دانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-862048220220622Spatiotemporal Analysis of Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) in the Strait of Hormuz and Identifying Abiotic Driving ForcesSpatiotemporal Analysis of Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) in the Strait of Hormuz and Identifying Abiotic Driving Forces1251528660110.22059/jes.2022.327903.1008208FAShahryarFazliTarbiat Modares UniversitySomayehSimaTarbiat Modares UniversityAli JafarMousivandTarbiat Modares university0000-0003-3383-8734Journal Article20210802Algal blooms in Iran's southern waterways, particularly in the Strait of Hormuz, have caused substantial economic and environmental damage during the previous two decades. Identifying acceptable remote sensing and numerical models for monitoring algal bloom, effective environmental factors, and analyzing the spatial-temporal pattern of algal bloom from 2003 to 2009 was the goal of this study. Chlorophyll concentration at high levels was considered as the major characteristic to indicate algal bloom, and its interaction with environmental factors such as sea surface temperature, salinity, aerosol optical thickness, and wind speed was explored for this purpose. Temperature and salinity were seen to be the most critical factors, with 22-27 ° C and 37.5 ps psu being the optimal temperature and salinity ranges for algal growth in the region, respectively. Between November and February, algal blooms are most likely to develop. Algal blooms are also more prevalent in the northern and central parts of the Strait of Hormuz than in other part. The results of this study can play an important role in preventing and controlling the damage caused by algae blooms in the region by developing early warning models.Algal blooms in Iran's southern waterways, particularly in the Strait of Hormuz, have caused substantial economic and environmental damage during the previous two decades. Identifying acceptable remote sensing and numerical models for monitoring algal bloom, effective environmental factors, and analyzing the spatial-temporal pattern of algal bloom from 2003 to 2009 was the goal of this study. Chlorophyll concentration at high levels was considered as the major characteristic to indicate algal bloom, and its interaction with environmental factors such as sea surface temperature, salinity, aerosol optical thickness, and wind speed was explored for this purpose. Temperature and salinity were seen to be the most critical factors, with 22-27 ° C and 37.5 ps psu being the optimal temperature and salinity ranges for algal growth in the region, respectively. Between November and February, algal blooms are most likely to develop. Algal blooms are also more prevalent in the northern and central parts of the Strait of Hormuz than in other part. The results of this study can play an important role in preventing and controlling the damage caused by algae blooms in the region by developing early warning models.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_86601_e4ba87d185a9e46b27cb501ebdc6ea87.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-862048220220622Future scenarios of the effects of the spatial and functional structure of Iran's metropolitan areas on the growth and prevalence of infectious diseases and COVID-19 (case study; Ahvaz metropolis)Future scenarios of the effects of the spatial and functional structure of Iran's metropolitan areas on the growth and prevalence of infectious diseases and COVID-19 (case study; Ahvaz metropolis)1531788660210.22059/jes.2021.305306.1008036FAMohammad RezaAmiri FahlyianiDepartment of Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran0000-0002-5497-3997AhmadRezaeeDepartment of Geography and Urban Planning, Islamic Azad University, Lar Branch, Lar, IranMoghadaseRiyahiDepartment of Geography, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, IranJournal Article20200713The environment plays an important role in disease dynamism and determining people's health. In particular, the built environment has a great impact on controlling both chronic and infectious diseases in humans. The present research has been done in terms of practical purpose, in terms of exploratory method at exploratory level and based on future research approach. The present study, by operationalizing the framework of spatial and functional structure of cities, provides a more comprehensive approach to optimizing control programs and policies to reduce infectious diseases using indicators affecting urban structure and function with a future-research approach .The propulsion forces are determined by Delphi method, and then these factors are based on the importance and uncertainty, prioritization and the most critical factors, and software (MicMac) is used to write possible scenarios. During the scenario development phase, a total of 45 variables were identified. According to the research findings, among these factors, the index of worn-out texture and density of life, weakness of urban management, economic situation, improper distribution of urban services are the most key factors in the spatial and functional structure of this metropolis in the face of infectious diseases. Subsequent rankings had the highest direct impact as well as environmental quality, and poor physical activity had the highest direct impact on other variables.The environment plays an important role in disease dynamism and determining people's health. In particular, the built environment has a great impact on controlling both chronic and infectious diseases in humans. The present research has been done in terms of practical purpose, in terms of exploratory method at exploratory level and based on future research approach. The present study, by operationalizing the framework of spatial and functional structure of cities, provides a more comprehensive approach to optimizing control programs and policies to reduce infectious diseases using indicators affecting urban structure and function with a future-research approach .The propulsion forces are determined by Delphi method, and then these factors are based on the importance and uncertainty, prioritization and the most critical factors, and software (MicMac) is used to write possible scenarios. During the scenario development phase, a total of 45 variables were identified. According to the research findings, among these factors, the index of worn-out texture and density of life, weakness of urban management, economic situation, improper distribution of urban services are the most key factors in the spatial and functional structure of this metropolis in the face of infectious diseases. Subsequent rankings had the highest direct impact as well as environmental quality, and poor physical activity had the highest direct impact on other variables.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_86602_8a7861166cc3df4dc777323ad1a50837.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-862048220220622Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the surface soil of selected parks in Tehran, based on sampling at year 1400Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the surface soil of selected parks in Tehran, based on sampling at year 14001791968814610.22059/jes.2022.335276.1008262FASeyedeh ZeinabYaghoubiDepartment of Civil Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranSeyed AbbasHosseiniDepartment of Civil Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-8858-3543Gholam RezaNabi BidhendiDepartment of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-9930-9080AhmadSharafatiDepartment of Civil Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20211231The results of this study show that the ecological risk assessment index shows the low risk of most sampling areas, while the highest risk is related to the Shahr Park and Mellat Park, respectively. They also have a high ecological risk compared to other metals, cadmium and lead. The enrichment index also shows a significant accumulation of cadmium, lead and zinc and to some extent iron, chromium and nickel in soil samples of the study area due to human activities. Cadmium has the highest index of geochemical accumulation in surface soil samples of Tehran parks. Maximum cadmium levels were observed at stations in the Shahr Park, which are based on the classification of highly contaminated soils. Based on the results of statistical analysis and the enrichment coefficient of potential emission sources are identified as follows:<br />Large amounts of copper, cadmium, lead and zinc enrichment coefficient indicate that human resources are the main source of these metals. Significant positive correlation and behavioral similarity of nickel and chromium with the mentioned metals show that nickel and chromium have the same emission sources with this group. Although these two metals have common sources with other metals, the low coefficients indicate that nickel and chromium may also have natural resources in relation to the surface soil samples of the sampling area.The results of this study show that the ecological risk assessment index shows the low risk of most sampling areas, while the highest risk is related to the Shahr Park and Mellat Park, respectively. They also have a high ecological risk compared to other metals, cadmium and lead. The enrichment index also shows a significant accumulation of cadmium, lead and zinc and to some extent iron, chromium and nickel in soil samples of the study area due to human activities. Cadmium has the highest index of geochemical accumulation in surface soil samples of Tehran parks. Maximum cadmium levels were observed at stations in the Shahr Park, which are based on the classification of highly contaminated soils. Based on the results of statistical analysis and the enrichment coefficient of potential emission sources are identified as follows:<br />Large amounts of copper, cadmium, lead and zinc enrichment coefficient indicate that human resources are the main source of these metals. Significant positive correlation and behavioral similarity of nickel and chromium with the mentioned metals show that nickel and chromium have the same emission sources with this group. Although these two metals have common sources with other metals, the low coefficients indicate that nickel and chromium may also have natural resources in relation to the surface soil samples of the sampling area.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_88146_dcfc995421a019c50ed9b1b072b9ace0.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-862048220220622Predicting The Concentration of Pollutants Chimney Outlet of Western Industries of Bandar Abbas in the Inversion ConditionsPredicting The Concentration of Pollutants Chimney Outlet of Western Industries of Bandar Abbas in the Inversion Conditions1972208814710.22059/jes.2022.333187.1008245FARezaModarresDepartment of Environmental Planning, Management and Education, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish Island. IranAhmadNohegarDepartment of Environmental Planning, Management and Education, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran. Tehran, Iran0000-0003-4954-8782Journal Article20211215In the present study, to investigate the air pollution of the Persian Gulf Special Economic Zone in the west of Bandar Abbas, at first inversions which occurred between 2010 and 2020 were extracted using radio sound. Next, using the AERMOD model, the concentration of PM2.5 - 10, SO2, CO and O3 emissions from 60 chimneys for inversion days in a radius of 20 km was predicted. The results showed that the highest inversion was in January and February with 28 and 26 days per month and the lowest with 11 and 13 days in August and July, respectively. The lowest base of the inversion layer was related to January and February with 10 and 13 m, respectively, and the highest with 408 m was in September. The average annual inversions were 250.8 days per year, which 157.4 were radiation and 93.4 were subsidence. The AERMOD model showed that the concentrations of PM2.5, SO2 and O3 were higher than standard, but PM10 and CO were lower than standard. Southeast winds are the most important parameter in the distribution of pollutants, which causes the smoke column move to the northwest. Predicting the distribution of pollutants can be useful in formulating strategic management in environmental protection and sustainable development.In the present study, to investigate the air pollution of the Persian Gulf Special Economic Zone in the west of Bandar Abbas, at first inversions which occurred between 2010 and 2020 were extracted using radio sound. Next, using the AERMOD model, the concentration of PM2.5 - 10, SO2, CO and O3 emissions from 60 chimneys for inversion days in a radius of 20 km was predicted. The results showed that the highest inversion was in January and February with 28 and 26 days per month and the lowest with 11 and 13 days in August and July, respectively. The lowest base of the inversion layer was related to January and February with 10 and 13 m, respectively, and the highest with 408 m was in September. The average annual inversions were 250.8 days per year, which 157.4 were radiation and 93.4 were subsidence. The AERMOD model showed that the concentrations of PM2.5, SO2 and O3 were higher than standard, but PM10 and CO were lower than standard. Southeast winds are the most important parameter in the distribution of pollutants, which causes the smoke column move to the northwest. Predicting the distribution of pollutants can be useful in formulating strategic management in environmental protection and sustainable development.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_88147_bc9e14804a4236b62b15d7c80fc92869.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-862048220220622Mathematical Model of Salinity Intrusion in the Arvand Tidal River and Its Effect on Salinity of Lands around the RiverMathematical Model of Salinity Intrusion in the Arvand Tidal River and Its Effect on Salinity of Lands around the River2212488814810.22059/jes.2022.334989.1008258FAAmir HosseinMontazeriDepartment of Water Management and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-2671-5317MehdiMazaheriDepartment of Water Management and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-8670-1710SaeedMoridDepartment of Water Management and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-1861-5487Journal Article20211208An increase in soil and water salinity is one of the world’s problems that are an obstacle to economic and agricultural development. The Arvand river (Shatt Al-Arab), one of the most critical border rivers, is facing a significant decrease in the quality of water and soil due to the intrusion of salty water from the Persian Gulf, which is considered a severe threat to the region. It is formed from the intersection of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and finally flows into the Persian Gulf. In the current research, the simulation results determined that in the average inflow conditions of Arvand, the saline front penetrates the river up to 60 km from the downstream and affects the river’s water quality. Then the effect of river water salinity on soil salinity was done from two aspects, soil salinity by direct infiltration from riverbanks and soil salinity by long-term use of river water for irrigation. The results showed that in 188 km from the upstream of the river, up to 242 meters, saline water affects the soil on both sides of the river, and in the south of Abadan, this saline band disappears. The prediction of land salinity by irrigation with river water in steady conditions showed that the average salinity of saturated soil extract in Iran in Al-gasbah and in Iraq south of Faw region reaches 97.3 ppt.An increase in soil and water salinity is one of the world’s problems that are an obstacle to economic and agricultural development. The Arvand river (Shatt Al-Arab), one of the most critical border rivers, is facing a significant decrease in the quality of water and soil due to the intrusion of salty water from the Persian Gulf, which is considered a severe threat to the region. It is formed from the intersection of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and finally flows into the Persian Gulf. In the current research, the simulation results determined that in the average inflow conditions of Arvand, the saline front penetrates the river up to 60 km from the downstream and affects the river’s water quality. Then the effect of river water salinity on soil salinity was done from two aspects, soil salinity by direct infiltration from riverbanks and soil salinity by long-term use of river water for irrigation. The results showed that in 188 km from the upstream of the river, up to 242 meters, saline water affects the soil on both sides of the river, and in the south of Abadan, this saline band disappears. The prediction of land salinity by irrigation with river water in steady conditions showed that the average salinity of saturated soil extract in Iran in Al-gasbah and in Iraq south of Faw region reaches 97.3 ppt.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_88148_f6a2e161a31a4b7e6719fcaed5fc7aef.pdfدانشگاه تهرانJournal of Environmental Studies1025-862048220220622Emissions of Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases – Mitigation Options to be Implemented in National Development PoliciesEmissions of Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases – Mitigation Options to be Implemented in National Development Policies2492788814910.22059/jes.2022.341497.1008307FAHassanPanjeshahiSchool of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-4704-5372NassimTahouniSchool of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-8324-9746Journal Article20220422This study aims to identify sources of fluorinated greenhouse gases and evaluate the capacity needs assessment for consideration of these gases in the national GHG inventory and climate action planning for the "Climate Promise" project. These GHGs have a shorter atmospheric lifetime compared to CO2 but a high global warming potential and can warm the earth faster compared to CO2. The first stage is to identify the main sources of emissions by the mentioned greenhouse gases and collect the necessary information. The second stage is to estimate the production and consumption of these gases in the country. Depending on the data, including import, production, and consumption of gases or sales information of the devices producing these gases, we can use the Tier1 or Tier2 method to calculate the amount of emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions in 2019 were estimated at 62.3 million tons of CO2 equivalent for HFC gases, 180 Gg of CO2 equivalent for SF6 gas, and 1,130 Gg of CO2 equivalent for PFC gases. There is no information to estimate the NF3 emissions. In the last stage, solutions to reduce emissions of these gases are listed to be implemented in national development policies. The main achievement of this research is empowering the government to count these new greenhouse gases.This study aims to identify sources of fluorinated greenhouse gases and evaluate the capacity needs assessment for consideration of these gases in the national GHG inventory and climate action planning for the "Climate Promise" project. These GHGs have a shorter atmospheric lifetime compared to CO2 but a high global warming potential and can warm the earth faster compared to CO2. The first stage is to identify the main sources of emissions by the mentioned greenhouse gases and collect the necessary information. The second stage is to estimate the production and consumption of these gases in the country. Depending on the data, including import, production, and consumption of gases or sales information of the devices producing these gases, we can use the Tier1 or Tier2 method to calculate the amount of emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions in 2019 were estimated at 62.3 million tons of CO2 equivalent for HFC gases, 180 Gg of CO2 equivalent for SF6 gas, and 1,130 Gg of CO2 equivalent for PFC gases. There is no information to estimate the NF3 emissions. In the last stage, solutions to reduce emissions of these gases are listed to be implemented in national development policies. The main achievement of this research is empowering the government to count these new greenhouse gases.https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_88149_45ad209060be4c2734f977b2b5801736.pdf