@article { author = {Norouzi Ghoshbelag, Hossein and Nadiri, Ata allah and Asghari Moghaddam, Asghar}, title = {Identifying the Susceptible Area of Malikan Plain Aquifer to contamination using Fuzzy Methods}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {205-221}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.253576.1007616}, abstract = {Abstract: Lack of proper recognition about the susceptible area to contamination in aquifers, may cause the contamination in these resources, and it may happen that these resources cannot be used. Groundwater resources in the Malikan region strongly affected by nitrate fertilizers leachates, due to the presence of grape gardens and intensive agriculture. So in this area, identifying the vulnerable area with the proper method is very important. In this study, Improved DRASTIC methods using fuzzy logic and catastrophe theory were used to vulnerability assessment of Malikan plain aquifer. For optimization, DRASTIC parameters which including seven hydrogeological parameters and the value of the vulnerability index respectively are defined as the input and output of the models. Validation of the models was performed using nitrate concentration data and correlation coefficient with the vulnerability index in the region. The results of models showed that the improved DRASTIC model using catastrophe theory with higher correlation index (CI) with nitrate concentration has provided a better result than the fuzzy logic for the aquifer vulnerability assessments. Based on catastrophe theory, the 56, 23, 21% of aquifer respectively located in low, medium and high vulnerability area, and central parts of plain was identified as a high vulnerable zones. Introduction: Lack of proper recognition about the susceptible area to contamination in aquifers, may cause the contamination in these resources, and it may happen that these resources cannot be used. Groundwater management, especially in dry regions such as Iran, are essential and this concern becomes further with development of agriculture, industry, population growth and climate changes, that affecting the quality and quantity of groundwater resources. Hence, groundwater contamination can treat the human health. One of the ways to prevent of groundwater contamination is identifying the vulnerable area of aquifers and management of land use. The assessment of groundwater vulnerability maps requires the application of methods and techniques, based on the hydrogeological knowledge of the region under. Several methods have been devised to vulnerability mapping. Groundwater resources in the Malikan region strongly affected by nitrate fertilizers leachates, due to the presence of grape gardens and intensive agriculture. So in this area, identifying the vulnerable area with the proper method is very important. In this study, Improved DRASTIC methods using fuzzy logic and catastrophe theory were used to vulnerability assessment of Malikan plain aquifer. Materials and methods: Malekan plain is located in East Azarbaijan Province and northwest of Iran, with an area of approximately 450 square kilometers (fig 1). This region is one of the very active agricultural cultivated areas which its water demands supply by groundwater resources. In recent years groundwater quality of this area is encountered with degradation problem. According to farming and existing of grape farms in this region and intensive use of fertilizers and manure the groundwater nitrate concentration of the aquifer is high. The aquifer of this plain is unconfined and formed by old and recent alluvial terraces, alluvial fans, and fluvial sediments. The maximum thickness of the alluvia has been reported to be in the central and urban area of Malikan. To evaluate the quality of groundwater resources, especially the assessment of nitrate anomalies in groundwater of the Malekan plain, 27 samples were collected from groundwater resources, and Hydrochemical analysis were carried out in Hydrology Laboratory of Tabriz University. Fig 1. Study area and sampling points DRASTIC model has been used to mapping the groundwater vulnerability to pollution in many areas. Since this method is used in different places without any changes, it cannot consider the effects of pollution type and characteristics. Therefore, the method needs to be calibrated and corrected for a specific aquifer and pollution. DRASTIC model was improved with several methods such as artificial neural network and catastrophe theory (Sadeghfam et al. 2016; Baghapour et al. 2016). In this study the catastrophe theory and fuzzy logic is proposed for groundwater vulnerability. Results and Discussions: To identify the groundwater vulnerability, the maps of depth to water table, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of the vadose zone, and hydraulic conductivity are prepared in ArcGIS. The groundwater depth map are prepared by interpolating monthly groundwater depth average of 27 observation wells by kriging method. Catastrophe theory based multi-objective decision-making evaluation system is applied to groundwater vulnerability assessing. Butterfly catastrophe, swallowtail catastrophe, cusp catastrophe, dovetail catastrophe, hyperbolic umbilical catastrophe, parabola umbilical catastrophe and fold catastrophe are seven types of catastrophe models (Wang et al. 2012). The catastrophe theory is applied to assess groundwater vulnerability map using following steps: (i) processing of data layers; (ii Normalization of data layers; (iii computation for groundwater vulnerability assessment (iv Performing the weighted overlay Analysis. After selecting the catastrophe fuzzy membership functions for each layer, the Weights of data layer should be estimated. In this step the DRASTIC parameters are weighted with respect to complementary Principle and mean value of normalized control parameters, which in the complementary principles, the mean value of control parameters shows the state of system. In the fuzzy logic method, the vulnerability values were corrected in the training stage and then, by training the fuzzy models, validation was performed using vulnerability and nitrate values. Based on the results of fuzzy logic models, in the study area, Sagno method, with lowest error and the highest correlation index with nitrate, have a high ability to optimization of DRASTIC method. Fig 2 shows the vulnerability map of the Malikan plain, using general DRASTIC, fuzzy logic and catastrophe theory. Fig 2. Vulnerability map using General DRASTIC, fuzzy logic and catastrophe theory Conclusion: In this study, fuzzy logic and Catastrophe theory methods using geographic information system (GIS) was applied to evaluate groundwater vulnerability in study area. For optimization, DRASTIC parameters which including seven hydrogeological parameters and the value of the vulnerability index respectively are defined as the input and output of the models. Validation of the models was performed using nitrate concentration data and correlation coefficient with the vulnerability index in the region. The results of models showed that the improved DRASTIC model using catastrophe theory with higher correlation index (CI) with nitrate concentration has provided a better result than the fuzzy logic for the aquifer vulnerability assessments. Based on catastrophe theory, the 56, 23, 21% of aquifer respectively located in low, medium and high vulnerability area, and central parts of plain was identified as a high vulnerable zones. Keywords: Aquifer, Catastrophe Theory, Fuzzy Logic, Malikan Plain, Vulnerability.}, keywords = {Aquifer,Catastrophe Theory,Fuzzy logic,Malikan Plain,vulnerability}, title_fa = {شناسایی مناطق مستعد آلودگی آبخوان دشت ملکان با استفاده از روش‌های فازی}, abstract_fa = {عدم شناخت صحیح مناطق مستعد آلودگی در آبخوان‌ها ممکن است سبب ایجاد آلودگی‌های شدید در منابع آب زیرزمینی شود و چه‌بسا اتفاق می‌افتد که دیگر نتوان از این منابع استفاده کرد. منابع آب زیرزمینی در منطقه ملکان به دلیل وجود باغ‌های انگور و کشاورزی شدید، تحت تأثیر شیرابه حاصل از مواد نیتراته می‌باشند، لذا شناسایی مناطق آسیب‌پذیر آبخوان این منطقه با روش مناسب از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. در این تحقیق از مدل‌های دراستیک بهینه شده با منطق فازی و تئوری کاتاستروف، برای بررسی مناطق مستعد آلودگی آبخوان آزاد دشت ملکان استفاده شد. برای بهینه‌سازی، پارامترهای روش دراستیک که شامل هفت پارامتر هیدروژئولوژیکی می‌باشد، به عنوان ورودی مدل و مقدار شاخص آسیب‌پذیری به عنوان خروجی مدل‌ها تعریف گردید. صحت‌سنجی مدل‌ها نیز با استفاده از داده‌های غلظت نیترات و ضریب همبستگی با شاخص آسیب‌پذیری در منطقه انجام گردید. نتایج مدل‌سازی نشان داد که مدل دراستیک تصحیح‌شده با استفاده از تئوری کاتاستروف با شاخص همبستگی بالا با نیترات، نتیجه بهتری را نسبت به منطق فازی برای آبخوان ارائه داده است. بر اساس نتایج مدل کاتاستروف، 56، 23، 21 درصد از منطقه به ترتیب در مناطق با آسیب‌پذیری کم، متوسط و زیاد واقع‌ شده‌اند و بخش‌های مرکزی دشت به‌عنوان مناطق آسیب‌پذیر شناخته می‌شوند.}, keywords_fa = {آبخوان,آسیب‌پذیری,تئوری کاتاستروف,دشت ملکان,منطق فازی}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_67521.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_67521_94df645ca6b63049c05071cda8531b73.pdf} } @article { author = {behtari, behzad and Jafarian, Zeinab and Alikhani, Hossenali}, title = {Evaluation of temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition in relation to rangeland management, element stoichiometry and soil depth}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {223-240}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.245815.1007547}, abstract = {Introduction Soils are considered as the largest carbon sink in terrestrial ecosystems. Rangelands are the largest terrestrial biomass in world, and contain about 30% of terrestrial carbon stocks. the temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition (expressed with Q10) is widely used to show the response soil organic matter decomposition to temperature changes. Some biotic and abiotic factors such as land management, soil nutrient contents and stoichiometry as well as soil depth can alter Q10. Since soil carbon content is association with organic matter from vegetation and root turnover, over gazing or destruction can reduces inputs organic matter and leads to surface erosion and increased emission of carbon dioxide. Therefore, sustainable grazing management is effective for protection of soil carbon. It has been determined that fraction of stable and recalcitrant organic matter increases with increasing soil depth. Therefore, studying the Q10 in relation to soil depth, especially in natural ecosystems, will improve our understanding of carbon dioxide efflux. Stoichiometry (for example, carbon / nitrogen ratio) has an important effect on soil organic matter decomposition by changing the relative availability of carbon and nitrogen to soil decomposer. However, knowledge on stoichiometric relationship between soil nutrition and its effect on the Q10 is still limited. The main aim of this study was to investigate Q10 in relation to rangeland ecosystem management (grazed, protected and destroyed) and stoichiometry of elements and soil depth. Also, changes in carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in relation to the rangeland management and depth of soil were considered in this study. Material & Methods three adjacent rangelands ecosystems, located in Fandoghlo of Namin, Ardebil province, with different management (grazed, protected and destroyed) were selected. Soil samples (0-10,10–20 and 20-30 cm depth layer) were randomly collected from three rangelands during the mid-growing period. Soil Samples were sieved ( Control samples, with no soil, were incubated at the same time. An alkali trap containing 15 M ml NaOH 0.1 N was placed in each Mason jar to absorb the respired carbon dioxide. The moisture of each soil sample was adjusted to 60% water holding capacity. soil moisture content monitoring by weighing the jars every 7 days. The carbon dioxide traps were removed 1, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after incubation and carbon dioxide emission was determined by the titration method. After determining the heterotrophic soil respiration, the Q10 was calculated as follows: Q_10=〖R_(T_0+10)⁄R_(T_0 ) 〗^(10⁄((T_(0+10)-T_0 ) )) where, R_(T_0 ) and R_(T_0+10) are the heterotrophic respiration at basic temperatures T_0 and T_0+10, respectively. Analysis of variance were used separately to test the difference between the Q10 in three rangeland ecosystems (protected, grazed and degraded) at three depth levels, as well as changes in carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in soil depths in three rangeland ecosystems. Regressions analysis were used to identify the trend of Q10 changes in related to carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry. Discussion of Results According the results, the type of ecosystem had a significant effect on Q10 value. the highest and lowest Q10 with 1.21 and 0.87 value obtained from grazed and destroyed rangeland ecosystems, respectively. The value of Q10 in the protected rangeland was 0.97. Similar to this result, some studies have shown that the Q10 value in grazed rangeland was higher than in protected rangeland. these differences may contribute to differences in SOC quality or soil enzyme activity. The low Q10 found in grazed rangeland may be explained by the low labile carbon content of this ecosystem. The Q10 value was significantly higher in the bottom soil depth of grazed rangeland (1.373) and protected rangeland (1.149) compared to other depths. Generally, in this study, except degraded rangeland, the Q10 value increased with soil depth. the decreasing labile carbon content (carbon quality) with soil depth may be one of the contributors to the increased Q10 with depth. Similar to the present study, others have found that decreased carbon quality with increasing depth, may cause of decrease Q10 in the soil profile of forest and rangeland ecosystems. In the destroyed rangeland, a significant decrease in the organic carbon content of the soil due to the destruction of vegetation and erosion may decrease microbial population, thus leading to decrease of Q10 value. in this study, the decreasing trend in Q10 value was observed with increasing carbon content in all three ecosystems. however, the relationship between Q10 and SOC was not significant in destroyed rangeland but was significant in protected and grazed rangeland. The Q10 value in grazed rangeland decreased logarithmically with SOC. however, protected rangeland decreased linearly with SOC. optimal incubation conditions in the lab can lead to an increase in labile carbon concentration. Hence, the high amount of organic carbon incubation releases high amount labile carbon content and thus decrease the Q10 value. The logarithmic and second-order polynomial model (U shaped) was the best fitted models for Q10 changes in association to soil nitrogen in grazed and protected rangelands, respectively. It seems that the decrease in Q10 with increasing nitrogen content is consistent with carbon quality. Nitrogen increase may lead to smaller C:N ratios (higher substrate quality) in soil, which consequently resulted in deceased Q10. The Q10 depicted a significant logarithmic decrease with increasing soil phosphorus content in both grazed and protected rangelands. The Phosphorus, because of importance role of in cellular pathways, may cause increased soil microbial biomass carbon which probably induced efficiency of increasing carbon consumption, resulting in a decrease in the Q10 value. The Q10 was linear related to increasing the C:N ratio in grazed rangeland. This finding is also explained by carbon quality theory. Several studies have pointed to a positive relationship between the ratio of C:N and Q10. in the protected rangeland, Q10 showed second-order polynomial (U shape) model with C:N ratios. Given the similar U shape model between Q10 with nitrogen and C:N ratios in this ecosystem, it can be realized the important effect of nitrogen on the carbon use efficiency (CUE) by microorganisms. in destroyed rangeland, The Q10 showed a exponential decrease with increasing C:N ratios. The variation pattern of Q10 in relation to the P:N ratio was similar to the C:N ratio. It seems that phosphorus availability in soils is also influenced by soil nitrogen changes. The power model was the best model fitted to data between Q10 changes and C:P ratio in destroyed rangeland, although this model did not reach statistical significance (P <0.05). Although studies on the stoichiometry P: N and C:P in soils are very limited, a study showed that the low C: P ratio leads to an increase carbon dioxide release per unit area. Thus, considering the principle of direct relationship between Q10 and carbon dioxide release per unit area. Conclusions This study showed that the management and conservation of rangeland ecosystems can be effective on the loss of carbon from the soil. It seems that increasing the quality of organic carbon in the protected rangeland has led to a decreases Q10 value. The low amount of organic matter due to loss of carbon during the degradation period may result in a decreased value of Q10 in the destroyed rangeland. in general, decreasing trend in Q10 value with increasing carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content was observed in this study. This is consistent with q-theory model. the results obtained from nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus stoichiometry in this study indicated that nitrogen played a more important role in increasing the carbon use efficiency (CUE) and decrease Q10 which resulting in a decrease of Greenhouse gas carbon dioxide emissions.}, keywords = {CO2 emission,heterotrophic soil respiration,Incubation,Q10}, title_fa = {ارزیابی تغییرات حساسیت دمایی تجزیه ماده آلی خاک در ارتباط با نوع مدیریت اکوسیستم مرتعی و استوکیومتری عناصر در سطوح مختلف عمق خاک}, abstract_fa = {پاسخ دمایی تجزیه ماده آلی در اکوسیستم‌های خاکی در چرخه کربن و تغییرات اقلیمی موثر است. هدف مطالعه بررسی حساسیت دمایی تجزیه ماده آلی خاک (Q10) درارتباط با نوع مدیریت مرتع، استوکیومتری عناصر و عمق خاک بود. نمونه‌های خاک (از سطوح 0 تا 30 سانتی‌متری) از یک مرتع با مدیریت متفاوت (حفاظت‌شده، چرا‌شده و تخریب‌شده) برداشت و در سه سطح دمایی انکوباسیون شد. از روش جذب قلیا، تنفس هتروتروفیک تعیین و Q10 محاسبه شد. از آنالیز رگرسیون و واریانس جهت بررسی روابط استفاده شد. نوع مدیریت مرتع و عمق خاک تاثیر معنی‌داری بر Q10 نشان داد؛ بطوریکه مقدار Q10 در مرتع چرا‌شده 21/1، در مرتع تخریب‌شده 87/0 و در مرتع حفاظت‌شده 97/0 بود. بجز مرتع تخریب‌شده، مقدار Q10 روند افزایشی با افزایش عمق داشت. روند تغییرات Q10 در ارتباط با استوکیومتری C:N و P:N در مرتع چرا‌شده و حفاظت‌شده به ترتیب خطی و چند جمله-ای درجه دوم بود. بالا بودن کیفیت کربن خاک مطابق با تئوری آنزیمی- جنبشی می‌تواند یکی از علل کاهش Q10 در مرتع حفاظت‌شده و همچنین افزایش Q10 با عمق باشد. با توجه به تغییراتQ10 در ارتباط با استوکیومتری عناصر، میتوان به نقش نیتروژن در افزایش راندمان مصرف کربن و کاهش انتشار دی‌اکسید‌کربن در اکوسیستم‌ها اشاره کرد.}, keywords_fa = {تنفس هتروتروفیک,انکوباسیون,کربن ناپایدار,Q10}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_67522.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_67522_50a27bb291255c742cd347d7b33c8823.pdf} } @article { author = {fathi saghezchi, fariba and Jafari, Hamid Reza and ADIBI, MEHDI and BAGHERZDE KARIMI, MASOUD and VAFAI, MOHAMMADREZA}, title = {Use of Ecological Services as an Ecological Indicators to propose appropriate tourism type "Case Study: Sorkhankul wetland Wildlife Refuge"}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {241-255}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.238109.1007473}, abstract = {1. Introduction The wetlands and aquatic ecosystems of the country are counted as valuable assets which regulating the underground waters of the surrounding environment, microclimate adjustment, hunting, hunting birds and fishing, supplying feeding sources for the livestock, weaving, etc. depend on them. Preserving theses complex ecological systems and benefiting from numerous economic, resort, and genetic resources, etc. require an accurate study and recognition of each wetland. Unfortunately, in developing countries, the policy-makers, planners on one hand, and the citizens and the villagers themselves on the other hand do not significantly value the protection of these wetland. Finding a proper type of tourism through ecosystem services of the wetland and using ecological indices for the recognition and examination of the changes of the ecosystem, which is one of the main objectives of this study, have always been of great interest by the planners in the field of environment. The changes of an index in response to facing stressors are counted as valuable information resources for the planners in the field of environment to prepare for different scenarios for the future of an ecosystem which has faced man-made disturbances. The indices are counted as perquisites for preparing the strategies. Employing the indices reflect the pressure and states of the key factors which are used as tools in the analysis of the system. From evaluators’ points of view, in the evaluation of the states and the systems procedure, humans’ and environment’s objectives are the indices for environmental and ecologic programs which use factors or dimensions of the phenomena associated with the environment to illustrate and evaluate the environmental conditions or for setting environmental goals. Ecosystem services could also be construed as direct and indirect sectors of ecosystem and functional structures besides other factors in human’s welfare (objective( which lead to the destructions and responses are the activities by the human community with the objective of reducing the environmental pressure and improving the quality of the environment 2. Material and methods In this research, DPSIR model abilities are used to analyze the relationships of environmental and human systems of the wetland with a focus on ecosystem services and the functions affected by the driving forces and a focus on tourism.. Sorkhankol wildlife refuge is part of Anzali international wetland. Finding the proper type of tourism through the wetland ecosystem services and using them as ecological indices through DPSIR model is defined as the objective of this research. In general, the following steps were performed in this research: - Introducing different possible types of tourism in the region - Finding the indices associated with the most important environmental issues of the region for each type of tourism based on DPSIR model - Classifying the identified indices in categories including driving force, pressure, state, etc. according to the conceptual model - Introducing the index associated with each component of the developed conceptual model - Finding the relationship among different components based on DPSIR model - Weighting the effect of driving forces according to an experts’ point of view - Analytic hierarchy process on the driving forces in a geographical data system environment - Calculating the incompatibility coefficients for the effect components in different types of tourism - Suggestions for reducing the negative impacts in the form of possible reactions 3. Discussion of results Certain pressures are applied to the system which induces certain condition in each type of tourism that affects ecosystem services in terms of the values and benefits for the humans. These effects were determined in analytic hierarchy process with the coefficients among which the minimum value was 0.070 which implies the minimum compatibility and the highest compatibility of 0.29 was obtained. The services or functions which are affected in each type of tourism are as follows. For rural tourism: decreased production, reduced hydrological balance (water consumption for agriculture), change of land use of protected areas to agricultural areas, destruction of habitats and compromising the safety of the habitat, less aesthetic aspects, reduced genetic resources. For urban and cultural-historical tourism: enhancing and regulating the air, self-purification, less aesthetic aspects and sense of belonging in ecotourism, destruction of habitats and compromising the safety of the habitat, less aesthetics aspects, enhancing and regulating the air, self-purification, aesthetics and sense of belonging, destruction of the habitat (through the concentration of tourists on visiting protected zones and the presence of motor bats and consequently, noise generation, smoke and hydrocarbon spots due to motor boats which affects the self-purification and the absorption of pollutions and less social and political safety and reduced ability to exploit resources for educational and bird watching tours). Each of these items are classified in one group of ecosystem services including productive, regulatory, supportive, and cultural. Regardless of which value or function or ecosystem service is found to be more compatible by each resultant coefficient, it is verified in which type of tourism, the resultant drives have applied certain pressures on the ecosystem such that higher compatibility is obtained between the effect and the function. The obtained coefficients were 0.26, 0.24, 0.23, 0.23, 0.24, and 0.13 for rural tourism, 0.23, 0.23, 0.23, 0.07, 0.21, 0.23, 0.23, 0.23, and 0.14 for urban tourism, 0.23, 0.25, 0.23, 0.20, and 0.21 for cultural-historical tourism, and 0.29, 0.28, 0.26, 0.29, 0.29, 0.25, and 0.23 for eco-tourism. 4. Conclusions Given what is stated, preparing and implementing ecotourism services standards, preparing comprehensive educational documents and organizing ecotourists in smaller groups in Sorkhankol wildlife refuge are necessary, particularly in the water body of the wetland such that one could reduce the pressure on the environment through designing the paths for motor boats and changing them from motor boat type to row boats as much as possible. It is worth noting that due to the volume of the sediments entering Sorkhankol wetland and shrunk aquatic area of the wetland on one hand, and considerably reduced depth of the wetland on the other hand, such that the depth of Sorkhankol wetland was measured to be 30-50 millimeters in a field observation, the movement of the boats faces serious technical issues which is considered as a technical issue for visiting the Indian lotus as the main attraction of Sorkhankol wetland beside being an environmental damage. However, the Indian lotus currently acts as a sediment trap which intensifies the choking phenomenon of the wetland which is a serious conflict among the attractions of Sorkhankol wetland and its health which requires the urgent and strategic actions of the experts. Key words: recreation, ecological criteria, DPSIR model, Sorkhankol wetland}, keywords = {&quot;tourism&quot;,"ecological indicator","DPSIR model","Sorkhankol"}, title_fa = {استفاده از خدمات اکولوژیک به عنوان شاخص اکولوژیک در یافتن گردشگری متناسب با سرزمین "مورد مطالعه: پناهگاه تالابی حیات وحش سرخانکل"}, abstract_fa = {در تالاب سرخانکل به منظور کمی سازی و برآورد میزان شدت و اهمیت نسبی ارزش های اکوسیستمی نظر کارشناسان خبره درباره شدت اثر نیرومحرکه ها بر عملکردهای اکوسیستمی جمع آوری و وزن دهی گردیده سپس وزن های به دست آمده حاصل از مقایسه های زوجی با هر یک از ارزش های اکوسیستمی تطبیق داده شد صرف نظر از اینکه هر یک از ضرایب حاصله کدام ارزش یا عملکرد و یا خدمات اکوسیستم را سازگارتر دانسته موید آن است در کدام نوع گردشگری نیرومحرکه های منتج از آن فشارهایی را بر اکوسیستم وارد نموده اند که در وضعیت حاصله سازگاری بیشتری بین اثر و عملکرد داشته است. شناسایی ارزش های تالاب و میزان شدت اثر بر این ارزش از طریق محاسبه معدل ضریب ناسازگاری مقایسه ای دو به دو تحلیل سلسله مراتبی نشان داد به ترتیب اکوتوریسم، گردشگری روستایی، گردشگری فرهنگی- تاریخی و در نهایت گردشگری شهری سازگارترین نوع گردشگری در منطقه مطالعاتی است، ضرایب در گردشگری روستایی 26/0، 24/0، 23/0، 23/0، 24/0، 13/0 در گردشگری شهری 23/0، 23/0، 23/0، 07/0، 21/0، 23/0، 23/0، 23/0، 14/0 در گردشگری تاریخی و فرهنگی 23/0، 25/0، 23/0، 20/0، 21/0، و در اکوتوریسم 29/0، 28/0، 26/0، 29/0، 29/0، 25/0، 23/0 به دست آمد.}, keywords_fa = {&quot;گردشگری&quot;,"شاخص های اکولوژیک ","مدل DPSIR ","سرخانکل"}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_67523.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_67523_320a0b06d5f5c03396aa40f3fc16a39e.pdf} } @article { author = {zaheri, mohammad and saadi, sima}, title = {Environmental Sustainability Analysis in Rural Communities on the Rim of the Ecosystem of the Lagoon Based on the Ecovillage Model Case study: villages in the margin of Zarivar Wetland}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {257-275}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.252203.1007597}, abstract = {Introduction Today, the concept of sustainability in community policy has become a model that leads to the sustainability of a city or village, conservation, protection and recycling of the natural environment, and also the decision in the village should be such that the increase in environmental benefits is reduced Or eliminate negative environmental impacts. In such cities or villages, groups and businesses must be aware of the impacts on their natural environment, and they must be held accountable for reducing or eliminating these negative impacts (Siracusa, 2008, 846). Most of the problems we face today come from inertia in life. The consumption-oriented life and the excessive accumulation of wealth, power and land have led to the ecological hazards that mankind faces today (Mollison, 1998, 1). With regard to human actions on the planet, the slowdown in the destruction of nature and the use of limited resources should be considered. To overcome these problems, scientists and policymakers have come up with solutions that have not had much impact on eliminating them, unless individual people in a city or village change their lifestyle (Ardzijauskaite, 2009, 8). Following the environmental problems arising from the unsustainable pattern, the need for alternative lifestyles and the creation of habitats with environmentally-friendly economic and social life have been considered to minimize environmental impacts during the twentieth century. In this regard, the Ecovillage model of the 1980s has been considered in designing and planning for community sustainability and is in the process of becoming responsive to the environmental, social, and economic challenges posed by unsustainable patterns (Kennedy, 2004). Environmental rehabilitation in rural areas today is one of the most important environmental issues not only in rural policy but also in national land-use planning. Also, the regeneration of natural ecosystems and the reestablishment of natural currents and rural design constitute the most important fields of research and enforcement in many countries (Kirby, 2003). The wetland ecosystem has been one of the most important ecosystems in the earth, which has played an important role in the development of its peripheral, environmental, social and social dimensions, but the biodegradable pattern and neglect of environmental issues from wetland communities in this natural ecosystem Has a problem. To eliminate this problem, the Eco-Voyage model can be a model for sustainable biomedical practices and the elimination of environmental, social and economic instability by implementing sustainable structures and practices. An ecosystem is in fact a way of describing the function of nature, and incorporates a complex and dynamic mix of all plant communities, animals and living microorganisms, and interactions with the components and the environment (Cowan, 2007, 113). Methodology The present study is an applied and descriptive-analytical method. In order to collect information in the theoretical part, the documentary method and in the field of the field have been used for interviewing method and questionnaire. This research seeks to analyze the sustainable pattern in rural communities of the margin of the wetland ecosystem based on the ecovillage pattern in the villages of the margin of Zarivar wetland located in Marivan city. The statistical population of the study is 3389 households, of which 355 households were selected as sample size. The studied villages were selected based on the criteria of distance from the lake by stratified random sampling. Accordingly, the studied villages were divided into three categories: the first group was the villages near the lake, located 0-0 km from the lake (6 villages were selected randomly), the second group was the average distance from the lake, at a distance of 4 2 kilometers from the border (6 villages were selected randomly) and finally, villages far from the lake that were located at a distance of 6-4 kilometers from the border (6 villages were selected randomly), which in all villages studied included 18 villages Is. In field studies, to collect the required data, a questionnaire was prepared and completed among the villages with interview and observation, which is the most important part of field studies. For this purpose, a household questionnaire including closed questions was designed using Likert spectrum. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a set of academic professors and the validity of the questionnaires was 0.93% by Cronbach's alpha test. In order to analyze the data, one-sample t-test and ANOVA test were used in SPSS software, non-statistical barometric techniques and radar method (to calculate the stability level). Also for spatial analysis and production of maps based on statistical data, low / high clustering / spatial self-correlation methods, hot spots analysis and IDW method were used in GIS software. Results and discussion According to the Prescott Allen sustainability classes, the stability level of the ecovillage pattern in the villages of the study area with a score of 0.476 is at a moderate level (0.6-0.4). The dimensional stability dimension was also evaluated. Based on the results obtained in Table 5 and Chart 1, the socio-cultural dimension is at an average level of sustainability. In other words, the socio-cultural dimension with the score of 0.518 has the highest score of sustainability, and the two ecological and environmental aspects are 0.387 and 0.421, respectively, at a low level of sustainability. According to the results of T-test, in Table 9, the numerical mean of the eco-elite dimensions in the studied villages was lower than the favorable and the moderate conditions, namely, the number 3. This difference is significant at alpha level of 0.05 (meaningful level = 0.000). Of the 3 dimensions of the ecovillage, the highest average of 2.01 is allocated to the socio-cultural dimension, followed by the economic dimension with an average of 1.84 and the least of which is ecological ecological dimension with an average of 1.77 Is. The results of one-way analysis of variance in the analysis of environmental sustainability in rural communities of the margin of the wetland ecosystem based on the Ecuadorian model based on the distance from Zarivar Lake, is that according to the amount of sig in ecological, economic, and socio-cultural variables The zero hypothesis is rejected. That is, the average of these indices is significantly different in villages with different distances. Conclusion According to the results of statistical analysis (T-test, ANOVA) and non-statistical analyzes (barometric and radar methods for determining the stability level) as well as spatial analysis in ARCGIS software (interpolation and stains) The contribution and importance of environmental sustainability indices in the studied villages is that social-cultural indicators have the largest share in this regard. Which is the result of lris Kunze, in 2015. Soonk wan Hong in 2016, and also with Andy Kirby in 2003. And, on the other hand, contradicts the results of Honorary and colleagues in 1391. According to the results of his research, ecological indicators have had the largest share in the sustainability of rural communities and wetland ecosystems. On the other hand, according to the analysis of variance and spatial analysis in the villages of the study area, the villages near Zarivar lake have the most stability in the three ecological, ecological, economic and social-cultural dimensions of the village compared to other villages at other distances (2-4 and 6 -4 km from Lake Zarivar). For ecological sustainability, the ecosystem of the lagoon is proposed based on the ecovillage pattern in the villages of the wetland.  Formation of forestry commissions and associations  Proper planning and management for Zarivar wetland  Urban, industrial and agricultural waste management  The existence of privacy rules for natural phenomena in rivers and wetlands  Planning to prevent water pollution of the lake  Changing the pattern of consumption in order to prevent environmental wastes  Attention to ecological management plans and waste conversion in rural areas  Informing and public awareness about wetlands and their management  Educational training programs by local institutions Keywords: Ecological Sustainability, Wetland Ecosystem, Eco-Village, Zarivar Wetland.}, keywords = {Ecological Sustainability,Wetland Ecosystem,Eco-Village,Zarivar wetland}, title_fa = {تحلیل پایداری زیست محیطی در جوامع روستایی حاشیه اکوسیستم تالاب بر اساس الگوی بوم روستا مطالعه موردی: روستاهای حاشیه تالاب زریوار}, abstract_fa = {هدف از پژوهش حاضر تحلیل پایداری زیست محیطی در جوامع روستایی حاشیه اکوسیستم تالاب بر اساس مدل اکوویلج در روستاهای حاشیه تالاب زریوار در استان کردستان می باشد. پژوهش حاضر ازلحاظ هدف کاربردی و از حیث روش گردآوری اطلاعات توصیفی- تحلیلی می‌باشد. جامعه آماری پژوهش متشکل از 3389 خانوار می باشد که از میان آن 355 خانوار یه عنوان حجم نمونه انتخاب شده اند. به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل داده ها از روش های آماری آزمون t تک نمونه ای و آزمون ANOVA در نرم افزار SPSS و تکنک های غیر آماری بارومتری و روش راداری استفاده شد. همچنین برای تجزیه و تحلیل فضایی از روش های خوشه بندی کم/زیاد، خود همبستگی فضایی، تحلیل لکه های داغ و روش IDW در نرم افزار GIS استفاده شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد که سهم و اهمیت شاخص‌های تحلیل پایداری زیست محیطی در روستاهای مورد مطالعه به این صورت است که شاخص‌های اجتماعی ـ فرهنگی بیشترین سهم و شاخص های اکولوژیکی ـ زیست محیطی کمترین سهم را داشته اند. شاخص های اقتصادی نیز در مرتبه دوم بیشترین سهم را در زمینه پایداری زیست محیطی روستاهای مورد مطالعه بر اساس الگوی اکویویلج بخود اختصاص داده اند}, keywords_fa = {پایداری زیست محیطی,اکوسیستم تالاب,اکوویلج,تالاب زریوار,جوامع روستایی}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_67524.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_67524_d3791f50445752c5f2061034652b15cb.pdf} } @article { author = {fotoohi, omid and برق جلوه, شهیندخت}, title = {The planning process of an urban landscape system's ecological networks (case study: The city of the Tehran)}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {277-297}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.243435.1007520}, abstract = {Introduction: To improve the ecological condition of the landscape and prevent its destruction in the process of urban development, it is essential to optimizing its ecological-sociological functions, we utilizing ecological services of the landscape as well as providing our socio-economic needs. For this reason, we should use the principles of landscape ecology for examining and analyzing the structure of the urban landscape and process changing of it and then use the obtained information in development plans and move to sustaining ecological networks and development of the environment. Materials & Methods: Conceptual framework: The human scale landscape is generally well adapted to geographic units such as watersheds and urban areas as well as the spatial domain of human consciousness. Many ecologists consider the landscape as a multi-dimensional and hierarchical concept that means a landscape is a spatial heterogeneous area that its size depends on the subject of the study and the research questions. In this research, the scale of study is 22 municipality zones of Tehran. For examining the ecological-sociological function we need to study the horizontal and vertical aspects of the landscape and its elements, therefore, we examine the content composition and spatial configuration pattern of landscape's elements. Measuring the urban landscape of Tehran's ecological-sociological function (ecological networks sustainability) - Studying the quality of urban landscape of Tehran's elements content composition Each element of the urban landscape has a different level of ecological-sociological function that depends on several factors. One of the determinants is landscape content (land cover). The ecological function of these structures from up to down is: vegetative, aquatic, open (uncovered) and building. -Studying the urban landscape of Tehran's elements spatial configuration pattern Landscape ecology planners considered structural features and patterns related to the ecological function of landscape and ecological network stability, these features including spatial heterogeneity of landscape, ecological and structural connectivity (opposite of fragmentation) between the same type of elements, and the ecological and structural connectivity between all elements of the landscape. Connectivity between all elements is relative because the increase in connectivity would be useful for one function also it would be detrimental to one another. -Required Metrics for the study of landscape: To examining the current situation and the process changing of mentioned features (heterogeneity, connectivity, and isolation) in recent years, we use the landscape ecology metrics. Heterogeneity: CA, PLAND, PR Connectivity between same type patches: AREA-MN, PN, and PROX Connection between all elements: CONTAG, IJI Methode: To achieve objectives of the project, we followed below steps: 1-Studying of the ecological elements process changing (including the green patch, open patch, blue patch, building patch, building corridor) by software. 2- Dividing the region into two parts to reduce the amount of the large-scale error, or accumulation of valuable ecological elements in one area and study the process of change as well as determining the location of changes make more accurate (after the initial study of the landscape, because of natural and important ecological elements accumulate in the northern half, the landscape was divided into two parts, north and south alongside the Enghelab Street. 3-Studying of the ecological elements process changing (including the green patch, open patch, blue patch, building patch and building corridor) in each of the northern and southern halves by software. 4- A more qualitative studying of the ecological elements process changing{including different types of green patch, types of the open patch, natural corridors (river-valleys)} by reviewing the latest detailed and comprehensive plans, the Atlas of Tehran metropolis and prepared maps of the Tehran by the municipality and relevant projects. Discussion of Results: the process changing of metrics for study and planning within the scope of the study does not appropriate. The inappropriate process changing of the metrics (the quality of the landscape elements, the spatial heterogeneity of the landscape, the connectivity of the same type patches and the connection- isolation of all landscape elements), causing to reduce the ecological function of the landscape, imbalance ecological-sociological landscape function and the reduction of ecological networks sustainability. This trend is more important in the northern half because of important ecological elements and the newer development accumulate there. Some of these ecological functions include hydrological, meteorological and biological functions, which we explain a brief analysis about their process changing. Hydrological function: Due to the expansion of impermeable surfaces, reduction connectivity of green patches (especially natural green patches) and change of the bed and around stream from natural to man-made materials, water is transferred to the urban landscape more rapidly, that caused increased soil erosion at the end of the flow path. Moreover, a large amount of organic and non-organic pollutants enter into these flows, which reduces the water quality and human health. In addition, the drainage of underground aquifers is one of the effects of these structural changes that would lead to catastrophic consequences such as the soil and earth settlement. These factors all reduce the aquatic function of the landscape, therefore, it does not require for aquatic needs of humans and human beings must pay more for their needs and add more ecological footprints effects to the regional landscape. Meteorological function: Due to the rising population and vehicles in the city, building patch, reduced permeable surfaces, especially green patches, lack of concentration and ecological design of different land use patterns, smoothing the city's natural highlands and destroying important elements in air filtering (such as the river-valleys), Lead us to face the production of pollutants and the expansion of the city's thermal islands, simultaneously, the ecological capacity of the land surface has diminished to absorb and reduce these meteorological abnormalities. All of these factors contribute to the spread and distribution of air pollution and affecting human health. By increasing the height of building to the width of the streets ratio, also the non-ecological design of the building patches, we are facing the blocked air corridors, which eliminates the movement of pollutants and mixes the city's thermal islands. Biological Function: By reducing the habitat patches and replacing them with building patches, the capacity of the landscape to control and sustain different species is reduced. This problem intensifies by reducing the habitat patch connectivity (non-building patches) as well as imbalance connection-isolation with building elements and human effects. In addition, the elimination of natural green patches and replacing natural green patches with low-quality green patches are effective in this function because structural variation reduced. for confronting to the destruction of the high-quality ecological elements and the reduction of the landscape ecological functions, we must use this information for landscape ecological planning and ecological networks planning in order to optimize ecological-sociological function and stabling the ecological networks. Conclusions: landscape ecology can help landscape planners and managers to reduce landscape destruction and achieve sustainable urban development. One of the ecological tools is the ecological networks. In order to balance urban landscape structure and function, we must consider ecological planning beside to economic and social planning. Based on the principles of the landscape, for the urban landscape ecological planning, we must study the current situation and process changing of the elements and their functions which in turn, lead us to do protective, developmental and corrective planning. The function of landscape and ecological networks depends on the content composition and configuration pattern of landscape elements. Accordingly, a conceptual framework consist of content composition and configuration pattern elements was established for studying the ecological networks of Tehran's landscape, and the metrics were evaluated at different times (1984, 2000 and 2016). The process changing of the urban landscape structure and function is not desirable and did not respond to the ecological needs of urban sustainable development. To solve this issue, plans should be moving toward increasing the ecological quality of the elements, increasing the urban landscape heterogeneity, increasing the connectivity of the same type elements and balancing the connection-isolation between all elements.}, keywords = {environmental development,Landscape ecology,ecological process}, title_fa = {برنامه ریزی شبکه های بوم شناختی سیمای سرزمین شهری(مطالعه موردی:شهر تهران)}, abstract_fa = {به‌منظور کاهش آثار توسعه‌ی شهری بر الگوی "ساخت" و "عملکرد" سیمای‌سرزمین، روند تبیین فعالیت‌های انسانی با سازوکار جریان ماده و انرژی ضروری است. در این خصوص، فعالیت‌های انسانی با فرآیندهای تغییر ساخت و عملکرد سیمای‌سرزمین شهری در توازن قرار می‌گیرند، و با ارتقاء عملکرد عناصر بوم‌شناختی و بهبود کیفی فرآیندهای بوم‌شناختی، ضمن تبیین برنامه‌ توسعه شهری، روند بهره‌وری بوم‌شناختی-جامعه‌شناختی سیمای-سرزمین‌ شهری در تعادل نگاه داشته می‌شود. لذا، با بررسی روند تغییرات در "عناصر تشکیل‌دهنده" و "عملکرد بوم‌شناختی-جامعه‌شناختی" سیمای سرزمین شهری، صحت طرح‌ریزی برنامه‌های توسعه شهری در راستای برنامه‌ریزی شبکه‌های بوم‌شناختی سیمای‌سرزمین شهر بهبودی می‌یابند. شبکه‌های بوم‌شناختی، مبین گذرگاه‌های ماده، انرژی و اطلاعات در پشتیبانی فرآیندهای زیستی، متأثر از محتوا، شکل و نسبت ارتباطی-انزوایی عناصر تشکیل‌دهنده‌ی سیمای‌سرزمین تعریف می‌شوند. در این پژوهش، روند تاثیر تغییرات در "کیفیت محتوا" و "روابط فی‌مابین" عناصر تشکیل‌دهنده‌ی سیمای‌سرزمین (شامل: ناهمگنی فضایی، پیوستگی بوم‌شناختی و بهینگی ارتباطی- انزوایی)، در میزان پایداری شبکه‌های بوم‌شناختی سیمای‌سرزمین تهران مورد بررسی قرار می‌گیرد. در این مطالعه، سیمای‌سرزمین تهران در مقیاس مناطق 22 گانه‌ی شهری در سه بازه زمانی (۱۹۸۴)، (۲۰۰۰)، (۲۰۱۶) بررسی می‌شود. مشاهدات نشان می‌دهند، با رشد برنامه‌های توسعه‌ی شهری، از کارایی شبکه‌های بوم‌شناختی سیمای‌سرزمین شهر کاسته شده، چنانچه تهران به‌سختی پاسخگوی نیاز فرآیندهای بوم‌شناختی-جامعه‌شناختی سرزمین شهری خویش می‌باشد.}, keywords_fa = {توسعه محیطی,بوم‌شناسی سیمای سرزمین,فرآیندهای بوم شناختی}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_67525.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_67525_1b8f40bd3199cb419aa3a2fcbde8fcf5.pdf} } @article { author = {Fathali, Davoud and Rashidi Mehrabadi, Abdollah and Mirabi, Maryam and Alimohamadi, Mahmoud}, title = {Relationship Between and Effect of Intermittent Ultra-Sonication and Specific Energy on Degree of Disintegration of Secondary Sludge}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {297-308}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.259605.1007674}, abstract = {Introduction: The disintegration of excess sludge from activated sludge units for production of a carbon source in post-anoxic processes in order to remove nutrients from wastewater streams has been widely used in recent years. For this purpose, ultra-sonication is one of the most applicable methods for the disintegration of cell membranes to provide carbon the source from disruption of microorganisms. Such substances extracted from disintegrated sludge can be used as readily bio-degradable sources of carbon to be used by other microorganisms in following process units. The amount of power (P) per volume (V) applied to the samples in specific durations (t) as well as the concentration of sludge are the most dominant factors in the determination of the disintegration process. The main hypothesis of this research is that if the sonication of samples is intermittent during the total time of ultrasonic radiation, the defensive mechanism of cells will be weakened due to irregular forces applied to the cell membrane. This will lead to degradation of microorganisms at lower Specific Energy (Es) while the energy consumption in the whole process will be reduced accordingly. The effect of this parameter has been investigated through this research, whilst no research has been focused upon this issue earlier in previous studies. In this research, samples of secondary sludge have been disintegrated at the frequency of 24 kHz while the applied power, time of sonication and sludge concentration were changed for each set of experiment. As an extra independent variable, intermittent sonication was altered from 0.3 to 0.9 second. The Degree of Disintegration (DD) was monitored as a dependent variable to evaluate the efficiency of the sludge disintegration process. Materials and Methods: The sludge for disintegration was sampled at the outlet of an anaerobic tank fed by a continuous stream of wastewater. Prior to the anaerobic phase, the sludge was aerated in an aerobic tank at a retention time of 12 hours. Raw wastewater with the average COD content of 358 mg/lit was daily supplied from a municipal wastewater treatment plant named Mahalati and located at north-east of Tehran, Iran. The type ultrasonic set was Sonotrode with a five mm diameter probe manufactured by FAPAN (Iran). The generated frequency and maximum power generated by the set were 24 kHz and 300 watts, respectively. The degree of disintegration has been calculated by the method introduced by Muller (2000) and one Molar NaOH was used to determine the total COD of the sludge. To separate the supernatant of the sludge from its solid contents, a centrifuge set (SDN- United Kingdom) was used along with and ultra-filtration by a 0.45-micron glass filter (CHMlab, Spain). For experiment design, a Response Surface Method and Central Composite Design were developed using Design Expert software. The power, sonication duration, the solid content of the sludge samples and intermittent sonication were independent variables and degree of disintegration was considered as dependent parameters. For standardizing the independent variables, Specific Energy (Es) was calculated at each stage. Determinations of COD and solid concentration were performed in accordance with Standard Methods for Water and Wastewater Experiments. For COD measurement, a colorimetric method was used by Hach DR 1900 (Germany) as Spectrophotometer. Discussion of Results: Considering the aforementioned independent parameters, a relationship between these variables has been proposed as the formula no.1. The desirability of the model has been evaluated through ANNOVA variance analyzes for the proposed logarithmic model. The R2 parameter for this model was calculated as 0.9797. Formula no.1: Log10 (DDCOD) = -3.27179 +1.78725E-003× Watt +5.28686× Seq +0.16406× Time -0.098290× Density -3.82414× Seq^2 -8.14053E-003× Time^2 Considering response surfaces generated by the software for interactions of parameters and their effects on DD, it was figured out that when the power increases, the DD rises up to the maximum of 38% too (under circumstances of this study). Moreover, decreasing sonication sequence from 1 to 0.6 second, leads to increasing the DD and afterward, this parameter decreases significantly when the sequence reaches 0.4 second. Emitted energy from the probe of the ultrasound generator produces little bubbles of water due to acoustic cavitation. When such bubbles collapse, some radicals such as OH., OOH. and H. are formed, which attack the cells in their vicinity. By increasing the power and sonication time, production of such bubbles increases and consequently, the efficiency of the disintegration process significantly improves. Additionally, in the higher concentration of sludge solid contents, a portion of applied energy to the aqueous systems transfers to the solids instead of making cavitation. In the other words, parts of the ultrasound waves are damped by the microorganisms’ body. As a result, the number of collisions between radicals and cells are declined, which leads to a decrease in the DD parameter. Hence the more sludge is concentrated the less sludge disintegration occurs. In order to the comprehensive understanding of the interactive between the parameters, Specific Energy (Es) was calculated and a relationship between Es and intermittent sonication with the degree of disintegration has been developed as the formula no.2: Formula no.2: DDCOD = -0.30799 +8.59092E-006× Es +1.21280× Seq -1.00445×Seq^2 The desirability of the model has been verified by ANNOVA analyzes with an R2=0.9633. According to the respond surface, increase in Es leads to higher efficiency of sludge disintegration, while reduction of sonication sequences from 1 to 0.5 second, affects the DD parameter in such a way that the maximum DD takes place in sequences between 0.6 to 0.7 second. In such circumstances, it can be argued that little bobbles of acoustic cavitation thoroughly dispersed in the sample during the sonication period. These bubbles cause breaking of sludge flocs at the first stage and collapsing of cell tissues in next step. If the radiation is continuous, the resistance of cell walls is strengthened because of the uniform collision of bubbles to biomass and its defensive mechanism toward external forces. Such conditions will lead to decrease in the degree of disintegration. On the other hand, if the bubbles are not produced in an extremely short period of time (a portion of a second), cell’s discipline of defensive mechanism will be devastated and accordingly, they will be more vulnerable to external forces. This will lead to higher values of sludge disintegration. Another phenomenon that was observed in the experimental phase is that when the specific energy increases the optimum point for intermittent sonication approaches from 0.6 to 0.7 second. The reason is that in higher Es values, applied energy to the sludge is high enough to destroy cell tissue. Thus, as soon as sonication starts, the cell membrane disrupts and the theory of alteration in the defensive mechanism of microorganisms takes place in the smaller scale. Conclusion: Through a comprehensive literature review associated with ultrasonic sludge disintegration, it was found that no study puts its emphasis on intermittent sonication and its effects on microorganisms. While it is stated that precise microscopic survey is needed to understand the exact mechanism, which has not been performed in this research, macroscopic observations confirm that intermittent sonication can improve the efficiency of the disintegration process. Accordingly, a hypothesis of destructive resonance in cells’ structure due to the irregular emission of waves is proposed in this study, which should be verified with other extensive microscopic observations. Assuming this theory, when radiation of waves is cut off for a very short period of time, defensive mechanism of microorganisms suddenly interrupts and the cells show a less resistance against external forces. This will lead to disruption of cells in rather lower energy levels.}, keywords = {Degree of Sludge Disintegration,Ultra-sonication,Intermittent Sonication,Specific Energy,Respond Surface Method}, title_fa = {تاثیر و رابطه بین تابش غیرپیوسته امواج فراصوت و انرژی مخصوص بر درجه تخریب لجن ثانویه}, abstract_fa = {تخریب میکروارگانیزم با امواج فراصوت از روش‌های کاهش لجن دفعی و تولید منبع کربنی برای فرایندهای حذف نیتروژن و فسفر است. در این تحقیق، تاثیر تابش غیرپیوسته امواج فراصوت با منظور نمودن پارامترهای موثر دیگر بر روی کارایی فرایند تخریب لجن بررسی شده است. لجن خروجی واحد بی‌هوازی یک فرایند بیولوژیک با امواج فراصوت تخریب شد. با تغییر در توان اعمالی، طول زمان تابش، مقدار غلظت لجن و تابش ناپیوسته امواج از 0.3 تا 0.9 ثانیه، با روش سطح پاسخ و طراحی مرکب مرکزی، تاثیر تغییر این پارامترها روی درجه تخریب تعیین گردید. در شرایط آزمایشگاهی این تحقیق، با افزایش توان و مدت زمان تابش و در شرایط تابش منقطع، درجه تخریب افزایش یافته و در بیشترین مقدار به 39% رسید. با بررسی انرژی مخصوص (Es)، مشخص گردید در Es کمتر از 28000 kJ/kgTS، تابش منقطع به میزان 0.6 ثانیه در هرثانیه، منجربه افزایش درجه تخریب می‌شود، لیکن با افزایش Es تا kJ/kgTS 38800 پارامتر تابش منقطع به 0.7 ثانیه در هرثانیه میل می‌کند. لذا با غیرپیوستگی زمان تابش، اثر تخریبی امواج فراصوت روی میکروارگانیزم‌ها در مقایسه با تابش پیوسته و در شرایط یکسان، بیشتر شده و علاوه بر دستیابی به درجه تخریب بالاتر، در مصرف انرژی نیز صرفه‌جویی می‌گردد.}, keywords_fa = {درجه تخریب لجن,امواج فراصوت,تابش غیرپیوسته,انرژی مخصوص تخریب,روش سطح پاسخ}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_67774.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_67774_a4e57337744f01145ce0ded1afbd3297.pdf} } @article { author = {mesbahzadeh, tayyebeh and alipour, nahid and ahmadi, hasan and malekian, arash and jafari, mohammad}, title = {Time evaluating of dust phenomenon in Alborz and Qazvin provinces}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {309-320}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.245774.1007548}, abstract = {Statistical investigation of dust phenomenon in Alborz and Qazvin provinces Introduction Dust is a phenomenon that mainly occurs on arid and semiarid regions due to the high wind speed and its turbulence on soil surface of without any cover and talent to erosion (Khoshhal Dastjerdi et al., 2012). Goudie et al. (2009) point out that Sahara Desert are the strongest sources of global dust in West Africa and western China. Kumar et al. (2015) investigated three major dust events in 2010 that occurred in northern India during the monsoon season, by land measurements, satellite, and model estimation. The results showed that all dust storms originating from the desert or transported from it were affected by favorable conditions. In this paper, the annual and monthly frequency of dust phenomena in Qazvin and Alborz provinces has been studied during the statistical period in order to minimize the damage caused by this phenomenon using its results. Material & methods Study area Alborz province is located in the middle part of the Alborz Mountains that is adjacent to the north of Mazandaran province and south with the central province of the east with Tehran province and west to Qazvin province. Methodology For statistical study of dust was collected dust daily data in special codes for period of 15 years (2000-2014) from 7 selected stations in study area with suitable statistical period from meteorological organization that were processed using statistical methods. The extraction of days with dust was carried out using weather codes of 06 and 07 using MATLAB software. code of 06 is the dust is suspended in the air that is caused by soil and sand storm from distant points to the station and code of 07 is the dust or sands that raises by wind at station or near it in observation time. In this research, monthly and annual frequency of days with dust with visibility less than 10 km was investigated and separated with regard to codes of 06 and 07. Discussion of result The annual survey of dust phenomena The annual frequency of occurrence of days with dust showed that has occurred 549 days with dust according to codes of 06 and 07 for selected station in Alborz and Qazvin provinces. Karaj and Qazvin stations with 169 days and 115 days had the most day with dust respectively. Karaj station had most dust with 25 days in 2012 and 24 days in 2014 and there not have been dust in 2001 that annual average of dust was 11 days. Qazvin station had the most dust day with dust with 23 days in 2011 and there was not dust in 2002 and 2007 and the annual average of dust was 7 days. The frequency of days with dust with breakdown of 06 and 07 codes showed that the most days with dust according to 06 code has been occurred with 104 days at Karaj station and the lowest dust events have occurred with 36 days at Avaj station. Karaj station has been the most dust events with 22 days in 2014 and the annual average of dust days was 7 days. Qazvin station totally had 91 days dust events that occurred the most dust occurrence with 22 days in 2011 and there was not dust in 2002, 2004 and 2007. Taleghan station had the most dust events with frequency of 19 days in 2012 and the lowest dust events with 6 days in 2014. Also, the average of days with dust was 11 days that was higher than other stations. Karaj and Qazvin station had the most frequency of dust events with 69 days and 27 days respectively. The annual survey of dust phenomena The monthly dust survey showed that have been occurred the most frequency of dust events in May with 116s and June with 115 days in selected stations in the statistical period of 2000 to 2014. May had the most dust with 32 days at Qazvin stations and June had the most dust with 30 days at Karaj station. Then, April with 79 days and July with 70 days had the most dust respectively that in April, Qazvin station had the most with 18 days and Karaj station had the most dust with 23 days and November and December had the lowest dust with 9 days. The monthly survey of dust phenomenon according to 06 code showed that May with 90 events of dust and June with 85 events of dust had the most frequency of dust events at selected stations in the study period respectively. The monthly survey according to 07 code showed that June and October with 15 incidences had the most dust that with regard to it Karaj station with frequency of 13 days in June and 7 days in October had the most dust. December and November with 1 and 2 days had the lowest frequency of dust occurrence respectively, and January according to 07 code had not dust during statistical period. Conclusion The study of annual frequency of days with dust according to 06 code showed that the most days with dust occurred at Karaj station and the lowest dust events occurred at Avaj station that Karaj station had the most dust incidence with 22 days in 2014. According to 07 code, Karaj and Qazvin stations had the most events of dust and Buin Zahra and Avaj had the lowest events of dust respectively. With the monthly investigation of dust based on 06 code was found May and June had the most frequency of dust event that with regard to it, Qazvin station had the highest events in May with 30 days and June with 19 days. According to 07 code June and October had the highest incidence of dust that with regard to it, Karaj station had the most dust with 13 days frequency in June and 7 days in October. In general, based on the results, it was found that in the study area, with the onset of the spring season and the warm period followed by the summer season, the frequency of days with dust has increased, which can be due to increased hours of daily sunlight, superheating, and also There are some local instabilities. Another important factor is the passage of waves of the western masses from the deserts of neighboring countries, which, due to the dryness of the air flow and desert environment in those regions, causes dust and its penetration into the central parts of Iran. Movahedi et al. (2014) monitored the dust-related climate-related phenomena according to dust-weather codes for Iranian cities, and concluded that the dust phenomenon with the 06-meteorological code in western Iran has a maximum incidence, and in the season Summer is the highest and in the fall, is the lowest amount of dust. Also, incidence of dust occurred according to 07 code in the befor afternoon in the east of the Iran and occurred in the southeast and the coastal area of Oman sea in the late afternoon. Therefore, the findings of this study are consistent with some of the results of this study. According to the results obtained, it can be concluded that by examining the time and place of the occurrence of dust phenomena, it is possible to reduce the many damage caused by this phenomenon that threatens the environment and human health. It is very difficult to control dusts of external origin, mainly from the countries of Iraq and Syria, so it is suggested that, for the accurate analysis of internal dust, factors such as drought and use change of the factors affecting the occurrence of dust are to be considered.}, keywords = {Dust Storm,Meteorological codes,annual trend,monthly Frequency,annual frequency}, title_fa = {پایش زمانی پدیده گردوغبار در استان های البرز و قزوین}, abstract_fa = {از مشکلاتی که در چند دهه اخیر در حال گسترش است پدیده گردوغبار می‌باشد که تاثیرات نامطلوبی بر روی منابع مختلف به خصوص محیط زیست و سلامت انسان می‌گذارد. در این پژوهش از داده‌های ساعتی گردوغبار در 7 ایستگاه سینوپتیک منتخب استان‌های قزوین و البرز در طی سال‌های 2000 تا 2014 استفاده شد. برای مطالعه این رخدادها از کدهای هواشناسی 06 و 07 استفاده گردید و با توجه به آن فراوانی ماهانه و سالانه در طول دوره آماری مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. بررسی سالانه گردوغبار در ایستگاه‌های منتخب نشان داد ایستگاه کرج با 169 روز و ایستگاه قزوین با 115 روز به ترتیب بیشترین روزهای همراه با گردوغبار را داشتند و سال‌های 2012 و 2011 پرگرد‌وغبارترین سال‌ها در کل دوره آماری می‌باشند. بررسی ماهانه نیز نشان داد که ماه می با 116 رخداد و پس از آن ماه ژوئن با 115 رخداد بیشترین فراوانی، و ماه‌های نوامبر و دسامبر با 9 رخداد کمترین فراوانی وقوع را در دوره آماری داشتند که با توجه به کد 06 ماه می و نوامبر به ترتیب بیشترین و کمترین فراوانی وقوع را داشتند و با توجه به کد 07 ماه‌های ژوئن و اکتبر بیشترین فراوانی رخداد گردوغبار را داشتند.}, keywords_fa = {گردوغبار,کدهای هواشناسی,روند سالانه,فراوانی ماهانه,فراوانی سالانه}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_68330.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_68330_cd7cf31ba712dd44253b8e9afb1b4aba.pdf} } @article { author = {Baghizadeh, Fatemeh and amirtaimoori, somayeh and Zare Mehrjerdi, Mohammad Reza and Ziaabadi, Maryam}, title = {Study and prioritize the various aspects of the producing transgenic plants}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {321-329}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.252684.1007607}, abstract = {The agricultural sector plays an important role in Iranian economy and food supplies. Iranʼs population is rising. Resources constraint, widespread use of fertilizers and pesticides, and environmental pollutions are problems of the agricultural sector in increasing agricultural production. Today, the production of transgenic plants is a new strategy for increasing the quantity and quality of agricultural products worldwide. Therefore, in this study, the economic, social, environmental, health, and management-policy aspects of the production of transgenic plants are examined and prioritized to determine the importance of considering each of these aspects. The Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) has been used to prioritize the criteria and sub-criteria. Data and statistics were collected through field survey and questionnaire collection from Kerman city experts in 2017. The results showed that health, environmental, economic, management-policy, and social criteria for producing these plants are the most important in terms of experts respectively. Therefore, investment and research in the field of transgenic plants can be done on the basis of the prioritization. Keywords: Analytical Hierarchical Process, Experts, Transgenic Plants. Introduction Rapid population growth, food shortages and environmental hazards have caused serious global challenges. The world’s population is growing rapidly and it is forecasted to reach 8.5 billion by 2025. Providing food for people is difficult due to lack of natural resources, so malnutrition has become a serious health problem for humans. Today, genetic engineering can increase the quantity and quality of food (Ashraf and Akram, 2009). Transgenic plants are from this category. So far, in a comprehensive study, there has been no prioritization of the various aspects (economic, social, environmental, health, and management-policy) of transgenic plants production in Iran. Therefore, the comprehensive study of these plants seems necessary to plan for production. Therefore, in this study, transgenic plants have been investigated from five socio-economic, social, health, health, and management aspects. Materials and Methods In this research, an analytical hierarchical process (AHP) has been used to prioritize criteria and sub-criteria. The first level of hierarchical structure includes the main goal of prioritizing the various aspects of the production of transgenic plants. The second level covers the major criteria of the production of transgenic plants, including economic, social, environmental, health, and management-policy, and the final level includes sub-criteria of each of the main criteria. Data and statistics were collected through field survey and questionnaire collection from experts. Due to the lack of information from all experts in the field of genetically modified plants, 27 questionnaires were completed by experts in this field (environmental, agricultural and biotechnology experts). Discussion of Results & Conclusions After creating the decision tree in Expert Choice software and entering the data collected from the questionnaires in the form of pairwise comparisons, weights of each of the five criteria (economic, social, environmental, health, and management-policy) and their sub-criteria for plant production Transgenic was identified (Table 1-6). Table 1. Weight of different criteria for the production of transgenic plants Criteria Weight Health 0.456 environmental 0.217 Economic 0.184 Management-policy 0.073 social 0.071 Inconsistency Rate 0.08 Source: Research results Table 2. Relative weight of sub-criteria of economic criteria for the production of transgenic plants Criteria Weight Increase of Yield 0.418 Increase of Productivity 0.271 Resistance to tensions 0.188 Increased foreign exchange earnings 0.087 Persistence 0.036 Inconsistency Rate 0.08 Source: Research results Table 3. Relative weight of sub-criteria of environmental criteria for the production of transgenic plants Criteria Weight Health of the plants and the environment 0.491 Reduce the use of pesticides and fertilizers 0.275 Avoid waste of resources 0.123 Avoid the pollution 0.111 Inconsistency Rate 0.05 Source: Research results Table 4. Relative weight of sub-criteria of social criteria for the production of transgenic plants Criteria Weight Helping to eliminate malnutrition 0.515 Reducing food prices 0.321 Increasing product quality 0.120 Unwillingness of traditional farmer 0.044 Inconsistency Rate 0.09 Source: Research results Table 5. Relative weight of sub-criteria of health criteria for the production of transgenic plants Criteria Weight Human health 0.509 Promoting nutritional value 0.251 Promoting environmental health 0.171 Reduce food toxicity 0.069 Inconsistency Rate 0.06 Source: Research results Table 6. Relative weight of sub-criteria of management-policy criteria for the production of transgenic plants Criteria Weight Expanding research centers 0.545 Aligning the programs of relevant institutions 0.241 Create strong management programs and systems 0.108 Awareness and support of farmers 0.066 Rules and policy barriers 0.066 Inconsistency Rate 0.08 Source: Research results The results showed that health criteria is most important in the production of these plants, and environmental, economic, managerial, policy and social criteria are in the top priority for experts, respectively. Among the health sub-criteria, improving human health and promoting nutritional value are the most important alternatives in terms of experts. The prioritization of environmental criteria has shown that the health of plants and the environment and the reduction the use of pesticides and fertilizers are the top priority. The results of the prioritization of the economic sub-criteria indicate that the increase of yield and increase of productivity have the highest priority in terms of experts. Also, the results showed that the expansion of research centers and aligning the programs of relevant institutions are among the most important management-policy options. Based on the results of the social criteria prioritization, helping to eliminate malnutrition and reducing food prices were the highest priority in terms of experts. Therefore, we can recommend that research and investment in the field of production of these plants primarily lead to health and then to the environment and other aspects of the other.}, keywords = {Analytical Hierarchy process,Experts,Transgenic Plants}, title_fa = {بررسی و اولویت‏ بندی ابعاد مختلف تولید گیاهان تراریخته}, abstract_fa = {بخش کشاورزی نقش مهمی در اقتصاد ایران و تأمین مواد غذایی دارد. جمعیت ایران در حال افزایش است. محدودیت منابع، کاربرد گسترده کودها و آفت‌کش‌ها و آلودگی‌ های زیست‌ محیطی از مسائل و مشکلات بخش کشاورزی در زمینه افزایش تولید محصولات کشاورزی می ‏باشند. امروزه تولید گیاهان ترا ریخته به‏ عنوان راهکاری نوین جهت افزایش کمیت و کیفیت محصولات کشاورزی در سطح جهانی مطرح می‏ شود. لذا در این مطالعه، ابعاد اقتصادی، اجتماعی، زیست محیطی، بهداشت - سلامت و مدیریتی - سیاستی تولید گیاهان ترا ریخته، بررسی و اولویت‏ بندی شده است تا درجه اهمیت و لزوم توجه به هر یک از این ابعاد، مشخص شود. به‏ منظور اولویت‏ بندی معیارها و زیرمعیارها از روش تحلیل سلسله مراتبی استفاده شد. آمار و اطلاعات لازم از طریق پیمایش میدانی و جمع‏ آوری پرسش نامه از خبرگان در سال 1396 گردآوری گردید. نتایج نشان داد که معیارهای بهداشت - سلامت، زیست محیطی، اقتصادی، مدیریتی - سیاستی و اجتماعی برای تولید این گیاهان به‏ ترتیب دارای بالاترین اهمیت از نظر خبرگان می‏ باشند. لذا سرمایه‏ گذاری و تحقیقات در زمینه گیاهان ترا ریخته را می ‏توان بر اساس اولویت‏ بندی مذکور انجام داد.‏}, keywords_fa = {تحلیل سلسله مراتبی,کارشناسان,گیاهان تراریخته}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_68331.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_68331_044ddd1b5b0dbf434c51e501b2a26268.pdf} } @article { author = {Cheraghi, Farid and Delavar, Mahmoud reza and Amiraslani, Farshad and alavipanah, seyed kazem}, title = {movement mining of animals' behavior and interaction: Asiatic cheetah and Persian leopard in Bafgh protected area}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {331-344}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.257902.1007663}, abstract = {# Introduction The movement of predators with respect to prey, and of prey with respect to predators, is fundamental to the respective success of both predator and prey. Simultaneous and sympatric data on movements of predator and prey are rare, and the tools to analyze dependent movement are still a work in progress. Here, we analyze, model and compare the home range, behavior, interaction of the movements of three rare, highly endangered big cats in the Bafq desert of Iran; a coalition of two male Asiatic cheetah Acinonyx jubatus venaticus and a Persian leopard Panthera pardus saxicolor. The animals were GPS tracked for several months at a relatively low temporal resolution of 8 hours. The Asiatic cheetah Acinonyx jubatus venaticus is restricted to central Iran, with a population of only 50-70 individuals in the wild, making it the most critically endangered member of the cat family Felidae. Their home ranges are large, around 4000 squared km, typically larger than the network of existing protected habitat reserves. Their habitat has ungulates, hares, and other mammals as prey, plus competitors, such as Persian leopards, jackals, and wolves. The Persian leopard Panthera pardus saxicolor, also known as the Caucasian leopard or Central Asian leopard, is the largest leopard subspecies. It is native to Iran, the Caucasus region, southern Turkmenistan, parts of western Afghanistan, and northern Iraq. The subspecies is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, with a population of 871-1290 mature individuals. Of these, the majority of Persian leopards (estimated 550-850) live in Iran, mainly in the northern parts. In tandem with a decline in numbers, recent studies indicate that the Persian leopard distribution may be splitting into a northern and a southern range. The geographic range of the Persian leopards overlaps extensively with that of the Asiatic cheetah, both of which are solitary stalk and ambush predators, although the male cheetahs often form coalitions. However, little is known about the home range, movement behavior and spatial interaction of these cats. # Materials & Methods This study took place in Bafgh desert. The Bafgh PA is characterized by desert with scant rainfall (average annual rainfall less than 1 mm), high temperature and degraded landscape. Bafq is identified as one of five important protected areas for the conservation of Asiatic cheetah by the Conservation of Cheetah Project (CACP). In Bafgh, the presence of human infrastructure such as highways, cities, villages and pathways has made dispersal more difficult for the cats. The transportation network around the animals' home ranges has increased the risk of mortality through road accidents; at least 7 out of 50-70 cheetahs have died due to vehicle collisions in this region. We excluded the outliers in the movement data and computed the animals’ home range using the 100% minimum convex polygon (MCP) of the tracks. We then computed the spatial intersection of the two MCPs and the area of all resulting polygons to obtain an estimate of the animals’ home range and overlapping area. We defined two behavioral states: a moving behavior, explained by a more transitional movement and an encamped behavior, characterized by greatly reduced or zero movement during an observation interval. We fitted a hidden Markov chain model to estimate these two behaviors at the animals’ observed locations and computed the proportion of the observations being classified as moving state. To analyze the interaction dynamically using a distance-based approach, we used linear regression with the C1-C2 distance as the response and C1-leopard distance as a predictor to see if the major separation of the cheetahs coalition was correlated by the proximity of the leopard. # Discussion of Results & Conclusions After 512 trap nights, one leopard (age 7-10) and two male cheetahs (C1-C2, age 3-5) were captured using foot snares, under permits from the Iran Department of Environment (DOE), in the Bafq PA, Yazd Province; They were instrumented with GPS collars (Vectronics, Germany) and the collars were programmed to transmit locations every 8 hours (at 00:00, 08:00 and 16:00) and the data were retrieved periodically by uploading to a hand-held receiver via UHF radio link. The C2, C1 and leopard were collared on 26, 27 and 28 of February 2007 and their collars transmitted for 130, 137 and 282 days respectively. There were relatively few missing points for C1 and C2 (4.5% and 7% respectively) and the gaps were mainly one-step (16 h interval) with very few two-step gaps (24 h interval). For the leopard, 34% of the observations were missing, with 153 one-step and 47 two-step gaps; the numerous gaps could have been due to the leopard residing and ambushing under the bushes and rocks that block the visibility of GPS satellites or the more moving state of the animal preventing its GPS receiver to orient and obtain a fixed position. The leopard, C1 and C2 tracks had 846, 443 and 410 observations respectively after the linear interpolation of missing points. The two cheetahs were members of a likely sibling coalition, a typical social grouping among cheetah brothers born in the same litter who stay together after weaning. The home ranges of the cheetahs were identical. C1’s home range was 3 times bigger (1137.15 km〖^2〗) than that of the leopard (407.85 km〖^2〗) using MCP and the cheetahs’ home range overlapped with 95% of the leopard home range in the intersecting time-frame. As identified by their GPS tracks, the movements of the two cheetahs were almost identical with median, mean and maximum distance of 12 m, 560 m and 13 km respectively. Approximately 68% of location fixes for the C1 were classified as moving compared to 71% of fixes for the leopard in the overlapping time-frame (Fisher test p.value < 0.001). Total displacement of both animals varied linearly with their stay duration in the behavioral bouts (i.e. moving or encamped bouts; c). The estimated speed (displacement/duration) of C1 in the moving bouts was 0.46 km/h, slightly higher than the 0.35 km/h for the leopard; when encamped, the C1 was again more mobile than the leopard (0.09 km/h versus 0.03 km/h). In early June, the leopard started to exhibit a periodic attraction to C1, as emphasized by the linear regression analysis; Consequently, this attraction, among other habitat elements including elevation and distance to water, may have contributed to the separation of the two cheetahs. Looking for mates to breed or being influenced by the presence of other male cheetahs are possible catalysts of their separation yet very unlikely, as the number of cheetahs in the region is very limited. Studying extremely rare animals in the wild is a challenge, and observing inter-species interactions among rare species is that much more difficult. Without the benefit of direct observations of chasing, harassing, attacking and killing, researchers are left with extracting as much as possible from remotely sensed data coupled with advanced statistical methods. The dataset of a coalition of two cheetahs and one leopard obtained in this study is unique, as it documents the movements and interactions of one very rare and two extremely rare felid predators, one of which falls prey to the other. The data were, however, limited by a relatively short time span of a few months and relatively coarse (8 h) temporal resolution. Thus, a comprehensive and rigorous quantitative analysis relies on a densely integrated suite of GIS, habitat, and movement analysis tools.}, keywords = {Data Mining,spatial ecology,GIS,computational movement analysis}, title_fa = {داده کاوی رفتار حرکت و هم‌کنش جانوران: یوز آسیایی و پلنگ ایرانی در منطقه حفاظت شده بافق}, abstract_fa = {حرکت نسبی جانوران شکارگر نسبت به طعمه، برای موفقیت شکارگر و طعمه کلیدی است. داده حرکت همزمان و هم بوم شکارگر و طعمه بسیار نایاب بوده و داده‌کاوی حرکت فوق، پیچیدگی‌های موضوعی و موضعی بسیار دارد. داده‌کاوی و آمار مکانی ابزارهای لازم برای تحلیل حرکت را فراهم می‌کند. در این تحقیق به تحلیل محدوده اقامت، رفتار حرکت و هم‌کنش دو گونه نایاب و در خطر انقراض شامل یک ائتلاف دوتایی از یوز آسیایی و یک پلنگ ایرانی پرداخته می‌شود. جانوران چندین ماه توسط گردنبند GPS دار با فرکانس 8 ساعته ردیابی شدند. از روش کوچک‌ترین پوش محدب برای محاسبه محدوده اقامت و از رویکرد زنجیره پنهان مارکوف دو فاز رفتاری متمایز در مسیرهای حرکت شناسایی گردید. از رگرسیون خطی برای بررسی وجود هم‌کنش بین جانوران استفاده گردید. محدوده اقامت یوزها از محدوده اقامت پلنگ بزرگتر بوده و با 95% از محدوده اقامت پلنگ همپوشانی داشت. با تقسیم مسیر حرکتشان به وضعیت حرکتی و استراحتی، پلنگ و یوزها به ترتیب 75% و 63% مواقع در وضعیت حرکتی بودند و سرعت متوسط یکسان 4/0 کیلومتربرساعت را داشتند. نتیجه تحلیل همکنش بیانگر نوعی تعقیب یوز 1 توسط پلنگ بوده است. این مطالعه اطلاعات مفیدی درباره این گونه‌های نادر و حفاظت آن‌ها ارائه می‌کند.}, keywords_fa = {داده کاوی,بوم‌شناسی مکانی,GIS,تحلیل محاسباتی حرکت}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_68332.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_68332_4634785e4264353dd8460c41b200dfc5.pdf} } @article { author = {Yousefi, Yadollah}, title = {formation of urban heat island and its effect on temperature variability in Babol}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {345-354}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.265115.1007732}, abstract = {Introduction Urbanization and cities have a great impact on human life. Today more than half of the world's population living in cities. Changes due to urbanization has negative consequences on environmental, social and economic characteristics. Today, one of the important impacts of the city is the change in environmental characteristics. Cities reduce the amount of albedo and radiation from the ground. Due to changes in the radiation balance in cities, one of the consequences of their development is the change in temperature characteristics. The most famous city's impact on the climate is the urban heat island. UHI can be better detected at a minimum temperature. Mostly Cities have higher minimum temperatures from suburbs. In addition to the temperature differences between the city and the suburbs, some studies have shown that the behavior of urban areas is also different. The purpose of this study is to investigate the formation of UHI and day to day changes in Babol and its suburb temperature. This work try to Understanding the best time of UHI formation in Babol every day, as well as looking at the best time between different months of the year. Materials & Methods This study was conducted on Babol city in Mazandaran province. There are several methods for identifying UHI, which typically include the use of climatological data from the environment, satellite imagery, or mathematical modeling. Due to the lack of a meteorological station in Babol, two data logger (MIC 98583 USB-Data Logger, Taiwan) with the ability to record temperature and relative humidity data at different times in the city and suburbs were installed. These devices were calibrated by the manufacturer and tested at the meteorological station before starting up the devices in the environments. This research investigates day-to-day temperature variations in both urban and suburb locations to show spatial differences. For this purpose, the two following integrated methods were used: 1) the day to day temperature variation (DTD); 2) the difference between day to day variability of daily maximum temperature (DTD max) and day to day variability of daily minimum temperature (DTDmin) (Tam et al., 2015). The day to day temperature variation is based on the following equations: Equation 1: DTD=(∑▒|t_i-t_(i-1) | )⁄((n-1) ) Where Σ is the sum over all n data elements, t is daily temperature, i is the counter that marches through the days in a time period (e.g. a month),| | is the absolute value, and n is the number of days elements. Equation 2: ∆DTD=DTD(tmax)-DTD(tmin) ΔDTD is the difference between day to day variability of daily Tmax (DTDtmax) and day to day variability of daily Tmin (DTDtmin). The conventional method was also used to illustrate the thermal island intensity. The difference between the temperature of urban centers and surrounding rural areas (∆Tu-r) indicates the intensity of the island heat. Results and discussion To understand the temperature behavior of the city and suburb, hourly temperature data was extracted for two environments. The survey showed that from 9 to 13, the intensity of the UHI has lowest amount. The lowest temperature difference is around 11 am. In other words, the city's impact on temperature is at its lowest amount. In general, the average temperature in the urban environment is about 19.5 degrees Celsius and in the suburb it is 18.5 degrees. The UHI intensity according to minimum temperature is 1.7 ° C throughout the entire survey period. In addition, temperature difference between the city and the suburbs was more pronounced during December, January and February. The survey showed that DTD for mean daily temperature and minimum temperature, in city is more than the suburbs, but this index for the maximum temperature is not much different in the two environments. The city's ΔDTD is higher than the suburbs. The study of the urban and suburb humidity showed that the urban average is about 70% and the suburbs also have about 73% relative humidity. There is the highest humidity difference between the urban and the suburbs in the morning, because at this time suburbs having a lower temperature than the city. Conclusion According to the findings of the discussion, it can be said that the temperature difference between the city and the countryside observed in Babol is due to the effect of the city on the temperature, in other words, the UHI is formed in the city, and this phenomenon is clear in minimum temperatures. The results of the temperature study in Babol showed that the minimum temperature in every month was higher than suburbs, while the maximum temperature of urban in many cases was less than the suburbs. In the urban station during the period under review, the minimum temperature has not fallen below 2 ° C, and in the suburbs the lowest recorded temperature is -0.8 °. The study of the daily variability of temperatures also showed that the ΔDTD index, which is a new and alternative indicator for identifying the UHI phenomenon, is lower in the suburbs. Since the built up environment reduces the amount of albedo and emissivity from the ground, and it is generally less moisture and the heat and energy reaches a higher level, more Tangible heat will be stored within the built-up space. According to the findings of the discussion, it can be said that the temperature difference between the city and the suburbs is as a result of the city's effects on the temperature, in other words, the thermal island in Babol has been formed and this mode has been shown more clearly in its minimum temperatures.}, keywords = {UHI,urban,Day to Day,Minimum Temperature,Babol}, title_fa = {شکل‌گیری جزیره حرارتی و اثر آن بر تغییرپذیری دما در شهر بابل}, abstract_fa = {شکل‌گیری جزیره حرارتی شهر بابل موردتوجه این پژوهش است. این پدیده از مهم‌ترین خطرهای محیط‌زیستی بوده و برکیفیت زندگی و تقاضای انرژی تأثیرگذار است. داده‌های مورداستفاده از طریق دستگاه‌های خودکار ثبت دما در دو نقطه شهری و حومه به میزان 352 روز بافاصله زمانی یک ساعت برداشت شد. بررسی ساعتی اختلاف دمایی شهر و حومه با استفاده از روش شدت جزیره حرارتی (Oke) انجام گرفت. برای بررسی اثر بر رفتار دمایی از شاخص‌های جایگزین برای نشان دادن جزیره حرارتی، از تغییرپذیری روز‌به‌روز دما DTD و تفاضل میان تغییرات روزبه‌روز ∆DTD استفاده شد. یافته‌ها نشان دادند، جزیره حرارتی بابل در دماهای کمینه به صورت مشخص وجود دارد. در حالی که در دماهای بیشینه تفاوت‌های دمایی مشخصی میان شهر و حومه وجود ندارد. ازلحاظ زمانی نیز در هنگام شب و دوره سرد سال این پدیده با شدت بیشتری وجود دارد. DTD میانگین دمای روزانه و کمینه در شهر بیش از حومه بوده اما این شاخص برای دمای بیشینه تفاوتی در دو محیط ندارد. میزان ∆DTD شهر بیش از حومه است. با توجه به این بررسی جزیره حرارتی در شهر بابل ایجاد می‌شود و این حالت در دماهای کمینه خود را به شکل مشخص‌تر نشان می‌دهد و بر تغییرپذیری دما نیز مؤثر است.}, keywords_fa = {جزیره حرارتی,شهر,روز به روز,دمای کمینه,بابل}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_68333.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_68333_cc93305392da3321945aebe394c48195.pdf} } @article { author = {dehghan, farzane sadat and mansouri, seyedamir}, title = {Persistent Geotop, An Original Example of Landscape and natural environment (A Case Study of "Kooh-e Rig" of Mehriz in Yazd Province)}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {355-371}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.244843.1007536}, abstract = {Introduction Natural resources are valuable and important parts of environment, the nature of landscape elements of Koohrig along with mentality and beliefs of the people, is the determining factor of interactions between people and with these places.Study on extraterrestrial landscapes and geotop is important from many different aspects, because these landscapes in the world are diverse and their various scientific dimensions have a wide range.Considering these phenomena, planning to understand the behavior of tourists in order to have a better understanding and beginning the tourism organizing in the site,and entering of it to the landscape science is essential for high quality exploitation and perfecting the environment, while preserving and maintaining them.The lack of general understanding, and specialized,applied and case studies on unique natural landscapes, and mismanagement,has led to harmful interventions and alternations in these landscapes. In the present study,Koohrig geotope located in Mehriz city,Yazd province was selected as a case study.This landscape is one of the natural legacies that has been subjected to improper human alternations due to lack of knowledge and mismanagement.This has led to an inefficient exploitation and in accordance with the capacities of the environment, which has led to a destruction. According to the discussed issues,this article seeks to answer the following questions: 1. What is the relationship between the natural features of Mehriz Koohrig and human interactions? 2. What are the landscape features of the existence of a ritualistic-cultural perspective in Mehriz Koohrig? 3. What are the criteria for the interventions methods and quality improvement of Mehriz Koohrig Landscape? Matherials &Methods This research is a qualitative investigation that analyzes the phenomenon of Koohrig in various aspects of phenomenology. The researcher implemented the method of interviewing with experts in the field. On the other hand, the research was carried out by looking at the historical and cultural aspects, and behavioral changes of people at different times, and the method and cause of motivations in people's interactions with the landscape and the relationship between them. Most of the research was done by field research and hermeneutics phenomenology method, and parts of the research information has been gathered in documentary and library form. Conclusions Findings on the first question: 1. Holiness and spirituality of Mehriz Koohrig: Apart from the sanctity of certain mountains, the mountains have a special spiritual solitude and have certain forces that in some cases (such as Koohrig) these positive forces are more powerful because of certain reasons (such as sand bedding). Therefore, they lead to inner peace and developing mental and spiritual growth. 2. Exclusive natural and extraterrestrial attraction of Mehriz: The distinctive contrast of sands from the background, and other wind erosion landscapes such as mount Oshtorkhorma stimulate the imaginations and dreams of the people and their beliefs. 3. Geographical situation of Mehriz Koohrig bedding: This natural phenomenon is facing the city, and it is surrounded by other natural features at the same time, consisting of mountain and a small plain. This natural plain bedding is also visible at the top of the mountain, giving an extra mental and ritual power to the visitors. 4. The unique features of Mehriz Koohrig for health and the opportunity for cultivating the soul: moving through the natural hard passable paths is basically a kind of mystical cultivation. The reason for this is the formation of body harmony and comprehensive physical, mental and emotional health state of the body as a result of hiking the sand mount. 5. The presence of relaxing and refining environment of Mehriz sand mount and enhancing the intuitive perception of human kind: seeing Mehriz sand mount and being in the place is an expression of the almighty and a sign of his existence and power. 6. The tendencies, attitudes and beliefs of the people: religions such as Islam has highly respected the nature. They also invite people to thinking, recognition, and progressing in that. 7. The proper condition for attendance and interacting with the Mehriz Koohrig: Despite the environment of the sand mount, this phenomenon has the potential for people attendance in its hot environment. As a result, the position of the sand mount and nearby mountain places the sand concentration in a shadow and favorable conditions more quickly. Findings about the second question: 1. The existence of heroes, fictional stories and holy beliefs to the Koohrig with physical signs 2. The femininity of the environment in the mounts milestone 3. Illuminating a candle in sand mount 4. The proximity of lower stream gardens and farms to the chapel 5. Sacrificing and vowing in the mountains 6. Conducting religious and ritual acts all together Findings about the third question: 1- There have been some damaging interventions and alternations in the landscape of the Koohrig; these organizational and developmental changes were not helpful, and they have brought more serious damages to identity, environment quality and the landscape. The lack of planning, correct investigation without understanding the identity and potentials of this geotop, and consequently not performing any interventions, inappropriate designing and mismanagement, is the reason of these alternations and damages. 1. Objective and separated perspective of the body from its meaning and its non-terrestrial aspect, or sudden changes to the body and meaning. 2. - the fragmentation of quantitative and qualitative factors in the landscape of the Koohrig; the consequences of the landscape fragmentation include reducing the scale and disturbance in the visual, functional and perceptual dimensions, which, eventually have adverse effects on the identity of the environment. four main criteria should be considered for designing and organizing the sand mount. These criteria include: - Conservation of the sand mount, the core of the landscape and opportunities, while exploiting and responding to different human needs; - Understanding the capacities, talents, and natural features of the sand mount in order to exploit them; - The development of acquired qualities (such as the cultural aspect of sand mount) and natural alterations by the organic process, and elimination of inappropriate interventions, barriers to discontinuity and peripheral disruption; - Expansion and connection of body, meaning and identity with the context; What is observed in the interventions and the present planning is that a vast majority of these factors are ignored. Furthermore, the function is the opposite of these criteria. Discussion of Result The interactions of people with the sand mount and their attendance was unified with the religious perception and beliefs of the society, but today they are justified by scientific explanations or personal perceptions of being positive. Furthermore, they are adapted to their inner needs and their pleasant feelings and they find meaning in it. Eventually, these unique geotop and landscapes, together with the interactions of people, will become persistent perspectives in their minds. It will make sense of the identity of that landscape for the inhabitants, and it is a mirror reflecting the culture of the ancient people of that nation. The need to preserve these heroes and myths, which is the first cultural consequence of the interaction with these particular sights, is also very important and precious in terms of interpretation, better understanding of the subject, the growing recognition of the effects and decoding most scientific issues and cultural-identity roots in these phenomena. The unique identity of sand mount landscape, combined with the religious-cultural interactions of the people, has made it a lasting perspective. The sustainability of a landscape has direct relationship with the effectiveness of certain intrinsic (physical and non-physical) properties of the landscape, as well as the type and amount of people's mental-objective interactions with it. The sand mount has some criteria that led it to be a lasting and unique geotope. Today, this natural landscape and its area are subject to damage by human intervention, which threatens the sustainability of it. As a result, to preserve these landscapes from human factors, its physical and non-physical sustainability components must be survived.}, keywords = {Koohrig,Unique natural Landscapes,Persistent Geotops,Qualitative development}, title_fa = {ژئوتوپ‌ ماندگار، نمونه‌ اصیل منظر و محیط‌زیست طبیعی (نمونه موردی کوهریگ مهریز استان یزد)}, abstract_fa = {برخی از مناظر طبیعی دارای ویژگی‌های منحصربه فردی هستند که باعث جذب و تعاملات انسانی می‌شوند. کمبود مطالعات تخصصی در حوزه‌ منظر، بی‌توجهی به شناخت این مناظر، تغییرات‌ و مداخلات نابجای انسانی در تعامل و بهره‌برداری از آن‌ها، این مناظر را، دچار آسیب‌هایی جبران‌ناپذیر می‌نماید؛ و منجر به از دست دادن این مناظر طبیعی، هویتی، فرهنگی و همچنین فرصت‌های غنی وابسته به آن‌ها می‌گردد.هدف این پژوهش بررسی ژئوتوپ‌های ماندگار و در نهایت ارائه مدلی برای ارتقای کیفی منظر کوهریگ مهریز است. روش پژوهش میدانی و پدیدارشناسی هرمنوتیک بوده است که محقق با استفاده از مصاحبه، مشاهده و بررسی اسناد و مدارک، به تحلیل مناظر منحصر طبیعی و کوهریگ پرداخته است. یافته‌ها نشان‌ می‌دهد، مناظر خاص زمینه‌ی پیدایش باورهای غریب و شکل‌گیری فرهنگ‌هایی را متناسب با نوع ، خواص، تأثیرات طبیعت و همچنین ذهنیات و باورهای مردمی به ‌‌وجود می‌آورند. این گونه ژئوتوپ‌ها و مناظر منحصر طبیعی، در امتزاج ذهنیات و تعاملات مردم، به تدریج به مناظری ماندگار در اذهان مردم مبدل خواهند ‌شد؛ که نمودی ‌از ‌فرهنگ و هویت آن فضاست. از سویی شناخت و حفظ منابع ‌طبیعی، نقش بسزایی در سلامت محیط‌ زیست و بهره‌وری صحیح آن دارد؛ بنابراین، مؤلفه‌های ماندگاری آن‌ها باید در هر شرایطی بقا یابد.}, keywords_fa = {کوهریگ,مناظر منحصر طبیعی,ژئوتوپ ماندگار,ارتقای کیفی}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_68334.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_68334_16386d56c600220ca8bf6715426b1168.pdf} } @article { author = {MOVAHED, SEPIDEH and Tabibian, Manochehr}, title = {Investigating the changes of ecological network and its role in the ecological resilience of Mashhad city}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {373-394}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.236242.1007458}, abstract = {Introduction Today, according to an urban ecological network is considered as an approach to enhance the ecological values of urbanizing areas. Indeed, the concept of urban ecological network in relation to overcoming the natural environment and its fragmentation due to the human environment development appeared. This concept as a suggestion to protect the ecological elements of the urban structure in response to the disruption and destruction of its components was proposed. Ecological network structure based on the principles of landscape ecology include a combination of the landscape basic elements such as patches, corridors and matrix. These elements in urban areas consist of natural and artificial ecological layers so that the adjustment and how these layers adopt with each other are very important. Supporting the urban ecological networks is a factor to protect natural processes and biophysical functions in the cities, and promotes the system capability to cope with environmental pressures by balancing human and ecosystem services. In addition, maintaining the natural context and biodiversity in cities in order to create a connection with nature due to the environmental degradation and disruption of the urban ecological foundation, requires integration of ecology knowledge with the process of urban planning and design. The emergence of ecology as a distinct discipline has occurred in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century in Europe and North America. According to the evolution of urban ecological science and based on recent approaches, cities are presented as social-ecological systems that the resilience of these systems are affected by both socio-economic and biophysical patterns and functions. In fact, creation and restoration of the ecological network in the cities are considered as the practical application of urban ecology science in urban planning and design. This action is an important step toward achieving the goals such as maintaining natural context in urbanizing area, consolidating the relation between city and nature, and increasing urban ecological resilience. Side effects of unplanned urban developments are visible in Mashhad as a second most populous city in Iran. The elimination of greenways, fragmentation of gardens and green areas, burial of the natural streams and urban air pollution increment have all led to crippling natural systems, descend the quality of life and consequently decreased the ecological resilience of this city. With regard to the above issues, illustrating the position and importance of attention to urban ecological networks in urban development plans towards achieving ecological resilience is the main purpose of this research. Materials & Methods The research method of this paper is a mixed method and both qualitative and quantitative methods for gathering and analyzing data are used according to different parts of the paper. Output data like qualitative maps and quantitative tables are created using ArcGIS 10.2 software. Period 1956 up to 2015 is selected in order to investigate the evolution of ecological structure components of Mashhad city in its development processes and analyzes the impact of these changes on the ecological resilience of the city. Based on Forman mosaic model, the ecological structure of the Mashhad city according to the spatial distribution of patches, corridors and matrix in 60 years period and times of 1956, 1987 and 2015 is analyzed and its quantitative and qualitative changes are studied. In order to extract the structural elements of the ecological network in the three listed times, the satellite images of Landsat OLI/8 [15 August 2015], Landsat TM/5 [20 July 1987], historical aerial photos of the years 1956 and 1987 for the study area of Mashhad and historical documents are used. The pre-processing of the satellite image to extract data mainly includes radiance calibration and atmospheric correction is done. The aerial photos of the years 1956 and 1987 are georeferenced and image mosaics are integrated using ArcGIS. Natural and man-made layers including hydrological maps, green space and accessibility network as the components of the ecological structure are identified by using aerial and satellite images and also historical documents. These layers along with other land cover classes such as arid lands, highlands and built areas are mapped in ArcGIS as classified shape files. Finally, the GIS maps of the Mashhad city in the three mentioned times are created, and qualitative and quantitative comparing of the components of the ecological structure through maps, statistic data and attribute tables are provided. Discussion of Results In accordance with the above description, the components of ecological networks based on the patch-corridor-matrix model as classified layers are extracted to determine the situation of ecological networks in Mashhad city. These layers are overlaid to analysis the ecological structure and urban function. - Natural and built green patches layer have an important role in an urban ecological structure which effect directly on the ecological activities of the city. - Hydrological network layer as the most important natural and built ecological corridors of urban landscape includes surface and subsurface streams. - Accessibility network layer as built ecological corridors in urban fabric includes main roads which connect the ecological patches in dense urban areas. Finally, the ecological structure of the Mashhad city in each considered period are created as union map by integration of natural and man-made layers above-mentioned. The Survey of the aerial photos and satellite images of the Mashhad city in the three periods and comparison of the quantities data obtained from the shape files of land cover layers as well as analysis the overlaying maps of these layers with GIS software techniques shows that about 1743 hectares of agricultural lands and about 630 hectares of green spaces in the year 1956 have been changed to built areas in the processes of urban development. Moreover, 2478 hectare of agricultural lands and about 513 hectares of green spaces in the year 1987 have been destroyed. The investigation of the water corridors during the 60 years of evolution shows their structural and functional changes. Mashhad city physical development was led to enclosure, blockage, redirection or removal of some of the corridors. Conclusion In this paper based on landscape ecology principles, the position and importance of urban ecological networks in urban development plans towards enhancing urban ecological resilience are discussed. Investigation the evolution and changes of the ecological networks during the 60 years period in the Mashhad city indicates that about 2373 hectares of green and agricultural lands in the year 1956, as well as 2991 hectares of these lands in the year 1987, were destroyed in the processes of urban development so that there is no trace of them in the ecological network in the year 2015. Thus, more than 5300 hectares of green patches were destroyed while these areas should be preserved for main reasons such as preventing the formation of urban heat islands, contributing to the penetration of runoff into underground aquifers in order to maintain natural water cycle, prevention of climate change and natural air filtration. As a result, the ecological resilience of Mashhad city has been decreased in the face of environmental hazards like climate change, air pollution, Drought and flood. Today, in this city the most important ecological elements of the past are streams and water corridors which are considered as a key factor to preserve nature in the Mashhad urban landscape. By recognizing and revitalizing these corridors that strengthen the ecological values of the city and link the open and green spaces to each other, the ecological structure of the city can be increased. The loss of network integrity, disruption of the network elements connection, negligence in maintaining the ecological corridors, unbalance distribution of natural elements and low ecological quality of patches and corridors are the main problems related to Mashhad ecological network. Finally, the corresponding strategies to these important problems are proposed by considering the different methods of intervention.}, keywords = {Ecological network,resilience,Landscape Ecology,Urban landscape}, title_fa = {بررسی تغییرات شبکه اکولوژیک و نقش آن در تاب آوری اکولوژیکی کلانشهر مشهد}, abstract_fa = {اکوسیستم‌های شهری در طی گذشت زمان و درنتیجه برهمکنشی پویا میان فرآیندهای اجتماعی-اقتصادی و بیوفیزیکی رشد و تکامل یافته و تاب آوری اکولوژیکی اکوسیستم‌ شهری تحت تاثیر چنین برهمکنش‌هایی قرار دارد. در نواحی شهری، تغییرات اعمال شده در بستر طبیعی موجب اختلال در عملکردهای بیوفیزیکی شده و کاهش تاب آوری سیستم را بدنبال دارد. تقویت شبکه‌های اکولوژیک شهری بر پایه اصول اکولوژی منظر، عاملی در جهت حفظ فرآیندهای طبیعی و عملکردهای بیوفیزیکی در شهر محسوب شده و با ایجاد تعادل میان خدمات انسانی و اکوسیستمی، منجر به ارتقاء تاب آوری سیستم در مقابل فشارهای زیست محیطی می‌گردد. هدف مقاله حاضر، تبیین جایگاه و اهمیت توجه به شبکه اکولوژیک شهر در برنامه‌های توسعه شهری در راستای دستیابی به تاب آوری اکولوژیکی است. در این راستا با بهره‌گیری از عکس‌های هوایی و تصاویر ماهواره‌ای شهر مشهد به عنوان نمونه موردی، عناصر شبکه اکولوژیک استخراج و روند تغییرات آن‌ها در طی یک دوره 60 ساله و تأثیرات آن‌ها بر تاب آوری اکولوژیکی تبیین شده است. با شناسایی ارزش‌های اکولوژیک حفظ شده و مدفون شده‌ی این شهر در طی فرآیند رشد و توسعه‌ی آن، راهکارهای پیشنهادی به منظور بهبود ساختار اکولوژیک شهر مشهد ارائه گریده و می‌تواند نمونه‌ای برای برنامه‌ریزی شبکه‌های اکولوژیک، محسوب گردد.}, keywords_fa = {شبکه اکولوژیک,تاب آوری,اکولوژی منظر,منظر شهری}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_68335.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_68335_7cfa0fbe0463a86f71a70567dac59aa5.pdf} } @article { author = {Shenasi, Mohit}, title = {English abstract 97-2}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {44}, number = {2}, pages = {1-32}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.271070.1007785}, abstract = {}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {خلاصه انگلیسی تابستان 97}, abstract_fa = {}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_68670.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_68670_1b67c9191a220928c0fb9685f7f29150.pdf} }