ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
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چکیده
تصفیه شیرابه حاصل از محل های دفن مواد زاید شهری، به عنوان یکی از مهم ترین مسائل محیط زیستی، بندرت در ایران مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته است. بر همین اساس و برای اجتناب از الگوبرداری صرف از روش های تصفیه شیرابه در کشورهای دیگر، مطالعهای آزمایشگاهی برای دستیابی به روشی کارا و مقرون به صرفه، به منظور تصفیة شیرابه به صورت درجا یعنی با اعمال تغییراتی در داخل محل دفن زباله انجام گردید که بخشی از نتایج آن در مقالة حاضر ارائه شده است.
هدف اصلی از تصفیة درجای شیرابه در محل دفن زبالة شهری، فراهم آوردن شرایطی در داخل ترانشههای محل دفن زباله برای انجام واکنشهای شیمیایی، فیزیکی، و بیولوژیکی است که در اثر آنها غلظت آلایندههای مختلف موجود در شیرابه کاهش یابد. روش پیشنهادی که مبتنی بر استفاده از نخالههای ساختمانی در بستر محل دفن، به عنوان محیط رشد بیهوازی و بازگردش شیرابه در این لایه است، نتایج قابل قبولی را در کاهش بار آلی شیرابه تازه نمونه برداری شده از محل دفن زباله کهریزک در پی داشته و به عنوان روشی مناسب و اقتصادی برای تصفیه شیرابه در محلهای دفن مشابه پس از انجام
آزمایش های لازم پیشنهاد میگردد. نتایج حاصل از آزمایش هایی با نخاله ساختمانی مخلوط حاصل از خاکبرداری ها و تخریب ساختمان در سطح شهر تهران، نشان دهنده دستیابی به کاهش حدود 80% بار آلی شیرابه در قالب کل کربن آلی و اکسیژن خواهی شیمیایی است. عدم نیاز به دفع پساب تصفیه شده و کاهش حجم آن در اثر تبخیر نیز از جمله مزایای دیگر این روش است.
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_10088_0cf3648126240f7b300417b616db8186.pdf
2005-03-21
Construction and demolition wastes
In-situ treatment
Landfill
Leachate
Organic loading
Solid Waste
ادوین
صفری
ensafari2@ut.ac.ir
1
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
-
The water quality Index of water has the highest degree of usage among the other water quality Indices, and it has been used for classification quality — Index of watershed area of latiyan dam . Determining the condition of water in Jajrood River and Latiyan Dam as one of the most important drinking water resources of Tehran and regarding capital’s population increase is of great importance.
In this research , according to the result of the measurements carried out by Tehran’s water and sewage company and by the research center of Water & Energy, the quality classification of Jajrood River’s and the drainage of latiyan Dam’s water have been done separately.
According to the result of the obtained quality Index , the quality of water near some populated ares is low of microbes and bacteria's and suspended particles entering the water and making it unclear . the quality of water in the river is beter in autumn than in summer.
Also, the results obtained from this Quality Index have been compared and analysed with the result of other method introduced in this paper. The comparison shows nearly similar result in quality classification of the River width.
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_10089_ba7e2a5be97ad190b616d6e220f5ea2d.pdf
2005-03-21
Jajrood River
NSF WQI
Polution
Water quality index
مهندس محمد
میرزایی
47126435
1
AUTHOR
مهندس علیرضا
نظری
36274672
2
AUTHOR
مهندس علی
یاری
57371928
3
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
-
To study the ability of chemolithotroph bacteria in extracting copper from Sarcheshmeh copper ore, and also, to separate element sulphur, which is releasing into the environment as sulphur dioxide pollutant, the activity of two sulphur bacteria was studied and compared both in single and mixed cultures. Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (TF) and Thiobacillus thiooxidans (TT) were grown on 9K and Imai media respectively and equal amounts of culture solutions of each were added to mine ores containing %0.2, %0.3 and %0.4 copper. After sixty days of experiment, the results of measuring copper amount in the solutions by using atomic absorption spectroscopy showed that TF released more copper than TT and in the mixed culture of two bacteria copper amount was nearly less than those of TF media and significantly more than TT media. Element sulphur released by the activity of the bacteria was extracted by using CS2. The sulphur amounts in mixed and single cultures were significantly different. Sulphuric acid amount produced in the media was calculated based on the pH changes at the beginning and the end of experiment. The amount of the acid varied as the ore concentration changed. Bacteria count showed a positive correlation with copper amount released in the media. However, the number of TF was more than TT and TT+TF in mixed culture.
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_10090_0046477f0fc8d40a0bd7a6eda6666ec9.pdf
2005-03-21
Element sulphur
Pollutant agent
Sarcheshmeh copper mine
Sulphur bacteria
مهندس حسن
سالاری
55364817
1
AUTHOR
دکتر علی احمدی
مقدم
58329452
2
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
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In the present research, the effect of different coagulants in conditioning of digested sludge in Qods wastewater plant, have been investigated. In order to accomplish such investigation, coagulants including cationic polyelectrolyte, feeric chloride, quicklime and alum, with different concentrations, were added to the sludge samples. Jar test, then specific resistance of sludge with respect to dewatering, TSS and VSS on sludge samples before and after dewatering were performed. In addition, TSS and VSS, COD, BOD5 and turbidity were performed on supernatant in order to determine the optimized concentration of.
The value of specific resistance of sludge to the dewatering process for raw sludge and conditioned sludge with cationic polyelectrolyte, ferric chloride, ferric chloride with lime, lime and alum are as follows: 7.68*1013, 0.347*1013, 0.839*10113, 0.89*1013, ,2.36*1013 and 2.52* 1013 m/kg. Since my decrease in specific resistance of sludge facilities the dewatering process, it could be concluded that the most suitable for fludge conditioning are, cationic polyelectrolyte, ferric chloride, ferric chloride with lime, lime and alum respectively.
By considering the results of this investigations and comparing economic factors and supplier availability, ferric chloride as pilot sludge conditioner substance was preferred. By adding ferric with concentration of 440 mg/I to the outgoing sludge from aerobic digester, the required time for drying sludge (production of sludge with DS=45%) in drying beds, is reduced from 9 days to 4 days. In other word, if input sludge to drying beds in conditioned, the required bed area, is reduced considerably (at least 50%).
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_10091_6100088cb328244928a8bb0d7fd26ee1.pdf
2005-03-21
Chemical sludge conditioning
Coagulator chemical substances(conditioner)
Qods wastewater plant
Sludge dewatering
Sludge drying beds
Specific resistance of sludge to the dewatering
دکتر علی اکبر
عظیمی
49559448
1
AUTHOR
مهندس فریبا
گلریزان
85761578
2
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
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In recent Years, considering environmental aspects play on very important rules in site selection of industrial sites. Paying more attention to site selection for industrial establishment to avoid of environmental problems in now and future.
In this study, site selection for industrial establishment in Qom province in 1:250000 scales with utilizing of system analysis approach were done.
For reaching to this goal, the environmental sources were divided to ecological source and economical-social source. These two groups were initiated, analyzed and totalized. Scientific method what utilized in this study was collecting all sources map and provided some scan of them, then digitized in GIS format and in next step, analyzed and classified them.
The ecological power of land was evaluated and a model with 3 levels was provided.
The next step was over laying the information layers that prepared in GIS format and remove the protected areas. The common applications of land included 17 units in four political groups of province were initiated.
The area distributions were Nopelloshatu with 19964 m2 had 7. Central unit with 25603 m2 had 5, Jafarabad had 3 and Khalajestan part with 1180 had 2.
Finally, based on economical and social parameters, 17 units were classified. As a result, a unit of Jafarabad got the first rank and the others unit ranked consequently.
One of the results of this study that supposed to be an empirical study is proved the possibility of establishing a new model or theory in site selection for use in other places.
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_10092_0077073130b4b60f4ec18537344b933c.pdf
2005-03-21
Ecological model
GIS
Industry
Land evaluation
Land Use
Qom
Site Selection
دکتر حمیدرضا
جعفری
92672185
1
AUTHOR
مهندس سعید
کریمی
91434599
2
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
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Heavy metals are among important pollutants of environment. They may enter to the sea from costal areas and rivers. They accumulate in body of aquatic organisms through food chain. Macrophyts as a trophic level absorb heavy metals. Thus, macrphytes can be used as an indicator of heavy metal accumulation. In the present research three species (Phragmites australis, Typha angustjfolia and Potamogeton crispus) and sediment at six stations in Miankaleh Wetland have been determine concentration of zinc, lead, cupper and cadmium and effect of macrophyts in refining of heavy metals. The results show that average concentration of lead in Ph. Austrais. T. angustfolia, P. crispus and sediment are 5.3ppm, 4ppm, 5.4ppm and 19.83ppm, respectively. For zinc 290.83 ppm, 203.33 ppm, 141.55ppm and 274.33 ppm respectively. For cupper 7.63 ppm, 5.4 ppm, 4.58ppm, 0.5ppm and 1 .33ppm repectively. The highest accumulation of metal in Ph. Australis and T Angustfolia was in root and in P. Crispus was similar in different organs.
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_10093_cf85d4870da8691f10e9835aa02ea424.pdf
2005-03-21
Heavy metals
Macrophyts
Mazindaran.
Miankaleh Wetland
Pollution
مهندس فاطمه
عبادتی
16429821
1
AUTHOR
دکتر عباس اسماعیلی
ساری
33615927
2
AUTHOR
مهندس علیرضا ریاحی
بختیاری
91674143
3
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
-
تعیین شایستگی مرتع از موارد مهم در مدیریت آن به شمار می رود و شناخت عوامل موثر بر آن اهمیت دارد. از آنجایی که تقریباً همه اجزای اکوسیستم مرتعی در تعیین شایستگی تأثیر می گذارند و بررسی همه این عوامل امکان پذیر نیست، دراین تحقیق عوامل فیزیکی و پوشش گیاهی مورد توجه قرار گرفتند. سه مدل تولید علوفه، منابع آب و حساسیت به فرسایش اجزای مدل اصلی را تشکیل می دهند. این تحقیق با استفاده از روش فائو در بررسی و تعیین توانایی اراضی درمحیط سیستم های اطلاعات جغرافیایی(GIS) در منطقه ای با وسعت12/37977 هکتار ودر موقعیت جغرافیایی ?43، ?36،?50 تا ?20، ?53،?50 طول شرقی و?19، ?5،?36 تا ?19، ?19، ?36 عرض شمالی در بخش میانی حوزه آبخیز طالقان(90کیلومتری شمال غرب تهران) به اجرا درآمده است.
نتایج حاصل از مدل نهایی شایستگی مرتع نشان می دهد که ازمیان خصوصیات فیزیکی، شیب، حساسیت سنگ وخاک به فرسایش و ارتفاع و ازمیان خصوصیات پوشش گیاهی، درصد پوشش گیاهی، تولید علوفه، ترکیب گیاهی، وضعیت و گرایش مرتع به صورت توأمان در تعیین شایستگی مراتع منطقه تأثیر دارند. محدود کننده ترین عوامل در تعیین شایستگی مراتع منطقه، شیب زیاد، تبدیل مرتع به دیمزارو رها کردن آن، چرای زودرس، وجود سنگ های حساس به فرسایش و کم بودن درصد پوشش گیاهی اند. ازسوی دیگر زیاد بودن پوشش سطحی شامل پوشش گیاهی، سنگ وسنگریزه، تعدد منابع آب دائمی، پراکنش مناسب منابع آب و حضور گیاهان چندساله ازجمله عوامل مـؤثر در افزایش درجة شایستگی مراتع منطقه به حساب می آیند.
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_10094_6f4baea57a0520a0fe93f18e348fd011.pdf
2005-03-21
Erosion sensibility
Forage production
GIS
Range suitability
Sheep grazing
Water resource
دکتر حسین
ارزانی
73868938
1
AUTHOR
مهندس شهرام
یوسفی
98826915
2
AUTHOR
دکترمحمد
جعفری
69396749
3
AUTHOR
دکتر مهدی
فرحپور
54278449
4
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
-
In recent years, Nitrate absorption by plants, has greatly been concerned about in different countries. Some of them, have stablished standards for the amount of Nitrate concentration in edible plants. In Iran, there are few researches on this matter and because of high rate of vegetable consumption, it is necessary to be noticed. So, the primary goal of this project is to determine the concentration of Nitrate in edible parts of different plants , and then, to introduce the plants, which have the most potential for absorbing Nitrate.
In this survey, samples of Spinach (Spinacea oleracea), Leek Allium pooum), Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum), Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum), Onion (Allium cepa), Cabbage (Brasica deracea), Lettuce Lactuca sativa), Radish Ruphanus sativens), Cucumber (C’ucum is sativa), Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum), Potato (Solanum toberosum) and Carrot (Daucus carota) were gathered from farms of Dorcheh, Dashti, Ziar, Falavarjan, Khomieni shahr, Najaf abad (Isfahan), Khorasgan in 1999 (July, Aug., Nov.) and 2000 (May, June). In some cases, some samples with defined harvesting place were purchased from market and added to this collection. Then, Nitrate concentration in edible parts , was measured in each sample . The averages were 2865, 412, 328, 450, 428, 673, 639, 819, 30, 14, 171 and 736 mg/kg (wet weight) in spinach, leek, sweet basil, fenugreek, onion, cabbage, lettuce, radish, cucumber, tomato, potato and carrot, respectively. In these samples spinach had the highest nitrate concentration and tomato the lowest.
Nitrate concentration in Spinach was more than the WHO standard, so it’s recommended to delete it from under one year old children’s food, in order to prevent Methemoglobinemia suffering.
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_10095_a9cbc4d3c9120dac0a6050128ed94743.pdf
2005-03-21
Isfahan
Nitrate
Summer Crops
Vegetables
سهیل سبحان
اردکانی
12443153
1
AUTHOR
کامران
شایسته
77194974
2
AUTHOR
مجید
افیونی
16187961
3
AUTHOR
نصراله محبوبی
صوفیانی
13733951
4
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
-
In this work, we collected and determined medicinal, aromatic, postural and rare plant species from protected Area’s of kalmand Bahadoran located in 30-105 km SE of Yazd city and Kuhe Bafg (Located in 110 km East of Yazd city) in the Yazd province. Analyses of the flora of these region’s shows that, there are 148 vascular plant species in kalmand Bahadoran region and 139 vascular plant species in Kuhe Bafg region. Main natural and floristic characteristics of this region’s are reported briefly. The results of this study shows that, in total, about 60 medicinal, aromatic and industrial plant species, about 15 grasses, 8 Legumes, 26 forbs and 23 tree and shrub species exist in this protected areas. Further more, threatened species of this region’s have been analyzed, according to the IUCN criteria. On the basis of this study, four categories of rare species so called Endangered, vulnerable, Lower risk and Data deficient are determined and the list of these species has been presented. This study shows that, there are in total, 41 threatened plant species in this protected areas. Finally, we floristic composition, and species richness of this areas, are discussed
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_10096_fed3192c200d33c911a05c76e0f80374.pdf
2005-03-21
Biologic form
Fiora
iviedicinal and aromatic plant
KuheBafg.
Postural plant Kalmand Bahadoran
علی اکبر
کریمیان
akarimian@yazduni.ac.ir
1
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
-
با تخریب زیستگاه های طبیعی و گسترش شهر ، نیاز به فضاهای سبز برای ایجاد تعادل اکولوژیک، اهمیت می یابد. پارک جنگلی شهری به عنوان فضای سبز کلان بر ویژگی های زیست محیطی و اکولوژی شهری تاثیر مثبت می گذارد و با پاسخگویی به نیازهای تفریحی و تفرجی می تواند بر ساختار و خدمت رسانی شهری تاثیر مهمی داشته باشد.
این تحقیق برای پاسخگویی به نیاز طراحی پارک های جنگلی شهری تدوین شده و با بررسی و تحلیل مدارک جمع آوری شده، تعریف دقیقی از پارک جنگلی شهری و اصول طراحی، منظر پایدار قابل تعمیم در توسعه این پارک ها را ارائه می دهد.
هدف اصلی این تحقیق ارائه راهکاری برای طراحی این پارک ها و امکان توسعة آنها در قالب گسترش کالبدی و توسعه عملکردی است. مطالعة موردی، پارک جنگلی شیخ تپة ارومیه است که به عنوان فضای سبز کلان و حیاتی، در مجاورت شهر ارومیه و تپه باستانی شیخ تپة واقع شده است.
در فرایند طراحی پایدار پارک جنگلی شیخ تپه ارومیه، نخست ویژگی های کالبدی، بیولوژیک و فرهنگی پارک شناسایی شد و سپس با ارزیابی توان اکولوژیک، ویژگی های دید و منظر و ترجیحات مردمی با استفاده از پرسشنامه ها، نیازها و مکان یابی کاربری ها و ارتباط آنها با یکدیگر تعیین شد. در گام آخر با انطباق یافته های تحقیق، طرح راهبردی پارک جنگلی با رعایت اصول طراحی پایدار و با هدف توسعه و ارتقای کیفی محیط تهیه گردید.
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_10097_fb9118779c5943261a60da6adafecd6c.pdf
2005-03-21
Assessment of Ecological Capability
Ecological development and preservation
Sustainable landscape design
urban forest park
دکتر هما ایرانی
بهبهانی
67737984
1
AUTHOR
مهندس نرمین رازی
مفتخر
92515218
2
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
-
The worldwide rapid growth in production and consumption of computers, have created special refuses. These refuses are categorized as hazardous wastes due to their human health risks and environmental hazards. The lead used in CRTs and soldering of computer printed circuit boards, the cadmium used in computer chips, the Mercury used in sensors, switches, discharge lamps and batteries, PVC used in the equipments and brominated flame relardants are only a few various applicated elements and compounds in computers. Many of these compounds pose high potential risks.
Each year, in the US. Between 1997 to 2004, about 79000, 130, 26, 70, 257000, 23000 tones of Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, Hexavalent Chromium, Plastics and brominated flame retardants, have been entered the waste stream from discarded computers, repectively. Regardless of obsoleted computers, more than 4.6 million computers were operating in Iran in 2003.
About 1.5 million persons were interenet users in 2003 whereas it is expected to reach 15 million persons in 2006(one thousand percent increase in 3 years).
It is anticipated that about 85 million computers will be used by 2021. It means that about 2.2 millions tones of computer waste will be generated in this year. In Iran the accumulative amount of computer waste is about 7.38 million tones in this year. Regarding the rapid growth of computer industry in Iran, environmental crisis is predictable due to the lack of comprehensive planning and programming of computer waste management, specially in ten large cities. It is recommended that appropriate organizations such as Department of the Environment become active in creating proper rules, regulations and organizational chart for these important issues.
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_10098_19945a4298a7a960f7a050c7f1b02314.pdf
2005-03-21
Computer
Heavy metals
management
Solid Wastes
دکتر محمد علی
عبدلی
92896596
1
AUTHOR
مهندس علی دریا بیگی
زند
25277434
2
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
-
The industrial revolution, which began from 18th century, has caused increasing environmental degradation and crises. Since the mid-1900s, concerns about environmental impacts of industrial activities have began growing. Some standards have been developed to improve environmental performance of industrial companies since 1990s. Series ISO 14000 are the most common standards for planning and implementation of Environmental Management systems (EMS), which have been developed by ISO since 1996.
According to ISO 14001, success of the Environmental Management Systems depends on commitment from all levels and functions in organizations. The basis of the mentioned approach is lied on participatory management.
Environmental Management System, based on ISO 14000, has been implemented in entire Iran Khodro Company (IKCO) since 2001. In accordance with IKCO’s environmental policy, developing the environmental culture and participating of personnels in EMS have been considered in IKCO’s agenda. Many cultural, educational and training actions have been carried out to realize the mentioned policy. However, the results of internal periodical auditing of IKCO’s EMS show that the level of environmental culture and personnels participating is low.
The findings of this research indicate that the level of organizational culture , style of management, commitment of perssonels, ability and competence of perssonels, organizational values, cognizance of perssonels and job satisfactory are the obstructions hindering the perssonels to participate in IKCO’s EMS. Finally, some resolutions were proposed to remedy the obstructions.
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_10099_50d8663bf4d18d1c2158edd1c3f4342e.pdf
2005-03-21
Environmental Management System
Industry
Iran Khodro Co
participation
مهندس شهریار
محمدرضایی
56535581
1
AUTHOR
مهندس فردین
اسکافی
36172295
2
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
-
Many of the current procedures and tools of urban and environmental planning may need to be revised and developed at a local level to achieve more sustainable cities and neighborhoods.
Furthermore, since the activities of a community would have direct impacts on the environment, many views of planning recognize that good plans spring from the local community. But how can communities be planned and developed that will meet both human and environmental needs?
“Local Environmental Plans” are starting to be known as one of the most utilized tools to explore such needs .But it should be recognized that people intervention does not just happen. The most active participation in planning is found in those communities where involvement is planned and managed accurately.
In addition, a plan will never achieve its goals unless it can be implemented. This reveals another significant barrier to achieve sustainable cities, which is the absence of a clear articulated method of implementation.
Therefore, in this research an attempt has been made to develop a relatively inclusive methodology to produce and implement “participatory local environmental plans”. It has been achieved by analyzing and comparing some case studies of such experiments in other countries.
The main and first basis of this methodology is to establish an independent and empowered local organization consisting of any local interest groups, for every small city or neighborhood which is going to be changed. Then, all the steps of producing and implementing participatory plans will go through that organization, its structure and members.
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_10100_188f10a66d8a5c1844aebf87979e075f.pdf
2005-03-21
Community
implementation
interest groups
Local Environmental Plan
organization
participation
sustainable cities
شهرزاد
فریادی
sfaryadi@ut.ac.ir
1
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
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Decision making model is a way to assess environmental impact. Decision making model physically and mathematically shows the relationship between quantities and qualities in a part of the existing world, ,as it is a reflection of an entity or a present event in the real world. Therefore, models explain relations between data to predict circumstances of events in the real world. Degradation model (Makhdoum,2002) is one of The mathematical models used through this research to assess environmental impacts of development in Hamedan province. In order to indicate degradation in impact units (which may be a set of areas, suburbs, factories,arbitary ecosystems or sets of the grid system depending on the level of decision making) the degradation coefficients were computed according to the following model:
H =( ?I+ Dp)/ V0
Where I is Intensity of degradation impact, Dp is Physiological density of population(Miller 1979), V is Ecological vulnerability, and H is Degradation coefficient of the habitat.
‘To achieve this , first the boundry of study area (political boundry) was depicted on 2 sheets of topographics map (1 :250000).Then the whole area was divided into 849 impact units (2x 2 cm grids, 2500 ha).Ecological vulnerability was calculated and classified by using maps of slope, elevation, climate, geology, earthquake risk,soil,flora,habitat & hydrological sensivity. Then degradation impacts were detected in study area by field works, experts opinion, documentations and land use maps, as well as, their intensity.
Physiological density was also obtained by dividing the population in every grid by the area of farming lands. Result of the model for every grid is a degradation coefficient. Finally according to the fuzzy theory, resulted degradation coefficients for all grids were classified into 6 classes and 3 categories. Further more the province was divided into 3 areas including prone to further development, noncritically impacted areas( need rehabilitation), critically impacted areas(need conservation measures).
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_10101_da58f936c75e11ff5a210cd6f429c3f2.pdf
2005-03-21
Decision making model
Degradation impacts
Degradation model
Ecological Vulnerability
Physiological density
مهندس عاطفه
چمنی
49538343
1
AUTHOR
دکتر مجید
مخدوم
61328129
2
AUTHOR
دکتر محمد
جعفری
88673659
3
AUTHOR
دکتر نعمت الله
خراسانی
51163258
4
AUTHOR
مهندس مهرداد
چراغی
34132631
5
LEAD_AUTHOR