دانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620355220100121Meteorological conditions of acute air pollution episodes for TehranMeteorological conditions of acute air pollution episodes for Tehran21621FAAbasaliBidokhtiZahraShariepourJournal Article19700101In this paper meteorological conditions of some acute air pollution periods for the city of Tehran have been considered. The data used were obtained from the Air quality control company (AQCC) of Municipality and from synoptic station of the institute of Geophysics. Initially some statistical methods were used to find the episodes for acute air pollution episodes, and then their meteorological conditions were considered.
The most abundant levels of the relative air pollution concentration for most pollutant were in the range of 0.5-1.0 and 1-1.5 especially for PM10. The daily trends for CO in summer and winter show two peaks, one in early morning and the other early at night. Traffic load, small values of urban mixed layer height and static stability at nights and early morning are factors leading to these two peaks. Annual monthly mean concentration of CO also show a peak in winter time in which the adverse effects of meteorological condition, in synoptically calm condition are enhanced. Large scale atmospheric weather patterns, especially of the two upper level jets (at 200 mb), namely subtropical and polar jet streams, show that when they form a bubble like structure over Iran, i. e. one is at higher latitude and other at lower latitude, very low winds prevail over Iran creating acute air pollution episodes (e. g. the episode leading authorities to reinforce traffic restrictions in Dec. 2005). Also existence of a stagnant ridge over northern Iran leads to such episodes, although with shorter period. Hence we show that an interaction between these two jets can lead to large scale semi – stationary patterns creating such acute episodes lasting between 4 to 7 days. The bubble like pattern is also associated with pressure and temperature rises near the surface.In this paper meteorological conditions of some acute air pollution periods for the city of Tehran have been considered. The data used were obtained from the Air quality control company (AQCC) of Municipality and from synoptic station of the institute of Geophysics. Initially some statistical methods were used to find the episodes for acute air pollution episodes, and then their meteorological conditions were considered.
The most abundant levels of the relative air pollution concentration for most pollutant were in the range of 0.5-1.0 and 1-1.5 especially for PM10. The daily trends for CO in summer and winter show two peaks, one in early morning and the other early at night. Traffic load, small values of urban mixed layer height and static stability at nights and early morning are factors leading to these two peaks. Annual monthly mean concentration of CO also show a peak in winter time in which the adverse effects of meteorological condition, in synoptically calm condition are enhanced. Large scale atmospheric weather patterns, especially of the two upper level jets (at 200 mb), namely subtropical and polar jet streams, show that when they form a bubble like structure over Iran, i. e. one is at higher latitude and other at lower latitude, very low winds prevail over Iran creating acute air pollution episodes (e. g. the episode leading authorities to reinforce traffic restrictions in Dec. 2005). Also existence of a stagnant ridge over northern Iran leads to such episodes, although with shorter period. Hence we show that an interaction between these two jets can lead to large scale semi – stationary patterns creating such acute episodes lasting between 4 to 7 days. The bubble like pattern is also associated with pressure and temperature rises near the surface.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_21621_ce66015b4e4cb370908c494ed1d50f7b.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620355220100121Optimization of Energy Consumption Pattern in Industrial Buildings
and its Environmental Effects in Mazandaran Wood and Paper IndustriesOptimization of Energy Consumption Pattern in Industrial Buildings
and its Environmental Effects in Mazandaran Wood and Paper Industries21622FARezaTavakkoli MoghaddamAmir AbbasYazdaniAliRezaeiJournal Article19700101The Limitation of energy resources and its considerable consumption growth in Iran has doubled the necessity of optimization and conservation of energy in the country compared to the average consumption rate of energy in the world and also because of high consumption rate's adverse effects in the environment. Heating systems are among the main consumers of energy and using a high efficiency method in different sections, especially industrial sections and warehouses, seem to be necessary. In this regard, radiation heating systems have higher efficiencies compared to other methods. In the present research, assessment of the electrical energy and the gas consumed in a case study shows that (after optimizing the heating pattern) using this method causes fuel conservation of up to 75% and power conservation of up to 95% (compared to other heating systems) and can have a considerable role in optimizing the consumption of energy and the environment. Powerhouse related activities result in producing pollutant gases such as So2, Co2 & NOx and optimization of energy consumption means reduction of powerhouse emissions and consequently reducing destructive effects which energy production process impose on the country's environment by the powerhouses. The results of extending the activities in the case study and optimization of heating pattern in similar building, shows a considerable reduction in social costs.The Limitation of energy resources and its considerable consumption growth in Iran has doubled the necessity of optimization and conservation of energy in the country compared to the average consumption rate of energy in the world and also because of high consumption rate's adverse effects in the environment. Heating systems are among the main consumers of energy and using a high efficiency method in different sections, especially industrial sections and warehouses, seem to be necessary. In this regard, radiation heating systems have higher efficiencies compared to other methods. In the present research, assessment of the electrical energy and the gas consumed in a case study shows that (after optimizing the heating pattern) using this method causes fuel conservation of up to 75% and power conservation of up to 95% (compared to other heating systems) and can have a considerable role in optimizing the consumption of energy and the environment. Powerhouse related activities result in producing pollutant gases such as So2, Co2 & NOx and optimization of energy consumption means reduction of powerhouse emissions and consequently reducing destructive effects which energy production process impose on the country's environment by the powerhouses. The results of extending the activities in the case study and optimization of heating pattern in similar building, shows a considerable reduction in social costs.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_21622_700aa5c1541e8a855343e3acbc6af34e.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620355220100121Spatial Analysis of Fire Potential in Iran Different Region by Using RS and GISSpatial Analysis of Fire Potential in Iran Different Region by Using RS and GIS21623FAAliArdakaniMohammad JavadValadanzoojAliMansourianJournal Article19700101According to reports of forest range and watershed management organization of Iran, hundreds of forest fires take place in our country every year. Due to destroying forest and grass land in different parts of Iran, especially in Zagross and Alborz Mountain, it is necessary to develop new methods to reduce fire effects in these places. There are many parameters that increase probability of fire occurrence. Without considering these parameters, environmental and biomass impacts are very critical problems. As fire could be occur in many grass lands and forests, fire monitoring of fire in vegetation regions is impossible. Using Remote Sensing technology and GIS modeling is a basic way to monitor and prevent from this national disaster. In this study, spatial distribution of fires which occurred in the last 8 years in Iran and were detected by MODIS satellite images was used. Then, by using NDVI index and considering repetitive fires, permanent fires were distinguished from random fires. Finally, density function and spatial autocorrelation in GIS were employed as statistical parameters to detect potential regions to fire.According to reports of forest range and watershed management organization of Iran, hundreds of forest fires take place in our country every year. Due to destroying forest and grass land in different parts of Iran, especially in Zagross and Alborz Mountain, it is necessary to develop new methods to reduce fire effects in these places. There are many parameters that increase probability of fire occurrence. Without considering these parameters, environmental and biomass impacts are very critical problems. As fire could be occur in many grass lands and forests, fire monitoring of fire in vegetation regions is impossible. Using Remote Sensing technology and GIS modeling is a basic way to monitor and prevent from this national disaster. In this study, spatial distribution of fires which occurred in the last 8 years in Iran and were detected by MODIS satellite images was used. Then, by using NDVI index and considering repetitive fires, permanent fires were distinguished from random fires. Finally, density function and spatial autocorrelation in GIS were employed as statistical parameters to detect potential regions to fire.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_21623_15c726489ec0a5caf3e14ea28e5b8d0c.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620355220100121Using the Ability of Geographic Information System in Evaluation of Environmental Capability in Arid area Case study: Birjand Auriferous BasinUsing the Ability of Geographic Information System in Evaluation of Environmental Capability in Arid area Case study: Birjand Auriferous Basin21624FAAlirezaZareieSayed MehdiMirsayyarAliVosooghJournal Article19700101Land use management policy and method are two important factors in usage of land by human. In this regard, Evaluation of environmental capability would serve as a valuable basis for the best use practice of soil and water resources in addition to the reduction in environment consequences of the projects. In the correct study, the environmental capability of Birjand plain, located in the south khorasan province, has been evaluated using the delivery method. Result show that and salinity and Alkalinity, under loped soil profile, inappropriate soil texture, low and dispersed precipitations and lack of adequate plant coverage are the most remarkable limitation in agricultural usage of the land in Birjand. By combining the maps of geographical dimensions land slop, altitude suitability and plant coverage, considering ecologic – climatic, population and hydrologic characteristics.
Result also show that a considerable portion of the plan, excluding the central parts, is not suitable agricultural use. Aquatic agricultural is only possible in the area above the aquifer in the plain area. Also rain seed agriculture may be practiced hen the area above the aquifer and its vicinity on the above Terraces, piedmont plains and area, values and quant outputs located in the mountainous parts of the plain. Results also show that only area having slopes of above 10 suitable for key words marginal farm, geographic information system environmental capability, Birjand.Land use management policy and method are two important factors in usage of land by human. In this regard, Evaluation of environmental capability would serve as a valuable basis for the best use practice of soil and water resources in addition to the reduction in environment consequences of the projects. In the correct study, the environmental capability of Birjand plain, located in the south khorasan province, has been evaluated using the delivery method. Result show that and salinity and Alkalinity, under loped soil profile, inappropriate soil texture, low and dispersed precipitations and lack of adequate plant coverage are the most remarkable limitation in agricultural usage of the land in Birjand. By combining the maps of geographical dimensions land slop, altitude suitability and plant coverage, considering ecologic – climatic, population and hydrologic characteristics.
Result also show that a considerable portion of the plan, excluding the central parts, is not suitable agricultural use. Aquatic agricultural is only possible in the area above the aquifer in the plain area. Also rain seed agriculture may be practiced hen the area above the aquifer and its vicinity on the above Terraces, piedmont plains and area, values and quant outputs located in the mountainous parts of the plain. Results also show that only area having slopes of above 10 suitable for key words marginal farm, geographic information system environmental capability, Birjand.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_21624_bf472f4ce0e6def6eb2b8985a18d04b9.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620355220100121Endangerment Survey of Construction Activities
On Shore LineEndangerment Survey of Construction Activities
On Shore Line21625FAFaezeTorkianfarHamid RezaJafariAmir HosseinSadeghpourJournal Article19700101In this research, in order to investigate risks land hazards involved in land use, overlay Method was employed, Check list Method was used to assess the environmental impacts, and to determine the adverse effects and relative priority of modifications, Matrix method was applied. The process includes understanding technical specifications of the proposed Projects and the environment under threat, identification and predication of permanent environmental impact due to project implementation (Water, air and noise pollution), analysis of these effects, recommendation for mitigation of adverse effects and presentation of environmental monitoring and management program. Results obtained from ecological capability assessment with the aid of application of overlay method to information layer in GIS software, represents a vulnerable Zone. Comparison of plants for (maps) ecological ability potentials of the area with that of special zone development clearly shows that, approximately 56% of developments are taking place in the semi-suitable zone and 44% are taking place in unsuitable zone. Investigation of the Results obtained for the Check list confirmed the potential assessment made on Vulnerability of the area. Then, results from Matrix Method in both global and local Zone show that more than 50% of data values were less than -3.1 and therefore, any Projects implementation may be rejected. Results of the Investigations shows that implementation of South Pars Project in the coastal Zone of Persian Gulf is essentially rejected since it develops destructive and non-compensatory effects in the Zone. However, it is impossible to stop the project implementation due to its importance in economic and industrial developments. Thus, in order to reduce the adverse effects on the environment and preserving the ecological structure of the Zone, modification plans and alternatives have been proposed. Finally, the assessment results were used to design a monitoring and management program for pollution control.In this research, in order to investigate risks land hazards involved in land use, overlay Method was employed, Check list Method was used to assess the environmental impacts, and to determine the adverse effects and relative priority of modifications, Matrix method was applied. The process includes understanding technical specifications of the proposed Projects and the environment under threat, identification and predication of permanent environmental impact due to project implementation (Water, air and noise pollution), analysis of these effects, recommendation for mitigation of adverse effects and presentation of environmental monitoring and management program. Results obtained from ecological capability assessment with the aid of application of overlay method to information layer in GIS software, represents a vulnerable Zone. Comparison of plants for (maps) ecological ability potentials of the area with that of special zone development clearly shows that, approximately 56% of developments are taking place in the semi-suitable zone and 44% are taking place in unsuitable zone. Investigation of the Results obtained for the Check list confirmed the potential assessment made on Vulnerability of the area. Then, results from Matrix Method in both global and local Zone show that more than 50% of data values were less than -3.1 and therefore, any Projects implementation may be rejected. Results of the Investigations shows that implementation of South Pars Project in the coastal Zone of Persian Gulf is essentially rejected since it develops destructive and non-compensatory effects in the Zone. However, it is impossible to stop the project implementation due to its importance in economic and industrial developments. Thus, in order to reduce the adverse effects on the environment and preserving the ecological structure of the Zone, modification plans and alternatives have been proposed. Finally, the assessment results were used to design a monitoring and management program for pollution control.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_21625_b7ae047e6e874f265bab4f9a5c89625a.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620355220100121Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment Using GIS-Based DRASTIC Model in the Bazargan and Poldasht PlainsGroundwater Vulnerability Assessment Using GIS-Based DRASTIC Model in the Bazargan and Poldasht Plains21626FAAsgharAsghari MoghaddamElhamFijaniAtaollahNadiriJournal Article19700101Bazargan and Poldasht plains are located in the north of West Azarbaijan, northwest of Iran. In this area, groundwater supplies main water demands. Aim of this research is assessment of aquifer vulnerability for contamination potential on the basis of hydrogeological conditions of the study area. For this purpose the combined use of the DRASTIC and geographical information system (GIS) demonstrated as an effective method for groundwater pollution risk assessment. The DRASTIC model uses seven environmental parameters (Depth to water, net Recharge, Aquifer media, Soil media, Topography, Impact of vadose zone, and hydraulic Conductivity). ArcView software was used to create 7 data layers and finally a groundwater vulnerability map by overlaying the available hydrogeological data. DRASTIC index value was evaluated 71 to 175 for study area. The final DRASTIC model was tested using fluoride concentration data from the aquifer. High fluoride concentrations coincide with the high pollution risk area. This can confirm the precision of the model. Around 3% of the study area was classified as being at low risk, 37% as moderate risk while the remainder was classified as high risk that covered large parts of the east, west and central portion of the area. In view of the importance of the groundwater resources in the study area that used for different purposes, preservation of this area is necessary for prevention of pollution and management of water resources.Bazargan and Poldasht plains are located in the north of West Azarbaijan, northwest of Iran. In this area, groundwater supplies main water demands. Aim of this research is assessment of aquifer vulnerability for contamination potential on the basis of hydrogeological conditions of the study area. For this purpose the combined use of the DRASTIC and geographical information system (GIS) demonstrated as an effective method for groundwater pollution risk assessment. The DRASTIC model uses seven environmental parameters (Depth to water, net Recharge, Aquifer media, Soil media, Topography, Impact of vadose zone, and hydraulic Conductivity). ArcView software was used to create 7 data layers and finally a groundwater vulnerability map by overlaying the available hydrogeological data. DRASTIC index value was evaluated 71 to 175 for study area. The final DRASTIC model was tested using fluoride concentration data from the aquifer. High fluoride concentrations coincide with the high pollution risk area. This can confirm the precision of the model. Around 3% of the study area was classified as being at low risk, 37% as moderate risk while the remainder was classified as high risk that covered large parts of the east, west and central portion of the area. In view of the importance of the groundwater resources in the study area that used for different purposes, preservation of this area is necessary for prevention of pollution and management of water resources.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_21626_c048269f42bf9a913e7effa042ccfa12.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620355220100121Eutrophication Trend of Anzali Wetland Based on 1992-2002 DataEutrophication Trend of Anzali Wetland Based on 1992-2002 Data21627FAAli RezaMirzajaniHojatKhodaparast SharifiHadiBabaeiAliAbediniAzamatDadai GhandiJournal Article19700101Anzali wetland on the south west of Caspian Sea is a unique ecosystem was registered as Ramsar site at 1975. Anzali wetland was deteriorated due to numerous disorder and poor water quality. The riverin input were strongly affective in the process of eutrophication where the eastern and central region was more degraded. The first survey on the eutrophication process was conducted at 1969, since then several other investigations reported too. This survey was conducted on several study sites at period from 1991 to 2000. For evaluating eutrophication degree the trophic model of chlorophyll-a, total phosphorous and nitrogen also total phosphate to total nitrogen index were used. The result showed that the mean Chlorophyll-a concentration is above of 25 µg/l. and the nitrogen and phosphorous concentration were between 0.15-1.5 mg/l and 0.17-0.05 mg/l. respectively. On the based of trophic level of chlorophyll-a, total phosphorous and total nitrogen 87-100 % of wetland is eutroph however at early years about 46-90 % of the surface area were eutroph indicating that the trend of eutrophication increasing. Trophic models of phosphate to nitrogen shows the most part of Anzali wetland is in the extreme mesotrophic level close to entropic zone. The average entropic index value was 46 with respect to other characteristic of wetland appear to be low. According to TSI (PN) less than 5.2% surface area of Anzali wetland is entropic state status. Anzali wetland does not have enough capacity to reduce all anthropogenic loads from its watershed area therefore the first effective activity is to prevent nutrient load input of wetland. The restoration of Anzali wetland is suggested base on previous investigation recommendations and with revising some of them.Anzali wetland on the south west of Caspian Sea is a unique ecosystem was registered as Ramsar site at 1975. Anzali wetland was deteriorated due to numerous disorder and poor water quality. The riverin input were strongly affective in the process of eutrophication where the eastern and central region was more degraded. The first survey on the eutrophication process was conducted at 1969, since then several other investigations reported too. This survey was conducted on several study sites at period from 1991 to 2000. For evaluating eutrophication degree the trophic model of chlorophyll-a, total phosphorous and nitrogen also total phosphate to total nitrogen index were used. The result showed that the mean Chlorophyll-a concentration is above of 25 µg/l. and the nitrogen and phosphorous concentration were between 0.15-1.5 mg/l and 0.17-0.05 mg/l. respectively. On the based of trophic level of chlorophyll-a, total phosphorous and total nitrogen 87-100 % of wetland is eutroph however at early years about 46-90 % of the surface area were eutroph indicating that the trend of eutrophication increasing. Trophic models of phosphate to nitrogen shows the most part of Anzali wetland is in the extreme mesotrophic level close to entropic zone. The average entropic index value was 46 with respect to other characteristic of wetland appear to be low. According to TSI (PN) less than 5.2% surface area of Anzali wetland is entropic state status. Anzali wetland does not have enough capacity to reduce all anthropogenic loads from its watershed area therefore the first effective activity is to prevent nutrient load input of wetland. The restoration of Anzali wetland is suggested base on previous investigation recommendations and with revising some of them.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_21627_d3da07e415efc5452d6d0bbf1d1febd2.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620355220100121Performance Evaluation of Three Kinds of Reverse Osmosis Membranes for Treatment of Ion Exchange Resins Regeneration WastewaterPerformance Evaluation of Three Kinds of Reverse Osmosis Membranes for Treatment of Ion Exchange Resins Regeneration Wastewater21628FAKarimGhasemipanahAliTorabianSayed SiavashMadaeniAli AsgharGhadimkhaniJournal Article19700101The aim of this research is performance evaluation of Reverse Osmosis method for treatment of ion exchange resins regeneration wastewater from a petrochemical complex in Iran. Currently this wastewater is discharged to evaporation lagoons after neutralization. Thus, we need to set up a pilot plant which has membrane cell for treatment performance evaluation of three kinds of reverse osmosis membranes. To conduct the study three kinds of membranes (TORAY, CSM, FILMTEC) all for sea water, were used. We must adjust pressure and recovery (cross flow velocity) to obtain the most optimum permeates flux with the lowest Electrical Conductivity (EC). Pressure and recovery have been chosen at three levels and each run of experiment took almost five hours. Therefore, nine experiments have been done for each kind of membrane sample and totally 27 tests have been done to obtain the optimum flux and the minimum EC. The levels are 20, 25 and 30 bar for pressure and for recovery we can choose cross flow velocity 0.27, 0.54 and 0.81 m/s. Results showed FILMTEC membrane has the highest salt rejection percentage .Therefore, the performance of FILMTEC membrane for treating this kind of wastewater is better than the other membranes During this study, EC has been decreased from 14420 to about 470 , under 25 bar pressure and 0.54 m/s cross flow velocity and the permeate flux was 39.1 (l/m2.hr). The percentage of dissolved solids removal is nearly 97 which are preferable. Considering the results of treated wastewater, this treated wastewater can be used for irrigation or other purposes.The aim of this research is performance evaluation of Reverse Osmosis method for treatment of ion exchange resins regeneration wastewater from a petrochemical complex in Iran. Currently this wastewater is discharged to evaporation lagoons after neutralization. Thus, we need to set up a pilot plant which has membrane cell for treatment performance evaluation of three kinds of reverse osmosis membranes. To conduct the study three kinds of membranes (TORAY, CSM, FILMTEC) all for sea water, were used. We must adjust pressure and recovery (cross flow velocity) to obtain the most optimum permeates flux with the lowest Electrical Conductivity (EC). Pressure and recovery have been chosen at three levels and each run of experiment took almost five hours. Therefore, nine experiments have been done for each kind of membrane sample and totally 27 tests have been done to obtain the optimum flux and the minimum EC. The levels are 20, 25 and 30 bar for pressure and for recovery we can choose cross flow velocity 0.27, 0.54 and 0.81 m/s. Results showed FILMTEC membrane has the highest salt rejection percentage .Therefore, the performance of FILMTEC membrane for treating this kind of wastewater is better than the other membranes During this study, EC has been decreased from 14420 to about 470 , under 25 bar pressure and 0.54 m/s cross flow velocity and the permeate flux was 39.1 (l/m2.hr). The percentage of dissolved solids removal is nearly 97 which are preferable. Considering the results of treated wastewater, this treated wastewater can be used for irrigation or other purposes.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_21628_df60d6189943fbee0795e7ad5df472d9.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620355220100121Heavy Metals Biomonitoring by Plants Grown in an Industrial Area of Isfahan’ Mobarakeh Steel CompanyHeavy Metals Biomonitoring by Plants Grown in an Industrial Area of Isfahan’ Mobarakeh Steel Company21629FAMitraAtaabadiMehranHoodajiPayamNajafiJournal Article19700101Biomonitoring is the one of the cost-effective and simple ways for investigation of environmental quality and refers to process which in that using living organisms or part of them can obtain quantitative information on environmental quality. Industrial activities causes to entrance considerable amount of heavy metals to the atmosphere and use of boimonitoring potential of plants growing in the nearby zone of industrial areas can be useful. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of monitoring atmospheric pollution with Iron, Nickel and Lead in the vicinity of Mobarakeh Steel Company as an industrial zone with using biomonitoring potential in plants. For this reason, three trees (Cupressus arizonica, Pinus eldarica and Quercus branatii) and three shrubs (Nerium oleander, Berberis vulgaris and Thuja orientalis) were selected and concentration of these metals were measured in soils and aboveground plant parts (leaves and bark) by ICP-AES. In studied soils, a little concentration of these metals were available for plants due to high pH value(8.02), presence of more than 60 % CaCO3 and 0.5 % organic matter, while Fe and Ni concentration in aboveground plant parts states atmospheric pollution with these metals. In most cases, trees better than the shrubs and evergreen plants better than the deciduous ones indicated heavy metal contamination and bark of these plants had more ability. The highest concentration of Fe and Ni was observed in leaves of Cupressus and bark of Pinus which indicated significant differences with all plants for Fe and in most plants for Ni. Pb content in plants was lower than pollution limit of this element. Results also indicated that Nerium was not a good indicator for Fe monitoring in this area.Biomonitoring is the one of the cost-effective and simple ways for investigation of environmental quality and refers to process which in that using living organisms or part of them can obtain quantitative information on environmental quality. Industrial activities causes to entrance considerable amount of heavy metals to the atmosphere and use of boimonitoring potential of plants growing in the nearby zone of industrial areas can be useful. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of monitoring atmospheric pollution with Iron, Nickel and Lead in the vicinity of Mobarakeh Steel Company as an industrial zone with using biomonitoring potential in plants. For this reason, three trees (Cupressus arizonica, Pinus eldarica and Quercus branatii) and three shrubs (Nerium oleander, Berberis vulgaris and Thuja orientalis) were selected and concentration of these metals were measured in soils and aboveground plant parts (leaves and bark) by ICP-AES. In studied soils, a little concentration of these metals were available for plants due to high pH value(8.02), presence of more than 60 % CaCO3 and 0.5 % organic matter, while Fe and Ni concentration in aboveground plant parts states atmospheric pollution with these metals. In most cases, trees better than the shrubs and evergreen plants better than the deciduous ones indicated heavy metal contamination and bark of these plants had more ability. The highest concentration of Fe and Ni was observed in leaves of Cupressus and bark of Pinus which indicated significant differences with all plants for Fe and in most plants for Ni. Pb content in plants was lower than pollution limit of this element. Results also indicated that Nerium was not a good indicator for Fe monitoring in this area.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_21629_a8d128a43603e4bab82073f2b89c6a5b.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620355220100121Survey of E.Foetida Population on pH, C/N Ratio and Process's Rate in Vermicompost Production Process from Food WastesSurvey of E.Foetida Population on pH, C/N Ratio and Process's Rate in Vermicompost Production Process from Food Wastes21630FARooholahRostamiAmirNabaeiAkbarEslamiHosseinNajafi SalehJournal Article19700101Much amount of solid waste disposed from human communities, daily. Considerable part of these solids is organic waste that recycling and utilization of it by miscellaneous methods to holdup of damage to environment and maintenance of resources and energy is noteworthy for human. One of suitable methods for disposal of these wastes is production of organic fertilizer by use of vermicompost method which with application of red worms' properties helps to change and reforming the organic solid waste to organic fertilizer. Gold of this study was determination influence of worm population on pH and C/N ratio, which are important factors in compost quality, and rate of process progressing. In this study we use Eisenia Foetida species and we set 5 process pot including 1 blank (with no worm) and 4 pots with different number of worms and pH, C/N ratio and process rate was survived in these pots. Results didn't show significant influence of worm population on pH (p-value>0.05), this issue indicate that, increasing of worm's population has not effective influence in pH changes. But, average of pH in pots with more worms was smaller. A significant relationship had seen between worm's population and C/N ration. In influencing on C/N ratio the aggregations of 0 and 6 worms didn't showed a significant difference. But, there was significant difference among 0 worm and other aggregations, more than 6 worms, in C/N ration. The least C/N ration was in the pot with 18 worms that pose it in B class of compost standard during a month of composting process. The most rate of process obtained in aggregation of 18 worms in 70gr food waste.Much amount of solid waste disposed from human communities, daily. Considerable part of these solids is organic waste that recycling and utilization of it by miscellaneous methods to holdup of damage to environment and maintenance of resources and energy is noteworthy for human. One of suitable methods for disposal of these wastes is production of organic fertilizer by use of vermicompost method which with application of red worms' properties helps to change and reforming the organic solid waste to organic fertilizer. Gold of this study was determination influence of worm population on pH and C/N ratio, which are important factors in compost quality, and rate of process progressing. In this study we use Eisenia Foetida species and we set 5 process pot including 1 blank (with no worm) and 4 pots with different number of worms and pH, C/N ratio and process rate was survived in these pots. Results didn't show significant influence of worm population on pH (p-value>0.05), this issue indicate that, increasing of worm's population has not effective influence in pH changes. But, average of pH in pots with more worms was smaller. A significant relationship had seen between worm's population and C/N ration. In influencing on C/N ratio the aggregations of 0 and 6 worms didn't showed a significant difference. But, there was significant difference among 0 worm and other aggregations, more than 6 worms, in C/N ration. The least C/N ration was in the pot with 18 worms that pose it in B class of compost standard during a month of composting process. The most rate of process obtained in aggregation of 18 worms in 70gr food waste.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_21630_5b937763c23648a231045bc6cc926523.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620355220100121Investigation of the Determinant of CO2 Emission in Iran
(Using Environmental Kuznets curve)Investigation of the Determinant of CO2 Emission in Iran
(Using Environmental Kuznets curve)21631FAElaheVaseghiAbdolkarimEsmaeiliJournal Article19700101The gaseous composition of the Earth's atmosphere is changing at an accelerated rate because of the influence of human activities. Different factors can cause increasing air contamination such as CO2. Understanding factors affecting atmosphere gaseous change is important for management and reducing air contaminants. The aim of this paper is to investigate factors affecting on CO2 emission in Iran, using Environmental Kuznets curve. EKC depicts long-term relationship between pollution and economic growth. It hypothesizes that during the initial stage of economic growth environmental quality will deteriorate, then, after reaching some turning point, it will improve as the economic growth. Chosen model estimated by autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. The result indicated that, ratio of industrial value added and deviation from mean temperature are the effective factors on CO2 Emission. In addition, the sign of the coefficient suggests there is a quadratic relation between CO2 emission and per capita income. This means, there is an inverted U-shaped of EKC for CO2 emission in Iran.The gaseous composition of the Earth's atmosphere is changing at an accelerated rate because of the influence of human activities. Different factors can cause increasing air contamination such as CO2. Understanding factors affecting atmosphere gaseous change is important for management and reducing air contaminants. The aim of this paper is to investigate factors affecting on CO2 emission in Iran, using Environmental Kuznets curve. EKC depicts long-term relationship between pollution and economic growth. It hypothesizes that during the initial stage of economic growth environmental quality will deteriorate, then, after reaching some turning point, it will improve as the economic growth. Chosen model estimated by autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. The result indicated that, ratio of industrial value added and deviation from mean temperature are the effective factors on CO2 Emission. In addition, the sign of the coefficient suggests there is a quadratic relation between CO2 emission and per capita income. This means, there is an inverted U-shaped of EKC for CO2 emission in Iran.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_21631_e64d3989aa323194f2bdaf7de73f0490.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-8620355220100121Participatory Design in Rural EnvironmentParticipatory Design in Rural Environment21632FAHasanDarabiJournal Article19700101A rural environment is reflect of the historical practices over the time, mutually feedback of human settle, activities nature and include aesthetic quality, environmental function, local knowledge, tradition and customs. But rapid growth of consuming economy and emphases only on functional character without linkage to different environmental socio-cultural and economic condition led to model of design that can not to reproduce their valued in landscape. This process result is unsustainably in rural environment. Sustainable literature introduced deferent aspect of this unsustainably and prevention methods. But less pay attention to nature of operational method. Nature of design is base on dialectic linkage between social and natural systems, holism approach and so on. So design sustainable environment without pay attention to deferent actors, social groups and stockholders and their behaviors is impossible. When design will be reach to its optimal condition that happen in social context with applying participatory methods. Participatory methods are the answer to need of action quality for sustainable environment. Participation can improve condition that affect of sustainable environment. Some sample proved that applying participatory methods can improve result of design and shape new approach in local community to attract in different process of design and implementation. Applying Participatory methods does not mean that solve all problems. Participation has two face of a coin. It has positive impact but can result negative impacts too. Because this function of participation it need to managed and solve inherent conflicts. These articles try to explain participation and rural environment design linkage, positive and negative impacts and its conflicts through some samples.A rural environment is reflect of the historical practices over the time, mutually feedback of human settle, activities nature and include aesthetic quality, environmental function, local knowledge, tradition and customs. But rapid growth of consuming economy and emphases only on functional character without linkage to different environmental socio-cultural and economic condition led to model of design that can not to reproduce their valued in landscape. This process result is unsustainably in rural environment. Sustainable literature introduced deferent aspect of this unsustainably and prevention methods. But less pay attention to nature of operational method. Nature of design is base on dialectic linkage between social and natural systems, holism approach and so on. So design sustainable environment without pay attention to deferent actors, social groups and stockholders and their behaviors is impossible. When design will be reach to its optimal condition that happen in social context with applying participatory methods. Participatory methods are the answer to need of action quality for sustainable environment. Participation can improve condition that affect of sustainable environment. Some sample proved that applying participatory methods can improve result of design and shape new approach in local community to attract in different process of design and implementation. Applying Participatory methods does not mean that solve all problems. Participation has two face of a coin. It has positive impact but can result negative impacts too. Because this function of participation it need to managed and solve inherent conflicts. These articles try to explain participation and rural environment design linkage, positive and negative impacts and its conflicts through some samples.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_21632_2d9c4a075ec112e53bd27cee58c16401.pdf