexavalent chromium (Cr6 +) in drinking water cause toxicity, and complications from it can be. So the purpose of this research, Effects of the dosage absorbent sawduste, equilibrium time, the efficiency of absorption and calibration of kinetics model in aqueous solution of chromium. Sawdust from the local shop was preparation and particle size of 500 microns was selected. For this study, four absorbent sawdust values, including 1 g/l (SD1), 10 g/l (SD10), 20 g/l (SD20) and 50 g/l (SD50) was select and various tests were performed. The results showed that for every four absorbent, pH 7 is the optimum. Also, with increasing sorbent mass balance absorption time increases, So the maximum balance time absorbing SD1, SD10, SD20, and SD50, respectively, 110, 105, 100 and 80 minutes respectively. Mathematical Relationship between mass absorption efficiency absorbent solution and initial concentration showed that although increasing sorbent mass absorption efficiency increases, but if the initial concentration of a certain amount (the amount of crime absorbing capacity) toward to approach zero, the efficiency of all absorbent and rise toward 100% limited to. This concentration toward infinity that applies to e-mail. The calibration results showed that Avram model regression coefficient 0.999 and the error factor 0.036 data better absorption Lagergren models and Ho et al. described.Sawdust of the most inexpensive and abundant most engrossing read and the ability to absorb heavy metals from water and wastewater types. On the other hand increased metal hexavalent chromium (Cr6 +) in drinking water cause toxicity, and complications from it can be. So the purpose of this research, Effects of the dosage absorbent sawduste, equilibrium time, the efficiency of absorption and calibration of kinetics model in aqueous solution of chromium. Sawdust from the local shop was preparation and particle size of 500 microns was selected. For this study, four absorbent sawdust values, including 1 g/l (SD1), 10 g/l (SD10), 20 g/l (SD20) and 50 g/l (SD50) was select and various tests were performed. The results showed that for every four absorbent, pH 7 is the optimum. Also, with increasing sorbent mass balance absorption time increases, So the maximum balance time absorbing SD1, SD10, SD20, and SD50, respectively, 110, 105, 100 and 80 minutes respectively. Mathematical Relationship between mass absorption efficiency absorbent solution and initial concentration showed that although increasing sorbent mass absorption efficiency increases, but if the initial concentration of a certain amount (the amount of crime absorbing capacity) toward to approach zero, the efficiency of all absorbent and rise toward 100% limited to. This concentration toward infinity that applies to e-mail. The calibration results showed that Avram model regression coefficient 0.999 and the error factor 0.036 data better absorption Lagergren models and Ho et al. described.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_22188_1e8e05dd46cd46dc491a2f708c4f4650.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620365620110220Biological Evaporation by Composting for Alcohol Industries Waste WaterBiological Evaporation by Composting for Alcohol Industries Waste Water697422189FAMohammad MehdiTaghizadehJournal Article19700101Alcohol production from molasses can lead to large amounts of wastewater that cause serious environmental concern. It is characterized with extremely high organic loading rate, high turbidity and dark brown color .Composting this kind of wastewater is a biothermal aerobic process that during composting heat generated by the composition of the organic material reduces the moisture content of the pile. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of periodically increasing alcohol spent wash (wastewater) to compost pile on decreasing bulking agent and increasing wastewater evaporation using two pilot scale compost piles. Two same mixtures of waste wood chips and saw dust as bulking agent, waste water from alcohol industry and compost fertilizer were thoroughly mixed in small piles in the first one there was no any additional increasing of waste water to pile but in the second one , wastewater was added periodically to pile. the result showed ,Increasing periodical wastewater to the pile can evaporate moisture content about%72 of total weight of the pile in 10 days while in the conventional system, only 28% of total weight of pile evaporated in 14 days. Increscent the rate of evaporation in the second pile comparing to evaporation rate in the first pile shows that the second method needs less bulking material and more evaporation in same volume of media. Physicochemical analysis showed increasing in electro conductivity, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in the second pile.Alcohol production from molasses can lead to large amounts of wastewater that cause serious environmental concern. It is characterized with extremely high organic loading rate, high turbidity and dark brown color .Composting this kind of wastewater is a biothermal aerobic process that during composting heat generated by the composition of the organic material reduces the moisture content of the pile. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of periodically increasing alcohol spent wash (wastewater) to compost pile on decreasing bulking agent and increasing wastewater evaporation using two pilot scale compost piles. Two same mixtures of waste wood chips and saw dust as bulking agent, waste water from alcohol industry and compost fertilizer were thoroughly mixed in small piles in the first one there was no any additional increasing of waste water to pile but in the second one , wastewater was added periodically to pile. the result showed ,Increasing periodical wastewater to the pile can evaporate moisture content about%72 of total weight of the pile in 10 days while in the conventional system, only 28% of total weight of pile evaporated in 14 days. Increscent the rate of evaporation in the second pile comparing to evaporation rate in the first pile shows that the second method needs less bulking material and more evaporation in same volume of media. Physicochemical analysis showed increasing in electro conductivity, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in the second pile.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_22189_67af41a17d66de99da4c3f3001ce4e3b.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620365620110220Determination of Bacteria Resistance Threshold to Lead, Zinc and Cadmium in Three Kind of Industrial Waste waterDetermination of Bacteria Resistance Threshold to Lead, Zinc and Cadmium in Three Kind of Industrial Waste water758622190FAAzadehNasrazadaniArezooTahmourespourMehranHoodajiJournal Article19700101Agricultural and specifically industrial activities have led to a substantial release of toxic heavy metals in the environment which can constitute a major hazard for ecosystem and human health. Biosorption of heavy metals is one of the most effective technologies involved in the removal of toxic metals from contamination sites that has used in the last decade. Population and microbial activity changes and decreases in water polluted with heavy metals. On the other hand, some of the microorganisms create the resistance mechanisms that make resistant species with metal tolerance ability. The lowest concentration of metal, which inhibits the growth of the microorganism, was considered as MIC. In this study, in order to determine the bacteria resistance threshold to Pb, Zn and Cd in three wastewater samples, they were cultured by spread plate method on PHG-?? agar includes of 0.5 mMl-1 of each metal, in three dilution and two replications, separately. After isolation the bacteria resistance to metals, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of bacteria was specified with concentrations as 1, 2, 4 and 8 mMl-1. After enrichment, purification, bacterial slides preparation and gram staining, the kind of bacteria based on their morphology and gram reaction were specified. According to the acquired results, microbial activity and viable population size both decreased at the presence of heavy metals. In the studied samples, the average of MIC for Pb, were 2.57, 2.2 and 1.5 mMl-1, respectively and it was 2, 0 and 1.46 mMl-1 about Zn. All of the bacteria resistance to Cd showed MIC equal to 0.5 mMl-1. On the basis of obtained results, the most of resistance bacteria were gram positive. This study aimed to determine bacterial resistance threshold to metals to acquire a high efficiency in wastewater purification by bacteria.Agricultural and specifically industrial activities have led to a substantial release of toxic heavy metals in the environment which can constitute a major hazard for ecosystem and human health. Biosorption of heavy metals is one of the most effective technologies involved in the removal of toxic metals from contamination sites that has used in the last decade. Population and microbial activity changes and decreases in water polluted with heavy metals. On the other hand, some of the microorganisms create the resistance mechanisms that make resistant species with metal tolerance ability. The lowest concentration of metal, which inhibits the growth of the microorganism, was considered as MIC. In this study, in order to determine the bacteria resistance threshold to Pb, Zn and Cd in three wastewater samples, they were cultured by spread plate method on PHG-?? agar includes of 0.5 mMl-1 of each metal, in three dilution and two replications, separately. After isolation the bacteria resistance to metals, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of bacteria was specified with concentrations as 1, 2, 4 and 8 mMl-1. After enrichment, purification, bacterial slides preparation and gram staining, the kind of bacteria based on their morphology and gram reaction were specified. According to the acquired results, microbial activity and viable population size both decreased at the presence of heavy metals. In the studied samples, the average of MIC for Pb, were 2.57, 2.2 and 1.5 mMl-1, respectively and it was 2, 0 and 1.46 mMl-1 about Zn. All of the bacteria resistance to Cd showed MIC equal to 0.5 mMl-1. On the basis of obtained results, the most of resistance bacteria were gram positive. This study aimed to determine bacterial resistance threshold to metals to acquire a high efficiency in wastewater purification by bacteria.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_22190_764358a7dd8178aeec4cf4c850f03cf7.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620365620110220Pollution of Anar Plain with Respect to Cadmium, Arsenic, Lead and NitratePollution of Anar Plain with Respect to Cadmium, Arsenic, Lead and Nitrate8710022191FAM0jhganDehghaniAhmadAbbasnejadJournal Article19700101This paper deals with the concentration variation of Cd, As, Pb and NO3- in groundwater of Anar Plain located in SW Iran (west of Kerman Province). For this purpose, 21 samples were taken in April 2009 from discharging wells across the plain and after analysis and control of their results, isoconcentration maps and related graphs were prepared and interpreted. Accordingly, the concentration of Cd in south and southeastern parts of the plain, near several cupper mines are high and in one sample near the MCL limit. Arsenic concentration in southeastern parts (near the cupper mines) and west of Biaz village is above MCL level for drinking. The level of Pb in the majority of medial parts of the plain is high and in some of them is above MCL level for drinking (10 ppb). The source of lead in this part of plain is assumed to be the main road of region (Kerman- Yazd road). Also the high levels of As, Pb and Cd in one sample located at west of Biaz village was attributed to hydrothermal activity. High temperature, low pH and lying on the active Anar fault zone attest to this claim. The source of Cd, as and Pb in southeast of the plain appear to be the sulfide mineralization. NO3- concentration, near the Anar town in two samples is 64 and 97 ppm which are higher than MCL for drinking. Urban wastewaters are considered as its source. Congregation of agricultural activities and residential areas in the medial part of the plain led to increase the NO3- concentration in this part.This paper deals with the concentration variation of Cd, As, Pb and NO3- in groundwater of Anar Plain located in SW Iran (west of Kerman Province). For this purpose, 21 samples were taken in April 2009 from discharging wells across the plain and after analysis and control of their results, isoconcentration maps and related graphs were prepared and interpreted. Accordingly, the concentration of Cd in south and southeastern parts of the plain, near several cupper mines are high and in one sample near the MCL limit. Arsenic concentration in southeastern parts (near the cupper mines) and west of Biaz village is above MCL level for drinking. The level of Pb in the majority of medial parts of the plain is high and in some of them is above MCL level for drinking (10 ppb). The source of lead in this part of plain is assumed to be the main road of region (Kerman- Yazd road). Also the high levels of As, Pb and Cd in one sample located at west of Biaz village was attributed to hydrothermal activity. High temperature, low pH and lying on the active Anar fault zone attest to this claim. The source of Cd, as and Pb in southeast of the plain appear to be the sulfide mineralization. NO3- concentration, near the Anar town in two samples is 64 and 97 ppm which are higher than MCL for drinking. Urban wastewaters are considered as its source. Congregation of agricultural activities and residential areas in the medial part of the plain led to increase the NO3- concentration in this part.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_22191_141ef66b78a7e784d32d1434f09781c2.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620365620110220Assessment of groundwater pollution in Kerman urban areasAssessment of groundwater pollution in Kerman urban areas10111022192FARezaHassanzadehAhmadAbbasnejadMohammad AliHamzehJournal Article19700101In this article, groundwater samples in urban areas of Kerman studied to assess the degree of pollution by heavy metals and major ions and other water quality parameters as a consequence of geology and anthropogenic sources. 43 samples were collected and analyzed by Graphite Furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, titration and potentiometery for some heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn), major ions (Na+ , Ca2+, Mg2+ , Cl- , SO42- and HCO3 –) and NO3- as well as, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness and pH. So, the concentrations were compared with standard levels for drinking and agricultural purposes. The concentrations of most trace elements and major ions showed enrichment beneath the city. Also, the concentrations of Na+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42- and HCO3- have greatly increased in the 1994 to 2006 period, which is being ascribed to the pollution as a result of thousands of absorption wells which are the main sewage disposal method in Kerman city. Isoconcentration maps of selected heavy metals and major ions indicate considerable increase in Cl-, Na+ and Mg2+ and sulfate concentrations toward northwest of the Kerman city, presumably as a result of dissolution of evaporative minerals, such as gypsum and halite. Also, concentrations of some ions like nitrate and partly bicarbonate at Kerman city center was high due to pollution caused municipal sewage. Toxic trace elements concentrations (Pb, Cr, Mn) in city center groundwater showed pollution caused by anthropogenic contamination and Cd due to geological formation. Therefore, holding of urban and industrial sewage treatment is very necessary. Most of soils and sediment of Kerman basement consist of clay minerals and medium to alkaline pH, causes low mobility of heavy metals in soils of Kerman and natural remediation in Kerman urban environment.In this article, groundwater samples in urban areas of Kerman studied to assess the degree of pollution by heavy metals and major ions and other water quality parameters as a consequence of geology and anthropogenic sources. 43 samples were collected and analyzed by Graphite Furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, titration and potentiometery for some heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn), major ions (Na+ , Ca2+, Mg2+ , Cl- , SO42- and HCO3 –) and NO3- as well as, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness and pH. So, the concentrations were compared with standard levels for drinking and agricultural purposes. The concentrations of most trace elements and major ions showed enrichment beneath the city. Also, the concentrations of Na+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42- and HCO3- have greatly increased in the 1994 to 2006 period, which is being ascribed to the pollution as a result of thousands of absorption wells which are the main sewage disposal method in Kerman city. Isoconcentration maps of selected heavy metals and major ions indicate considerable increase in Cl-, Na+ and Mg2+ and sulfate concentrations toward northwest of the Kerman city, presumably as a result of dissolution of evaporative minerals, such as gypsum and halite. Also, concentrations of some ions like nitrate and partly bicarbonate at Kerman city center was high due to pollution caused municipal sewage. Toxic trace elements concentrations (Pb, Cr, Mn) in city center groundwater showed pollution caused by anthropogenic contamination and Cd due to geological formation. Therefore, holding of urban and industrial sewage treatment is very necessary. Most of soils and sediment of Kerman basement consist of clay minerals and medium to alkaline pH, causes low mobility of heavy metals in soils of Kerman and natural remediation in Kerman urban environment.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_22192_84662dcd97b08a8667b7f50f5e817178.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620365620110220Analysis of Pollutions Resulted from Jobs in Isfahan CityAnalysis of Pollutions Resulted from Jobs in Isfahan City11112222193FAMasoudTaghvaieRanaShaykh BayglouLeilaEs’hagh DavatgarJournal Article19700101The outcomes of development of urbanization as pollution of air, water and urban environment are great threats to the health and safety of urban residents. Nowadays, urban areas as centers of population and economic activities show high concentrations of pollutants; so that, inconvenient locations of irksome and pollutant jobs in metropolitans such as Isfahan city have led to serious threats to the health and tranquility of citizens. So, identification and efficient ordering of pollutant and irksome jobs is critical issue in urban management. In this paper, it has been analyzed the some kinds of pollutions -including air pollution, disturbing noise, tremble, refuse aggregation and chemical contamination- resulted from jobs in Isfahan city. The method of this research is analytic-causal, whose required data has been gathered by field work. Ordering priorities of pollutant jobs and workplaces have been determined through Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Expert Choice software. The result of this study shows that the units of car repair shop, body repair shop, Cabinet & canal making, car oil replacement, carpenter’s workshop, Battery cell manufacture, fruit & vegetable market, and foundry are in worse conditions; so, they are proposed as first priorities to order plan.The outcomes of development of urbanization as pollution of air, water and urban environment are great threats to the health and safety of urban residents. Nowadays, urban areas as centers of population and economic activities show high concentrations of pollutants; so that, inconvenient locations of irksome and pollutant jobs in metropolitans such as Isfahan city have led to serious threats to the health and tranquility of citizens. So, identification and efficient ordering of pollutant and irksome jobs is critical issue in urban management. In this paper, it has been analyzed the some kinds of pollutions -including air pollution, disturbing noise, tremble, refuse aggregation and chemical contamination- resulted from jobs in Isfahan city. The method of this research is analytic-causal, whose required data has been gathered by field work. Ordering priorities of pollutant jobs and workplaces have been determined through Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Expert Choice software. The result of this study shows that the units of car repair shop, body repair shop, Cabinet & canal making, car oil replacement, carpenter’s workshop, Battery cell manufacture, fruit & vegetable market, and foundry are in worse conditions; so, they are proposed as first priorities to order plan.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_22193_7cc976daa87098581ad85af160fbb68a.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620365620110220Playground Safety: An Approach to Environmental PlanningPlayground Safety: An Approach to Environmental Planning132422194FAHamid RezaJafariEsmailSalehiHasanSadeghi NaeiniJournal Article19700101Environmental impacts, pollutants, occupational stresses, population density, and health and safety problems are side effects of rapid urbanization. These problems threaten human being, especially children as the prominent vulnerable group in every human settlement. In this article playground as one of the main urban spaces has been emphasized. Safety ignorance can affect on community in both of social and economic concepts, so safety community and healthy city approaches are considered by some of the world organizations such WHO and UN-Habitat, and NGOs. The study aims to assess the urban playgrounds in terms of safety and urban planning with emphasis on kids playing in open spaces. In this article, playgrounds were studied in terms kids’ safety and urban planning. Data gathering included two methods, descriptive and review study. In the first study type, some related sources such as published papers, websites and gray literatures were studied, and in the review, Pub Med was used as the database for related articled gathering. In this part of research, 10 articles out of 183 preliminary articles were accessed, in details. The results showed playgrounds accidents and injuries threaten children. Some main incidences such as fall and related fractures were known as usual incidence for children. Also, the prevalence of fractures is about 12-24 case/1000 among child who mostly are 5-12 year old group. The reviewed papers and related literatures show the essential of safety promotion plans in urban planning activities in field of open spaced design, especially for urban playgrounds. There are some high risk tools and equipment in playgrounds. There is significance difference between playing hours in terms of accident occurrence in which 15-21 hours are more risky, as well…Environmental impacts, pollutants, occupational stresses, population density, and health and safety problems are side effects of rapid urbanization. These problems threaten human being, especially children as the prominent vulnerable group in every human settlement. In this article playground as one of the main urban spaces has been emphasized. Safety ignorance can affect on community in both of social and economic concepts, so safety community and healthy city approaches are considered by some of the world organizations such WHO and UN-Habitat, and NGOs. The study aims to assess the urban playgrounds in terms of safety and urban planning with emphasis on kids playing in open spaces. In this article, playgrounds were studied in terms kids’ safety and urban planning. Data gathering included two methods, descriptive and review study. In the first study type, some related sources such as published papers, websites and gray literatures were studied, and in the review, Pub Med was used as the database for related articled gathering. In this part of research, 10 articles out of 183 preliminary articles were accessed, in details. The results showed playgrounds accidents and injuries threaten children. Some main incidences such as fall and related fractures were known as usual incidence for children. Also, the prevalence of fractures is about 12-24 case/1000 among child who mostly are 5-12 year old group. The reviewed papers and related literatures show the essential of safety promotion plans in urban planning activities in field of open spaced design, especially for urban playgrounds. There are some high risk tools and equipment in playgrounds. There is significance difference between playing hours in terms of accident occurrence in which 15-21 hours are more risky, as well…https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_22194_7691e40ed9047206ad91fc318dfd46b7.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620365620110220Analysis of Physical Risks in Iranian Khuzestan Balarood Dam, At Step of Construction Using Multi-Attribute Decision Making MethodAnalysis of Physical Risks in Iranian Khuzestan Balarood Dam, At Step of Construction Using Multi-Attribute Decision Making Method253822195FASayed AliJoziSayed MohsenHosseiniAlirezaKhayatzadehMehrnoushTabib ShoshtaryJournal Article19700101This study is geared toward identification and analysis of risks resulting from construction of Balarood Dam. To this, following identification of tasks and the environment of the study area with respect to the intensity, probability and possible consequences of those effects on the human, environment and equipment; identification and categorization of risks were performed under Delphi methods. Finally, risk factors were categorized under natural, biophysical and human events. Scientific methods applied in this study are TOPSIS and AHP, which constitute MADM method. Prioritization of the risk factors was performed using the MADM method in the form of TOPSIS method with the EXCEL software. Then, to prioritize risk factors based on their importance, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used by way of entering values to Expert Choice Software. In the TOPSIS method; excavation, backfilling, explosion, equipment and machinery works were given weights of 0.253, 0.159 and 0.114 respectively and were ranked from first to third. In AHP method; excavation and backfilling were given a final weight of 0.277 with the first priority, whereas the excavation and explosion were given final weights of 0.160 and 0.111 with the second and third priority. To compromise the conflicts occurred between the results of both AHP and TOPSIS methods, prioritization strategies were adopted using the integration methods (average ranking method, Borda and Kaplan method). Therefore, excavation, backfilling, explosion and drilling were respectively identified as the main environmental risk factors of Balarood Dam at the construction phase.This study is geared toward identification and analysis of risks resulting from construction of Balarood Dam. To this, following identification of tasks and the environment of the study area with respect to the intensity, probability and possible consequences of those effects on the human, environment and equipment; identification and categorization of risks were performed under Delphi methods. Finally, risk factors were categorized under natural, biophysical and human events. Scientific methods applied in this study are TOPSIS and AHP, which constitute MADM method. Prioritization of the risk factors was performed using the MADM method in the form of TOPSIS method with the EXCEL software. Then, to prioritize risk factors based on their importance, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used by way of entering values to Expert Choice Software. In the TOPSIS method; excavation, backfilling, explosion, equipment and machinery works were given weights of 0.253, 0.159 and 0.114 respectively and were ranked from first to third. In AHP method; excavation and backfilling were given a final weight of 0.277 with the first priority, whereas the excavation and explosion were given final weights of 0.160 and 0.111 with the second and third priority. To compromise the conflicts occurred between the results of both AHP and TOPSIS methods, prioritization strategies were adopted using the integration methods (average ranking method, Borda and Kaplan method). Therefore, excavation, backfilling, explosion and drilling were respectively identified as the main environmental risk factors of Balarood Dam at the construction phase.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_22195_b21987e7a666ec870c2b73fbaf550a3b.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620365620110220Bioaccumulation Assessment of DDT Pesticide and Its Metabolites in Pregnant Women Regarding to Age, Number of Childbirth, and Fish Consumption VariablesBioaccumulation Assessment of DDT Pesticide and Its Metabolites in Pregnant Women Regarding to Age, Number of Childbirth, and Fish Consumption Variables398422196FAMandanaBarghiNaderBahramifarAbbasEsmaili SariMir MehrdadMirsanjariRezaDahmardeh BehrouzJournal Article19700101Despite the progressive increase of crowd, the pesticides usage has increased in order to produce food product for more populations. The aim of this study is assessing the bioaccumulation of DDT and its metabolites in pregnant women head hair samples in Noushahr and countryside of Noushahr regarding to age, number of childbirth, and fish consumption variables. In this study head hair samples were obtained from 16 and 19 pregnant women living in Noushahr and countryside of Noushahr. After extraction and clean up, samples were injected to gas chromatography (GC) equipped by ECD detector in order to determine the concentration of DDT isomers. The statistical analysis was done with Exel and SPSS (Version 11.5) softwares. The results showed significant difference between p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT and o,p-DDT concentration in Noushahr and countryside of Noushahr (P<0.05). In addition there was no a significant relationship between age, number of childbirth, and fish consumption variables with DDT concentration, But it was found a negative relationship between the number of childbirth and the concentration of DDT in maternal hair and also a positive relationship between the DDT concentration in maternal hair and their fish consumption. Regarding to this results, it looks necessary to have more control on pesticides that farmers used and monitor the bioaccumulation of this compounds in pregnant women body of villages.Despite the progressive increase of crowd, the pesticides usage has increased in order to produce food product for more populations. The aim of this study is assessing the bioaccumulation of DDT and its metabolites in pregnant women head hair samples in Noushahr and countryside of Noushahr regarding to age, number of childbirth, and fish consumption variables. In this study head hair samples were obtained from 16 and 19 pregnant women living in Noushahr and countryside of Noushahr. After extraction and clean up, samples were injected to gas chromatography (GC) equipped by ECD detector in order to determine the concentration of DDT isomers. The statistical analysis was done with Exel and SPSS (Version 11.5) softwares. The results showed significant difference between p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT and o,p-DDT concentration in Noushahr and countryside of Noushahr (P<0.05). In addition there was no a significant relationship between age, number of childbirth, and fish consumption variables with DDT concentration, But it was found a negative relationship between the number of childbirth and the concentration of DDT in maternal hair and also a positive relationship between the DDT concentration in maternal hair and their fish consumption. Regarding to this results, it looks necessary to have more control on pesticides that farmers used and monitor the bioaccumulation of this compounds in pregnant women body of villages.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_22196_ecbe8979df87959f206fbc13bfc9113d.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620365620110220Comparison of Total Mercury Accumulation in Muscle Tissues of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichtys molitrix) from Sanandaj Gheshlagh DamComparison of Total Mercury Accumulation in Muscle Tissues of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichtys molitrix) from Sanandaj Gheshlagh Dam475422197FAMehdiKhoshnamvandShahramKaboudvandpourFarzadGhiasiBahmanBahramnejadJournal Article19700101A research project was designed to compare the level of accumulated mercury in Common and Silver carp muscle tissues from Sanandaj Gheshlagh Dam. These fish were the most consumed fish in the region. During July to December 2009, forty eight samples of these species were randomly caught (24 samples each). Total mercury in muscle tissues was measured by Advanced Mercury Analyzer (Model, Leco 254 AMA) on the dry weight basis. Mean total mercury concentration in Common and Silver carp muscle tissues were 233 (SE. ± 20.67) and 367 (SE ± 26.43) ppb or ngg-1 respectively. The monthly means of total mercury concentration in Common and Silver carp muscle tissues did not show any significant difference (F 5, 36 = 2.29 , P = 0.1926), while the total mean of accumulated mercury in silver carp muscle tissues was considerably higher than the level of accumulated mercury in the muscle tissues of common carp (F 1, 36 = 19.70, P = 0.0068). Our results showed that the level of accumulated mercury in all samples weighted more than 500 grams, was higher than EPA standard, and in all samples weighted over 850 grams level of mercury was higher than WHO and FAO standards as well.A research project was designed to compare the level of accumulated mercury in Common and Silver carp muscle tissues from Sanandaj Gheshlagh Dam. These fish were the most consumed fish in the region. During July to December 2009, forty eight samples of these species were randomly caught (24 samples each). Total mercury in muscle tissues was measured by Advanced Mercury Analyzer (Model, Leco 254 AMA) on the dry weight basis. Mean total mercury concentration in Common and Silver carp muscle tissues were 233 (SE. ± 20.67) and 367 (SE ± 26.43) ppb or ngg-1 respectively. The monthly means of total mercury concentration in Common and Silver carp muscle tissues did not show any significant difference (F 5, 36 = 2.29 , P = 0.1926), while the total mean of accumulated mercury in silver carp muscle tissues was considerably higher than the level of accumulated mercury in the muscle tissues of common carp (F 1, 36 = 19.70, P = 0.0068). Our results showed that the level of accumulated mercury in all samples weighted more than 500 grams, was higher than EPA standard, and in all samples weighted over 850 grams level of mercury was higher than WHO and FAO standards as well.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_22197_9efdabc81c0ce1b3cfe1ae68fefc4de4.pdfUniversity of TehranJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620365620110220Natural Radioactivity of Granites Used as Building Materials in IranNatural Radioactivity of Granites Used as Building Materials in Iran22198FAAhmadJahangiriSalehAshrafiJournal Article19700101The radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K concentrations measured as well as radiological parameters, for 14 granite samples that use in Iran as building material were calculated. The measurements of the radioactivity concentrations were carried out at nuclear physics laboratory university of Tabriz. This subject is important in environmental radiological protection, since granites are extensively used as building and ornamental stones. The external and internal hazard index and the annual effective dose rates index evaluated and compared to the limits proposed by United Nation Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Radiation exposure dose rate and radium equivalent activity Raeq for all samples under investigation were calculated. Radium-equivalent activities (Raeq) range from 210.50-450.72 Bq/kg. In addition internal hazard index (Hin) and external hazard index for evaluation of environmental risk have also been determined which range 0.81-1.63 and 0.57-1.22 respectively. Recommended values for internal and external hazard index are 1.5 and 1 respectively. The annual effective doses of studied samples is calculated based on equations and conversion coefficient proposed by UNSCEAR which is 1.05 for one sample and ranges from 0.3 – 1 SvG/y for other studied samples. According to European Commission (EC, 1999), effective doses exceeding the dose criterion of 1 mSv/y should be taken into account in terms of radiation protection.The radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K concentrations measured as well as radiological parameters, for 14 granite samples that use in Iran as building material were calculated. The measurements of the radioactivity concentrations were carried out at nuclear physics laboratory university of Tabriz. This subject is important in environmental radiological protection, since granites are extensively used as building and ornamental stones. The external and internal hazard index and the annual effective dose rates index evaluated and compared to the limits proposed by United Nation Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Radiation exposure dose rate and radium equivalent activity Raeq for all samples under investigation were calculated. Radium-equivalent activities (Raeq) range from 210.50-450.72 Bq/kg. In addition internal hazard index (Hin) and external hazard index for evaluation of environmental risk have also been determined which range 0.81-1.63 and 0.57-1.22 respectively. Recommended values for internal and external hazard index are 1.5 and 1 respectively. The annual effective doses of studied samples is calculated based on equations and conversion coefficient proposed by UNSCEAR which is 1.05 for one sample and ranges from 0.3 – 1 SvG/y for other studied samples. According to European Commission (EC, 1999), effective doses exceeding the dose criterion of 1 mSv/y should be taken into account in terms of radiation protection.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_22198_1cbbf38e86b7dc7a592ed9a570801e0f.pdf