@article { author = {sanagar darbani, elham and rafiyan, mojtaba and hanaee, Toktam and monsefi parapari, danial}, title = {Environmental Effects Of Urban Geometry Changes On Air Temperature And Outdoor Thermal Comfort In Arid Climate Of Mashhad (Case Study Of Pachenar And Shahed)}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, pages = {561-578}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.247624.1007570}, abstract = {In recent years, natural disasters, such as the heat wave, mortality rates have increased due to rising air temperatures and environmental problems, such as air pollution due to the accumulation of heat in cities, and has led to increase attention to decling these environmental problems. It is a way to create an Outdoor thermal comfort, in addition to promoting human health as a factor in reducing the air temperature in urban environments. Therefore, man-made and natural spaces in cities can provide comfortable environments.We often think of people living their life inside buildings and we may not see that in fact for one reason or another we spend much of our time outside – between the buildings.The spaces and places of these, and many other everyday activities, have a special social, cultural and even economic significance.Thus we have to make great efforts by designers and planners to reduce air temperature and reduce air pollutants that enhance the presence of people in these spaces. Outdoor thermal comfort in urban open spaces is one of the most important indicator of quality of life in the city. Outdoor thermal comfort enhance presence of people, it can boost their health. Variables such as buildings height and orientations of buildings, space between the buildings, open spaces surface and building material have effects on outdoor thermal comfort. The main aim of this study was to examine the influence of urban geometry on outdoor thermal comfort in time- honored and state-of–the-art tissue in Mashhad. Moreover, urban geometry such as urban canyons and green spaces at pedestrian level are effective factors and there is limited attention in Iran. Evaluating thermal comfort of the locals may help architects and planners to deal with urban problems by identifying thermal comfort needs in indoor and outdoor environments, so that the intensity of temperatures is reduced in open spaces by using design elements. In Iran, thermal comfort issues in academic studies are more focused on indoor spaces, and in recent years, approaches to outdoor thermal comfort have increased.This study focuses on effects of urban geometry on outdoor thermal comfort in two urban areas PACHENAR and SHAHED tissue in Mashhad. The first part of the article examines researches carried out in the subject area of the paper, and then, in the next section, Theoretical foundations of the articles, thesis and books have been extracted. Air temperature, wind speed, mean radiant temperature (MRT), and the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) are simulated with ENVI-met and Rayman to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the existing urban geometry in summer season. 1. Matherials & Methods The methodology is practical research based in two parts. Firstly the framework theory is extracted from researches such as papers, books and dissertation, The climatology data collected from weather station of Torogh which is located near Mashhad. After that Gis maps are used for neighborhood. In order to reach the PET values, the proposed method is applied to an urban canyon, which is simulated in terms of mean radiant temperature and PET, combining ENVI-met (http://www.ENVI-met.com) and Rayman. Firstly a simulation of the case study model are conducted in ENVI-met. Secondly, some of the key results and values from ENVI-met are imported into Rayman and other simulation runs. 2.1.ENVI-met Simulations The three-dimensional micro climate model ENVI-met is designed to simulate the surface-plant-air interactions in urban environment. ENVI-met software is a useful tool for planners to analyze and predict the thermal comfort impacts of various factors. ENVI‐met is a 3D model, which seeks to replicate the major atmospheric processes that affect the micro climate. This model simulates wind flows, radiation fluxes, temperature, humidity and other parameters, based on the fundamental laws of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics. which is able to simulate the interactions between different urban surfaces, vegetation and the atmosphere. ENVI-met allows analyzing the effects of small scale changes in urban design on micro climate under different mesoscale conditions. A major shortcoming with ENVI-met is that buildings which are modeled as blocks where width and length are multiples of grid cells, have no thermal mass. Input data required to initiate ENVI-met simulations are:• Wind speed and direction at 10 m above ground level; • Roughness length (Zo); • Initial temperature of atmosphere; • Initial temperature and humidity of the soil; • Specific humidity at 2500 m; • Relative humidity at 2 m. The model calculation includes:• Short-wave and long-wave radiation fluxes with respect to shading, reflection and re-radiation from building systems and the vegetation;• Transpiration, evaporation and sensible heat flux from the vegetation into the air, including full simulation of all plant physical parameters. In this study, simulation was carried out in the summer (August) and based on the data of the meteorological station of Mashhad. This simulation was selected on August 28, 2017, during the sunrise and sunset times between 6 AM and 20 AM, , which represents the hottest day in summer. 2.2.Rayman Simulations and assessing PET The Rayman is produced by Matzarakis. It model has been developed in the Meteorological Institute of the University of Freiburg in Germany in 1998. This model is developed to simulate the short and long wave radiation flux densities from the three dimensional surroundings in simple and complex environments. RayMan is in fact a freely available radiation and human bioclimate model. The aim Of the RayMan model is to calculate radiation flux densities , sunshine duration, shadow spaces And thermo-physiologically relevant assessment indices using only a limited number of meteorological and other input data. For such models to be applied in simple situations, the following atmospheric parameters are required:– direct solar radiation – diffuse solar radiation – reflected short-wave radiation – atmospheric radiation (long-wave) – long wave radiation from the solid surfaces.The following parameters describing the surroundings of the human body also have to be known: – sky view factor – view factor of the different solid surfaces – albedo of the different solid surfaces – emissivity of the different solid surfaces Assessment of microclimate and thermal comfort outdoors Due to the wide use of the PET index in different climate studies and the ease of expression of oudoor thermal comfort of individuals, in this paper, the PET index is calculated. Since these numbers are not localized in Iran, and in particular to Mashhad. The range of 23 is based on the Matzarakis and Mayer studies as a thermal comfort range. On the other hand, trees play an important role in this study. The simulation carried out in Envi-met has also been based on field observations of the density of these trees, which is called the LAI index (LAI).Dense trees with 10 m height (LAI = 4.73) and very dense trees with 15 m height (LAI = 9.35) were designed for simulating the vegetation. In addition, grass with 0.1 m height (LAI = 0.03) was also used. Model Calibration In order to make the results of these models based simulations more credible, the model had To be calibrated. The input values have to be changed slightly, so that the output values turn Out to be a more accurate representation of reality. In order to do that The model was calibrated with on-site long-term measurements of air temperature (Ta), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (Ws) and direction (Wd) at two tissues as well as properties of ground surface materials}, keywords = {Urban Geometry,outdoor thermal comfort,Rayman,ENVI-met,pet index}, title_fa = {آثار زیست‌محیطی تغییرات هندسه بافت شهری بر دمای محیط و آسایش حرارتی بیرونی در اقلیم خشک شهر مشهد (نمونه موردی بافت قدیمی پاچنار و بافت جدید شاهد)}, abstract_fa = {کاهش مشکلات زیست‌محیطی از طریق تقلیل دمای هوا و درنتیجه ارتقا سلامت انسان‌ها از مهم‌ترین دغدغه‌ها در عصر حاضر است که می‌توان به‌وسیله آسایش حرارتی بیرونی به‌عنوان یکی از مهم‌ترین شاخص‌های محیطی فضاهای باز شهری مطرح نمود. فاکتورهایی چون ارتفاع و عرض معابر، پوشش سطوح فضاهای باز و مصالح به‌کاررفته در نمای ساختمان‌ها ازجمله عناصر محیط شهری هستند که تغییرات در آن ها بر محیط‌زیست تأثیرگذار است. هدف این پژوهش سنجش تأثیر تغییرات هندسه بافت شهری بر دمای محیط و آسایش حرارتی بیرونی در خیابان‌های شهری دو بافت قدیمی پاچنار و بافت جدید شاهد در شهر مشهد است. روش گردآوری اطلاعات به‌صورت مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای، میدانی و استفاده از داده‌های ایستگاه هواشناسی شهر مشهد بوده است. روش تحلیل، استفاده از تکنیک شبیه‌سازی رایانه‌ای و نرم‌افزارهای Envi-met و Rayman در شهر مشهد است. شاخص مورداستفاده، دمای معادل فیزیولوژیکیPET به‌عنوان پراستفاده‌ترین شاخص سنجش آسایش حرارتی بیرونی است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که تغییر در هندسه پیکره‌بندی خیابان از طریق بالا بردن نسبت H/W تأثیر زیادی بر خرد اقلیم شهری و آسایش حرارتی بیرونی عابران پیاده دارد؛ همچنین، استفاده از پوشش گیاهی و جریان باد در معابر می‌تواند بر کاهش دمای محیط در شهر مشهد تأثیرگذار باشد.}, keywords_fa = {Urban Geometry,outdoor thermal comfort,Rayman,ENVI-met,pet index}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65540.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65540_0c87c2b371b806b0e312779ae4dffac3.pdf} } @article { author = {majidi, zohre and taban, Mohsen}, title = {Evaluation of factors affecting mean radiant temperature in a public apace (Case study: Shanbedi passage way in Bushehr)}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, pages = {579-593}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.232904.1007434}, abstract = {Rapid urban growth and expansion cause reduction in the level of thermal comfort in urban open spaces. Reducing the use of air-conditioning systems in buildings is one of the positive interventions for protecting the environment in the cities in order to create suitable thermal conditions in the interior space. There is a direct relationship between thermal parameters of interior spaces and the outside ambient temperature. Creation of fair exterior condition for buildings and public spaces in city is the first and foremost action in order to control and optimize the thermal behavior of buildings. In a warm climate, creation of enclosure in urban open space leads to create more shadow and decrease radiant temperature which they result in improvement of comfort condition and declining in building energy use for cooling and saving energy consumption. Today, Outdoor design should be put in our urban planning for improvement of environmental conditions. Using appropriate Enclosure in urban open spaces especially in hot and humid cities, one can improve the microclimate condition. Todays, morphological changes, plants and landscape reduction, air pollution and inappropriate construction lead to disturb the environment and increase temperature. Historic fabric is a good source for harmonizing urban planning with the climate. The meteorological parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed and radiant temperature have significant role in human and thermal comfort. Thermal comfort is a necessary factor that should be considered in every stages of urban design process. One of the main issues in the assessment of the human comfort in outdoor spaces (especially in sunny outdoor conditions) is the amount of mean radiant temperature which is the sum total of short-wave and long-wave of absorbed radiation flows by the human body. The mean radiant temperature assessment is more sensitive because radiation is one of the meteorological factors which has a huge effect on human thermal comfort. The Mean Radiant Temperature is used as a benchmark more than the air temperature or the temperature for analysis of the impact of weather on the comfort of people. In the past, mean radiant temperature of historic fabric was balanced with creation of shades and it can be seen in several design and construction strategies like high walls, narrow passage lanes, planting trees and awnings on façade and its glaring area. The mean radiant temperature is influenced by climatic parameters such as temperature, humidity, radiant temperature, wind, orientation and space enclosure. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of urban fabric and physical design on the mean radiant temperature to control level of thermal comfort for inhabitants. Focus on the mean radiant temperature is essential for pedestrian and urban open spaces design. Bushehr is a coastal city in the south-west of Iran (Latitude: 28°55 N, Longitude 50°55 E) which has a hot and humid climate. In cities, promoting use of streets and open spaces by pedestrians has physical, environmental, economic and social benefits. Thus, ensuring people's comfort in open spaces is essential for improving the quality of urban life. In a complex urban environment, the radiation is considerably different in open spaces because of buildings and vegetation shading and due to various surface materials. Shadow creation and conducting wind flow into open spaces are very important for Bushehr to improve comfort. Shanbadi district is in the eastern part of historic fabric of Bushehr. In historic fabric of Bushehr using enclosure, orientation of passages and buildings and use of appropriate materials, thermal stress in city was reduced through ventilation and shading. Also high density of physical environment has influenced the thermal comfort. Street enclosure has been created by varying the width of street and height of the buildings. Considered passage way in Shanbadi has north-west south-east direction. Shanbadi is one of the 4 historic districts in Bushehr and have lots of climatic design strategies which create harmony of urban fabric and local climate. Some passages leading to this area are input and output of the wind in different hours. 2. Materials & Methods In this study meteorological data are obtained through field study in three seasons (summer, fall and winter) and in 4 period of time. In this research summer study is analyzed. The site is in shanbedi district, one of the four old district in Bushehr. 7 sections with different enclosure were chosen in study area and climate data is surveyed during the day separately in each of these sections. RAY man 1.2 software was used for calculating the mean radiant temperature. RAY man 1.2 software is a tool for calculating the mean radiant temperature and heat index such as PET, PMV and SET in urban studies. Mean radiant temperature calculation in RAY man software requires some information such as geographic location (latitude, altitude and time difference with Greenwich), the time of study data (date and time of study), characteristics of meteorological data (air temperature, humidity , cloud cover, wind speed and vapor pressure), surrounding surface reflection, scattered radiation ratio, the Bowen ratio and the global radiation. Air temperature and relative humidity for calculation of the mean radiant temperature were determined by WBGT device every 30 seconds and the amount of air flow by ANOMETR 3880 every 5 minutes. Both devices were set at a height of 1.7 meters above the ground. 3. Results and Conclusions The result indicates that in the area surveyed in the range period of 10 to 12 o'clock enclosure has the most effect on the mean radiant temperature. In many hours of the days wind has the most influence on the mean radiant temperature. There is a direct relationship between wind speed and enclosure. At 8 to 10 and 10 to 12 o'clock there is a relatively strong relationship between wind speed and enclosure, but between the period of 12 to 14 o'clock and 14 to 16 o'clock the impact of the wind speed on enclosure is reduced until it loose its effect. In this section one of the influential factor increasing wind speed is multiple passages lead to this section that guide the wind to this area. In different hours of a day we can see change in mean radiant temperature due to change of wind speed changes. Another influential factor, especially in the middle of the days, is the solar orientation when it is vertical and other factors have less influence than enclosure on the mean radiant temperature. For this time of the days awning and canopy in street is advised to decrease the amount of mean radiant temperature. Generally, in the most hours of the days wind has the greatest impact on improvement in the mean radiant temperature in this area. To improve thermal comfort in the new urban context and decrease mean radiant temperature, especially in the middle of the day, shade should be created in the pedestrian path areas, sidewalks and public spaces. It can be made through artificial roofs, locating trees which provide shadow or building projections. Smart shading devices can be used to respond to need of radiation and shading in different time of the day and different seasons. These shading devices are capable of opening and closing automatically. Other green design parameters such as photovoltaic cells and water facilities to store water can also added to this devices. It can be a good design alternative for maintaining of thermal comfort in urban open public spaces in Bushehr. In addition, creation of space with enclosure degree (ratio of height to width) of 1.73 make it possible to create a favorable space. Enclosure can be created through use of the large tree canopy with radius more than 2m in streets which the width is more than its height. Awing projection should be at least half of the height of the openings to create thermal comfort and reduce mean radiant temperature.}, keywords = {Mean Radiant Temperature,RAYman Software, Shanbedi Pass, Space Enclosure}, title_fa = {ارزیابی عوامل مؤثر بر میانگین دمای تابشی در محیط شهری (نمونه موردی: گذر شنبدی، بافت تاریخی بوشهر)}, abstract_fa = {رشد سریع شهرها و گسترش مناطق شهری موجب تغییرات عمده زیست محیطی و برهم خوردن شرایط آسایش حرارتی به خصوص در فضاهای باز شهری شده است. افزایش محصوریت فضاهای باز شهری در مناطق گرم‌و‌مرطوب می‌تواند منجر به کنترل بهتر محیط از طریق بهبود خرداقلیم شهری و در نتیجه صرفه‌جویی در مصرف انرژی ساختمان‌ها گردد. میانگین‌دمای‌تابشی یکی از عوامل مهم و مؤثر بر ایجاد آسایش‌حرارتی به‌خصوص در شرایط آفتابی در فضای‌باز است. هدف تحقیق حاضر بررسی تأثیر بافت شهر و طراحی محیط شهری بر میانگین‌دمای‌تابشی است. شهر بوشهر دارای اقلیم گرم‌و‌مرطوب است و با توجه به شرایط اقلیمی این شهر، ایجاد آسایش‌حرارتی جهت افزایش حضورپذیری فضاهای شهری به‌خصوص در ایام گرم سال ضروری‌ست. در این پژوهش داده‌های هواشناسی موثر بر آسایش‌حرارتی به صورت میدانی در سه فصل سال در گذر شنبدی واقع در بافت تاریخی بوشهر برداشت شده‌است. دمای‌هوا، رطوبت و سرعت‌باد و تابش با استفاده از دستگاه‌های اندازه‌گیری به‌دست آمده و به منظور انجام محاسبه میانگین‌دمای‌تابشی از نرم‌افزار RAYman نسخه2/1 استفاده شده است. نتایج تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که در ساعات ابتدای روز محصوریت فضایی، در میانه روز جهت تابش و در بیشتر ساعات روز جریان باد بیشترین تأثیر را بر میانگین‌دمای‌تابشی در این محدوده داشته است.}, keywords_fa = {Mean Radiant Temperature,RAYman Software, Shanbedi Pass, Space Enclosure}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65541.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65541_97d03f40f92ae44c20a3e1aa068042cd.pdf} } @article { author = {Golchin, Peiman and Naroei, Mansoreh and Kazeminasab, Abolfazl}, title = {Southwest Zahedan Green Belt Design with Dust Reduction Approach}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, pages = {595-607}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.235232.1007450}, abstract = {Introduction One of the natural phenomena that cause disastrous damages every year especially in arid and desert regions of the world is sandy storms. About two third of Iran is located in arid and semi arid regions. Studies show that 14 provinces in Iran are affected by wind erosion. The province of Sistan and Baluchistan has more than 5 million hectares of desert area, which its 800000 hectares (about 16 percent of the mentioned area) are among active dust areas. Dust is one of the unfavorable climatic and environmental phenomena, which is getting far away from its regular cycle in recent years and happens frequently in the Sistan area. Existing dust particles in the air are a group of solid or liquid particles whose size is between 0/002 and 500 micron. One of most important causes of this phenomenon is the lack of suitable vegetation. Green belt acts as a complete cover surrounding the city and it will help avoiding the entrance of pollution and dust into cities. In recent years, dust pollution happens frequently in Zahedan city. In fact, as Zahedan has a dominantly arid climate, it won't be a new event but the extensive amount of dust entering the city through every wind has made living more difficult. The direction of most winds blowing toward Zahedan is usually south-west and north-east and they usually carry dust particles with them. The location of the two studied areas which are at the entrance of Zahedan-Khash road( Khalij Fars boulevard),the importance of considering visual beauty at the entrance of the city( the lack of sufficient vegetation at the moment effects its visual beauty),being in neighbor with populous places like universities such as medical science university, Quran sciences university and Payam Noor university and also being in neighbor with some important organizations are the most important reasons which make this area the most qualified for pre-required necessities for applying a precise investigation.This study was fulfilled to present procedures to decrease dust level in Zahedan city and to bring air quality close to a range of 0-54 mg/m^3. In this study, existing 〖PM〗_10 particles in the air was measured. After defining air density index, air quality index (AQI) was determined by the use of T-test. Then the required width and length of green belt in order to lessen dust level up to clean air standards where determined. Materials and MethodsThe applied method in this study is a descriptive- analytical method. Its objectives are as following:• To study the effect of mixed planting on the reduction of existing dust particle in the air in comparison to the existing vegetation.• Determining the required width and length for the green belt in order to lessen dust level up to clean air standards(A: By using the statistical tests B: By considering city’s population)• Selecting suitable plant species to be planted in green belt and recreational places considering the regions climate.This research was fulfilled from April 2015 to March 2016 in order to study the density of the existing dust particles in air in two studied areas in Zahedan city. The first studied region consists of one hectare area in the southwestern part of Zahedan. This region has the poorest vegetation with limited number of Pine and Eucalyptus trees. The Distribution of trees and the dominant planting method especially in southwestern part is the same as the existing planting method in the first studied area. The second studied area has the exact area of the first region (approximately about 1 hectare) which is not located far from the first region. The second region is also located in the southwestern part of the city. This mentioned region dominantly has more different species in comparison to the first region which the total tree number is more than the first region. The density of dust particles in the air was measured by using Grimm sample gathering – analyzing device in regular intervals with predefined periods (annual basis) for both studied areas. Samples gathered in order to evaluate the density of the existing dust particles in the air for both regions was performed once in every five minutes. But the data applied every three days based on the instructions of the U.S environment organization.Discussion of ResultsTo measure the effects of mixed planting (in the second studied area) on reducing the volume of the existing dust particles in the air in comparison to the existing planting in the first studied area based on T-test, the following results are achieved:To determine the length and width of the green belt in order to reduce the dust particles, two following methods are used: 1:By using statistical tests 2: By considering city’s populationThe following equation was applied by the use of Excel Software: (A1-A2)÷ A1×100= (137/77-128/44) ÷ 137/77×100Based on the first equation, pollutant reduction level in the second studied region was estimated about 6/76 percent. As table 1 and equation 1 show, pollutant reduction level to approach this standard is evaluated as 80/40%. 137/77-27=110/77÷137/77=0/4080×100%=80/40%Therefore, through adopting evaluated levels of clean air (80/40%) and pollutant reduction percentage which is 6/76, it is clear that suggested green belt area should be increased to 12 times of its existing area which is 1 hectare so that the green belt can have its most effect on the dust reduction.X= 80/40÷6/76=12To evaluate the green belt area, the second equation is applied. Green belt area: 2A× A= 120000M2 A2 = 60000 A=244/948M 2 A= 489/88MB: determination of green belt area depends on various factors like the main purpose to establish the green belt, the climate in the studied area, water sources, provided land to establish green belt, resided population, etc. Based on Table 3, to establish a green belt which its main action is to reduce dust particles in the air, about 〖3m〗^3 of green area per person is necessary for everyone living in Zahedan city.Considering the population based on 2011 census, the total capital is obtained as follow: 660575×3=1981725Therefore, based on the second equation, green belt width and length was evaluated: Green belt area (m^2) =2A× A= 1981725M2 A2 = 990862/5 A=995/420M 2 A= 1990/84MBecause the statistical method is an exact method to measure the green belt area, the estimated area by statistical method is used and applied in the process of designing the green belt in Zahedan city. ConclusionBased on the present study, data gathering in an annual period (From April 2015 to March 2016) was performed in the two regions located in southwestern part of Zahedan city, one with existing planting and the other one with mixed planting (second studied area). Using the mixed planting method can cause 6/77 % reduction in the amount of existing dust particles in the air. Therefore, through applying T-test and considering population, the suitable area was estimated. In the T-test method, the suitable area to establish green belt was estimated about 120000m^2. In addition, considering population and required capita for green space to decrease dust, the suitable amount of area to establish green space was measured about 1971725m^2, by using presented tables for expectations from green space. To identify local and resistant plant species to dust, plants with the following characteristics were selected: downy leaves, speared leaves, low water requirement and adaptable in every soil especially weak soils. Some suitable cases are Tehran pine, Tamarisk, Shiraz cedar, Silver cedar, Eucalyptus, Ailanthus, Pomegranate, Buckthorn, and Berry.}, keywords = {Mixed planting,Green Belt,Air quality index,Dust Particles,PM10 particles}, title_fa = {طراحی کمربند سبز جنوب غرب شهر زاهدان با رویکرد کاهش ریزگردها}, abstract_fa = {کشور ایران به دلیل موقعیت جغرافیایی خود و قرارگیری در کمربند خشک و نیمه خشک جهان، به طور مداوم در معرض سیستم‌های گرد و غبار قرار می‌گیرد. طوفان‌های گرد و غباری، اثرهای زیان باری بر سلامت انسان، محیط زیست، اقتصاد و پوشش گیاهی بر جای می‌گذارند.کمربند های سبز شهری از آنجاییکه می‌توانند تا حد زیادی از ورود ریزگردها و آلودگی ها به شهرها جلوگیری کنند، ایجاد آنها در اطراف شهرها از اهمیت خاصی برخوردار شده است. بر همین اساس و به منظور بررسی تأثیر کاشت مخلوط در کمربند سبز بر کاهش میزان ریزگردهای موجود در هوا، این تحقیق در سال 1394 با هدف ارائه راهکاری بهینه جهت کاهش سطح ریزگردهای شهر زاهدان و رساندن میانگین غلظت آلاینده های هوا به محدوده هوای سالم(0-54 میکروگرم بر متر مکعب) انجام شد. در این مطالعه، ذرات معلق PM10 موجود در هوای شهر سنجیده شده، پس از مشخص کردن میانگین غلظت الاینده های هوا با استفاده از شاخص کیفیت هوا (AQI) ، آزمون‌ آماریTTEST انجام شد. نتایج نشان می دهند که در صورت افزایش سطح فضای سبز منطقه به 12 برابر سطح کنونی، میزان آلاینده‌های ورودی از سمت جنوب غرب به میزان 82% کاهش خواهد یافت.}, keywords_fa = {Mixed planting,Green Belt,Air quality index,Dust Particles,PM10 particles}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65542.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65542_4dac9c48ba0ce98debb1f0286f524ca4.pdf} } @article { author = {Habibi, Niusha and Masnavi, Mohammad and Malekmohamadi, Bahram}, title = {Ecological Landscape Design of Urban Rivers with emphasis on Run - Off Water Control ( Case study: Ziyarat Gorgan river )}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, pages = {609-629}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.237096.1007463}, abstract = {Introduction Urbanization has made fundamental changes on the earth, air, energy resources and urban population that have had huge ecological consequences for urban habitats, including urban rivers. Rivers are the vital and supportive network of urban environment. And urban rivers can be shelters with special ecological value which is reduced in urban landscape. Excessive exploitation of natural resources than the environment capacity generates waste products that have gradually disrupted life in urban areas. Corridors are the components of the landscape structure in the structure of landscape ecology and rivers are considered as one of the most important natural corridors in landscape structure. According to Forman and Godron theories the rivers corridors are classified to three parts such as, the channel river bank, floodplain and hill slop. Ecologists believe that, ecosystem services provided through green infrastructure, can provide healthy environment and physical and mental health for residents, a healthy environment can improve social and economic benefits and has an important role in various cities of the world, for instance, a landscape which had been neglected in River Mother in (Qian'an City, Hebei Province, China) was rehabilitated and designed based on landscape ecology approaches and users are considered at all stages of the process, and ecological solutions were presented for rehabilitation and improvement of water quality including, municipal wastewater management system to separate urban waste water and surface water, the strategy of flexible and green river, conversation of river natural ecosystem, using native vegetation and reducing maintenance costs and eventually, creating greenway with sidewalks and cycling line. Matherials & Methods The area under study in this research is Gorgan city in the western part of Golestan province. The city is located in the range of latitude and longitude (36.83 ° North 54.48 ° East) on the northern slopes of Alborz mountain. This region is structurally composed of three zones including, plain, piedmont and mountainous region that the city is built in the piedmont region, the most striking landscape structural elements in Gorgan are Alborz Mountains and rainforest located in the southern region of the city. To perform this study first using the library study the data are collected, analyzed and addressed to formulate the principles and framework. The source of the articles and information was the scientific source of ELSEVERE and SPRINGER database. After review of the literature and analysis and evaluation of the area the method that was used in this thesis is formed by combining several methods based on ecological landscape design. This research is has been studied in three scales, the large (studying the river from Ziarat to Gharehsou basin), medium (inside the city) and micro (the area developing in the southeast of the area between Ghaleh Hassan and Seyed Masood Bridge) scales. In this study. Accordingly among the ideas of theorists Mac Harg and Ying theories are selected and their methods are applied for the analysis of the river structure in basin and urban scale. Finally the strategy was developed in the context of ecological landscape design in urban rivers and design solutions were provided for micro-scale (urban area). The stages of this study are summarized as follows: 1. Analyzing Ziarat River at large scale based on Mac Harg model 2. Mapping the topography and geographical location of Ziarat River basin and deriving the layers by GIS software 3. Identifying landscape structural elements in Gorgan city according to Ying model (middle scale and the whole city) 4. Land use mapping and extracting desired layer (ecological, hydrological and topographical, urban construction, human activity) 5. Synthesis mapping of overlaying layers in large-scale (river morphology and flooding) 6. Synthesis mapping of overlaying layers in urban scale (possibilities and limitations) 7. Strategies and actions in the ecological design landscape in Gorgan 8. Ideas and solutions (ecological rehabilitation of the river landscape with sustainable urban drainage systems and floodplains management in the urban environment) First by overlapping the layers the knowledge about Ziarat River was obtained at large-scale. Ziarat River is located is among steep rivers that can be divided into four areas in terms of organization and preservation project. In this map four important zones (catchment (1), Naharkhoran (2), urban (3) and agriculture (4)) were identified and characterized based on overlaying layers in large-scale and middle-scale (urban) and field check of checking the status in a table of strategies and actions in the context of ecological landscape design of an urban river in river management, flood control and needs of users in these four areas. Finally the ecological landscape design of urban river are used from the two approaches of sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) and River Buffer Parks(RBPs) in micro scale as a method to improve the ecological structures of urban rivers, control flood and surface runoff in Gorgan. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The world's increased population followed by urbanization and irregular urban development has led to imbalanced presence of nature in cities which has led to serious environmental problems including the disruption of the ecological structure of rivers and increased surface runoff and flood in the city. This has attracted the attention of planners and designers to find solutions and approaches to improve situation. Among these design approaches the urban landscape ecological infrastructures such as urban rivers is among the approaches considered by ecologists, planners and urban designers Studies conducted in this study suggest that based on the purposes of river management and flood control of Ziarat River in Gorgan, it is necessary to analyze them based on two scales of Ziarat River catchment (mountains in which the river originates and heads Gharehsou River) and urban scale (Seyed Masood Bridge to the beginning of the agricultural downstream lands) in which Mac Harg (large scale) and Ying (urban scale) methods are used. The results show that based on Mac Harg and Ying methods at large and middle scales the following cases should be considered: Establishing integrity in ecological infrastructure (green) through the integration of the riverside vegetation and upstream forests, creating integrity in hydrologic infrastructure (water) through the integration of the urban and river drainage channels and finally overlaying two green and hydrologic infrastructures to control surface runoff and flood in urban area and river. As a result the initial strategies and initiatives were developed in four areas based on which strategies for planning and environmental design were presented at the micro scale. According to the strategy and actions within the urban framework two essential solutions are considered for urban river ecological design and flood control including: management of floodplains using SUDS and RBPs and applying collection and transportation of water, water retention and distribution of water by recycling it. According to micro-scale studies developing area in the southeast of the region between Ghaleh Hassan and Seyed Masood Bridge) it was found that the river is too narrow in Ghaleh Hassan and is not capable of retaining the flow of 5 years, therefore, to reduce the damage caused by floods when it rains and there is severe flood, a diversion track is built where the Ziarat and Alangdaerh rivers meet. The RBP is planned at the beginning of Ziarat river to the urban area after Seyed Masood Bridge because of the open space and ideal conditions for the implementation and then to control the runoff from rainfall due to the slope of the area, four sites are designed to create the retention ponds and storm water treatment to prevent surface runoff flowing into the city. Also the bioswale is considered to maintain and increase water permeability and lead it to the detour and the city in areas where the slope decreases and water accumulation is likely. Such strategy and framework can help to control surface runoff, rehabilitate river and restore these corridors to their natural structure.}, keywords = {Keyword: ecological landscape design,urban river,flood control}, title_fa = {تدوین استراتژی های ساماندهی و طراحی اکولوژیک رودخانه های درون شهری با تاکید بر کنترل سیلاب ( نمونه موردی: رودخانه زیارت گرگان)}, abstract_fa = {شهری شدن عواقب اکولوژیکی عظیمی برای زیستگاه های شهری منجمله رودخانه های شهری دارد. افزایش تراکم سازه های غیرمجاز در دشت های سیلابی رودخانه ها و تخریب ساختارهای اکولوژیک و هیدرولوژیکی, رودخانه به شدت آسیب دیده و محیط زیست اکولوژیکی شهر را تحت تاثیر قرار داده است. هدف از این پژوهش شناخت و تحلیل و طراحی رودخانه های درون شهری با تاکید بر کنترل سیلاب به منظور بهبود ساختار و الگوهای اصلی اکولوژیکی و هیدرولوژیکی رودخانه و شهر در ارتباط با همدیگر و کنترل سیلاب است. به همین منظور نظریات نظریه پردازان در سطوح مختلف مورد مطالعه و بررسی قرار گرفت و این تحقیق در 3 مقیاس کلان, میانی و خرد تدوین شد و زیرساختارهای اکولوژی منظر در مقیاس کلان و میانی شناسایی شدند. سپس سیاست ها و اقدامات استراتژیک در چارچوب طراحی اکولوژیک منظر رودخانه درون شهری در حیطه های مدیریت رودخانه, کنترل سیلاب و نیازهای گروه مصرف کننده در 4 پهنه اکولوژیک و مهم حوزه آبخیز رودخانه زیارت, ناهارخوران, شهرگرگان و زمین های کشاورزی تدوین شد. در نهایت با توجه به اهداف و استراتژی ها در منطقه شهری به ارائه راه حل هایی پرداخته شده و به صورت راهکار هایی طراحی در مقیاس خرد نمایش داده شده است.}, keywords_fa = {Keyword: ecological landscape design,urban river,flood control}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65543.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65543_d7a4d4438e05ef2b17ec02d9765eaef9.pdf} } @article { author = {Mafi Gholami, Davood and Baharlouii, Masoumeh and Mahmoudi, Beytollah}, title = {Erosion and accretion monitoring in mangrove forests using remote sensing and Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS)(Case study: Hara Biosphere reserve)}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, pages = {633-646}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.225288.1007381}, abstract = {Loss of a wide range of goods and services provided by ecosystems as well as unsustainability of mangrove-dependent human communities are direct results of the destruction and loss of mangrove ecosystems. This shows the importance of presenting effective planning and management strategies for the conservation and restoration of mangrove ecosystems that it has become one of the main objectives of the decision makers and managers of natural resources. One way to achieve the above objective is to assess mangrove shoreline changes over time, which can be used as one of the best indicators to assess responsiveness of mangroves to sediment morphological and dynamic changes of coastal areas and to assess the vulnerability of these ecosystems to climatic stresses. This shows the importance of assessing the rate of progression and regression and/or erosion and sedimentation to assist the planning and implementing the conservation actions and restoration of mangrove forests of the country. Therefore, the aim of this study is to monitor mangrove's shorelines changes for a period of 30 years in Hara biosphere reserve in Hormozgan province, Iran. The Landsat images of the years 1986, 2000 and 2016 were used to analyze the rate of progression and regression of mangrove forests of Khamir site during a period of 30 years. Since cloud cover reduces the image quality and causes error in detecting phenomena of the images, thus, by examining a large number of images in the archive of Landsat satellite, images without cloud cover were used. Also to determine the exact boundaries of the Mangrove forests, those images in which the sea level was at low tide, were used in this study. Geometric correction was the first step for image analysis. Although Landsat C images are characterized by good geometric precision, in order to achieve maximum possible accuracy, and recorded a total of 128 ground control points using GPS that has a good distribution of the surface area, Were also detected in the image, Landsat C images of 2014 with a root mean square error lower than one pixel (in this study, RMS = 0.143) were georeferenced with the use of IDRISI software, as well as by recording totally 128 ground control points with a good distribution over the region. Finally, the corrected images of Landsat C were used for geometric correction of Landsat TM images in 1986, 1998 and also the image of Landsat MSS in 1973. RMS value of no one of the Landsat TM and MSS images in any of corrections was higher than 0.18. All images were geo-referenced to UTMWGS-1984 Zone 40N projection and datum. In general, according to the resolution of the images used, the closed-canopy edge of the boundary of the Mangrove forests was considered as off-shore (marine) boundary and single trees and seedlings in the area beyond the edge were excluded from the analysis of site boundaries. In order to separate mangroves from surrounded water and land in coastal areas and to draw the final borders of the sites, NDVI vegetation index was used. After preparing NDVI and to achieve maximum accuracy in determining the boundaries of mangroves, the off-shore (marine) border of Mangroves was manually digitized using precise visual interpretation on a scale of 1: 10,000 and by help of expertise of the team leading the project. The off-shore border of the mangrove sites were identified in images of 1973, 1986, 1998 and 2014. Finally, the accuracy of digitalized boundaries were evaluated and approved by putting them on Landsat images. Ground validation was performed in 2012, 2013 and 2016. Accordingly, a total number of 620 ground control points determining the off-shore boundaries of Mangrove sites were entered into the GIS and then were compared to boundaries extracted from the images. Also, the location of villages and human settlements in the vicinity of Mangroves was recorded. All recorded points were entered into ArcGIS 10 software for analysis. Also, Social surveys were conducted by performing face to face interviews with families living in villages adjacent to mangroves and experts from the Department of Natural Resources of the province. Given that the purpose of the interview was to achieve the respondent views on how the position and size of Mangroves have been changed over time, so those people were interviewed who have the highest history of residence (residence time more than 30 years) in the area. Accordingly, 25 people aged from 50 to 65 years were interviewed face to face. Views recorded were used to analyze the results. As stated above, determining the progression and regression rate of mangroves is based on measuring changes of mangrove boundary position relative to a baseline over time, and transects depicted perpendicular to baselines show these changes over time. In this study, for the selected sites, a number of 1684 transects with a distance of 30 meters from each other, were drawn using DSAS software. In this study, by considering the general direction of each site, and also using the mapped buffer for Mangrove boundaries in images of 1998, applied baseline were drawn manually and transects were drawn perpendicular to the baseline. Overall, calculation of the rate of erosion and sedimentation, or the progression and regression can be done using various statistical methods including end point rate (EPR), average of rates (AOR), minimum description length (MDL), by jackknifing (JK), linear regression rate (LRR), reweighted weighted least squares (WLS) least absolute deviation (LAD) and weighted least absolute deviation (WLAD). Among these methods, LRR statistical method has had the highest usage because of assessing changes in coastlines and border of ecosystems at different times (more than 2 periods). In this method, the average rates of progression and regression of mangroves are estimated using the position of mangroves’ border-lines and the baseline and fitting the regression line of least squares relative to the position of the border-lines. Analysis of changes rate of progression and regression showed that of 1684 drawn transects for analyzing the rate change of mangrove boundaries in coastal part of habitat, a number of 875 transects had negative LRR values and 809 transects represented positive LRR values. The highest number of transects with negative IRR values occurred in the western part of the habitat (Khamir site) (53% of the negative transects) so that the mean change rate of mangroves’ boundaries at these sites was equal to 0.26 myr-1. In an eastward move and by approaching to the Kal river estuary, Mardo habitat witch was located in Mardo Island, showed an average rate of boundaries changes 0.74 myr-1 or progression towards the sea. Based on these results, the average value of boundaries changes in the coastal part of habitat was equal to 0.50 myr-1. According to obtained results, from 2571 drawn transects for analyzing the rate change of mangroves’ boundaries in Island part of habitat, a number of 1734 transects (67% of the negative transects) had negative LRR values and 837 transects represented positive LRR values. The average value of boundaries changes in the Island part of habitat was equal to 0.73 myr-1. This shows progression or sedimentation in mangroves. The results also showed that the minimum and maximum value of LRR was equal to -12.77myr-1 and 12.98myr-1, respectively. The obtained results showed that the progression or sedimentation rate in the island part of Hara biosphere was more than coastal part of this habitat. As well, the average value of mangroves’ boundaries changes for Hara biosphere reserve was equal to 0.62myr-1 which indicates the dominance of sedimentation process over erosion in this habitat.}, keywords = {Erosion and accretion,Rate of changes of mangroves boundaries,Satellite images}, title_fa = {پایش نرخ پیشروی و پسروی در جنگل‌های مانگرو با استفاده از سنجش از دور و سامانه تجزیه و تحلیل رقومی خط ساحلی (DSAS) (مطالعه موردی: ذخیره‌گاه زیست‌کره حرا)}, abstract_fa = {به طور کلی، بررسی تغییرات دینامیک رسوبی مانگروها یکی از راهکارهای مدیریتی موثر برای حفاظت و توسعه این اکوسیستم‌ها است. هدف این مطالعه نیز بررسی تغییرات مرز مانگروهای ذخیره‌گاه زیست‌کره حرا به منظور تحلیل دینامیک فرسایش و رسوب‌گذاری آن در طول یک دوره 30 ساله بود. بدین منظور، حاشیه رو به دریای مانگروها از تصاویر لندست مربوط به سالهای 1986، 2000 و 2016 استخراج گردید و با استفاده از سامانه تجزیه و تحلیل رقومی خط ساحلی (DSAS) و اجرای روش آماری نرخ رگرسیون خطی(LRR)، نرخ تغییر مرزهای مانگروها محاسبه شد. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین نرخ تغییرات مرز مانگروها در بخش ساحلی ذخیره‌گاه زیست کره حرا برابر با 0/50 متر در سال و در بخش جزیره ای آن نیز برابر با 0/73متر در سال بود. بر اساس نتایج بدست آمده، میانگین نرخ تغییرات مرز مانگروها در ذخیره‌گاه زیست‌کره حرا نیز برابر با 0/62 متر در سال بدست آمد که نشان‌دهنده غالب بودن فرآیند رسوب‌گذاری بر فرسایش در این رویشگاه است. در نهایت می‌توان گفت که نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق می‌تواند با فراهم نمودن اطلاعات دقیق در مورد وضعیت فرسایش و رسوب گذاری، کمک قابل توجهی به برنامه‌ریزی و اجرای اقدامات احیاء و توسعه مانگروهای ذخیره‌گاه زیست‌کره حرا کند.}, keywords_fa = {Erosion and accretion,Rate of changes of mangroves boundaries,Satellite images}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65544.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65544_b9aff9d37b90c13a97f44590c8e64937.pdf} } @article { author = {soleimani sardoo, farshad and mesbahzadeh, tayyebeh and broomand, naser and Azare, Ali and rafii sardooii, elham}, title = {Study of climate change effects under different scenarios on groundwater in Kerman Plain}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, pages = {645-661}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.244983.1007546}, abstract = {The phenomenon of climate change is one of the most important environmental challenges that has been increased by the increasing emissions of greenhouse gases and has negative impacts on base resources such as groundwater resources. Therefore, it is essential that research is conducted to understand the impact of climate change on groundwater resources in the future period, to avoid the deterioration of the situation by proper management. Considering the importance of the subject in this study, the climatic model of LARS-WG and the GMS groundwater model were used to study the effects of climate change on groundwater under different scenarios in Kerman plain. In this regard, the climatic emission scenarios of A2, A1B and B1 of HADCM3 model was investigated in the period of 2011-2030 and to study the effect of climate change on groundwater drop, groundwater level was predicted using GMS software for the period 2012-2030 and the effect of climatic scenarios was studied on it. In order to groundwater modeling, the height of water in the piezometers was introduced to the model as a steady state in October 2002 and the values of hydraulic conductivity and recharge and boundary conditions were estimated. Then, the model was run for unsteady conditions for 2002 to 2013, and the groundwater level was predicted under different climatic scenarios for 2014-2030. The results showed that the average of groundwater drop in all four scenarios was -0.86, -5.85 and -9.19 meters (the first scenario), -9.26, -9.36 and -9.49 meters (the second scenario), -12.09, -12.21 and -12.28 meters (the third scenario) and -15.43, 15.55 and -15.58 meters (the fourth scenario) for A2, A1B and B1 scenarios, respectivelyThe phenomenon of climate change is one of the most important environmental challenges that has been increased by the increasing emissions of greenhouse gases and has negative impacts on base resources such as groundwater resources. Therefore, it is essential that research is conducted to understand the impact of climate change on groundwater resources in the future period, to avoid the deterioration of the situation by proper management. Considering the importance of the subject in this study, the climatic model of LARS-WG and the GMS groundwater model were used to study the effects of climate change on groundwater under different scenarios in Kerman plain. In this regard, the climatic emission scenarios of A2, A1B and B1 of HADCM3 model was investigated in the period of 2011-2030 and to study the effect of climate change on groundwater drop, groundwater level was predicted using GMS software for the period 2012-2030 and the effect of climatic scenarios was studied on it. In order to groundwater modeling, the height of water in the piezometers was introduced to the model as a steady state in October 2002 and the values of hydraulic conductivity and recharge and boundary conditions were estimated. Then, the model was run for unsteady conditions for 2002 to 2013, and the groundwater level was predicted under different climatic scenarios for 2014-2030. The results showed that the average of groundwater drop in all four scenarios was -0.86, -5.85 and -9.19 meters (the first scenario), -9.26, -9.36 and -9.49 meters (the second scenario), -12.09, -12.21 and -12.28 meters (the third scenario) and -15.43, 15.55 and -15.58 meters (the fourth scenario) for A2, A1B and B1 scenarios, respectivelyThe phenomenon of climate change is one of the most important environmental challenges that has been increased by the increasing emissions of greenhouse gases and has negative impacts on base resources such as groundwater resources. Therefore, it is essential that research is conducted to understand the impact of climate change on groundwater resources in the future period, to avoid the deterioration of the situation by proper management. Considering the importance of the subject in this study, the climatic model of LARS-WG and the GMS groundwater model were used to study the effects of climate change on groundwater under different scenarios in Kerman plain. In this regard, the climatic emission scenarios of A2, A1B and B1 of HADCM3 model was investigated in the period of 2011-2030 and to study the effect of climate change on groundwater drop, groundwater level was predicted using GMS software for the period 2012-2030 and the effect of climatic scenarios was studied on it. In order to groundwater modeling, the height of water in the piezometers was introduced to the model as a steady state in October 2002 and the values of hydraulic conductivity and recharge and boundary conditions were estimated. Then, the model was run for unsteady conditions for 2002 to 2013, and the groundwater level was predicted under different climatic scenarios for 2014-2030. The results showed that the average of groundwater drop in all four scenarios was -0.86, -5.85 and -9.19 meters (the first scenario), -9.26, -9.36 and -9.49 meters (the second scenario), -12.09, -12.21 and -12.28 meters (the third scenario) and -15.43, 15.55 and -15.58 meters (the fourth scenario) for A2, A1B and B1 scenarios, respectivelyThe phenomenon of climate change is one of the most important environmental challenges that has been increased by the increasing emissions of greenhouse gases and has negative impacts on base resources such as groundwater resources. Therefore, it is essential that research is conducted to understand the impact of climate change on groundwater resources in the future period, to avoid the deterioration of the situation by proper management. Considering the importance of the subject in this study, the climatic model of LARS-WG and the GMS groundwater model were used to study the effects of climate change on groundwater under different scenarios in Kerman plain. In this regard, the climatic emission scenarios of A2, A1B and B1 of HADCM3 model was investigated in the period of 2011-2030 and to study the effect of climate change on groundwater drop, groundwater level was predicted using GMS software for the period 2012-2030 and the effect of climatic scenarios was studied on it. In order to groundwater modeling, the height of water in the piezometers was introduced to the model as a steady state in October 2002 and the values of hydraulic conductivity and recharge and boundary conditions were estimated. Then, the model was run for unsteady conditions for 2002 to 2013, and the groundwater level was predicted under different climatic scenarios for 2014-2030. The results showed that the average of groundwater drop in all four scenarios was -0.86, -5.85 and -9.19 meters (the first scenario), -9.26, -9.36 and -9.49 meters (the second scenario), -12.09, -12.21 and -12.28 meters (the third scenario) and -15.43, 15.55 and -15.58 meters (the fourth scenario) for A2, A1B and B1 scenarios, respectively}, keywords = {Key words: Groundwater drop,climate change,Climate scenarios,Kerman Plain}, title_fa = {بررسی آثار تغییر اقلیم تحت سناریوهای مختلف بر روی آب زیرزمینی دشت کرمان}, abstract_fa = {پپدیده تغییر اقلیم یکی از مهمترین چالش‌های زیست‌محیطی است که بر روی منابع پایه از جمله منابع آب زیرزمینی تاثیرات سویی دارد. با توجه به اهمیت موضوع در این پژوهش برای بررسی اثرات تغییر اقلیم بر‌ روی آب زیرزمینی دشت کرمان از مدل اقلیمی LARS-WG و مدل آب زیرزمینی GMS استفاده گردید. سناریوهای انتشار اقلیمی A2، A1B و B1 از مدل HADCM3 در دوره زمانی طی سال‌های 1410- 1390مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و برای بررسی اثر تغییر اقلیم بر افت آب زیرزمینی با استفاده از نرم افزار GMS سطح آب زیرزمینی برای دوره 1409-1391 پیش‌بینی گردید و اثر سناریوهای اقلیمی بر روی آن اعمال گردید. برای مدل‌سازی آب زیرزمینی، مهر 1381 به‌عنوان حالت پایدار به مدل معرفی گردید و مقادیر هدایت هیدرولیکی و تغذیه و شرایط مرزی براورد گردید. سپس مدل برای سال‌های 1381 تا 1392 برای شرایط ناپایدار اجرا گردید و میزان سطح آب زیرزمینی برای سال‌های 1393 تا 1409 تحت سناریوهای مختلف اقلیمی پیش‌بینی گردید. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که متوسط افت آب زیرزمینی در هر چهار سناریو به ترتیب برای سناریوهای اقلیمی A2، A1B و B1 در سناریوی اول (86/0-، 85/5- و 19/9-)، سناریوی دوم (26/9-، 36/9-و 49/9-)، سناریوی سوم (09/12-، 21/12-و 28/12-)}, keywords_fa = {Key words: Groundwater drop,climate change,Climate scenarios,Kerman Plain}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65545.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65545_dc6f83f88dd6a04293361bd62955d403.pdf} } @article { author = {Adeli, Fatemeh and salehi, Esmaeel and Salehi, Reza}, title = {تحلیل مقایسه‌ای گزارش وضعیت محیط‌زیستی (SOER)شهر تهران و لندن در جهت ارزیابی سهم مولفه های پایداری محیط شهری}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, pages = {665-682}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.241849.1007501}, abstract = {Expanded Abstract Introduction Population increase in Tehran metropolis led to Increase utilization of water resources and its following reduce the quantity and quality of water supplies around city and environs Watersheds. Hence, Surface water management should be considered efficient According to the needs of water supply quantitatively and qualitatively for Irrigation of green spaces, Street cleaning and other uses in the city along with other purposes such as Improving urban landscape and improve the quality of runoff production. Urban runoff control Save and reduce runoff volume by using of new approaches to control including LID and BMP On a local scale that it is very important In addition to cost-effectiveness as well as aesthetics. This mechanism is done by various Structural forms including Bioretention Systems that is led to guide Surface runoff for storage in a Small scale or in Underground which in these systems are distributed Throughout the region aimed at managing surface runoff so that cause to delay runoff Moving. The success of surface runoff caused the control by rainfall requiring the identification of sites has the potential to use this system. This research follows to find prone areas for using this system in Region 2 of Tehran that has been done by Using of fuzzy logic and expert opinions and in order to complete a the results of the study that is to study Zoning runoff according to different return periods in this area. Materials and Methods The sample in this research is Tehran 2nd District that is Located southwest of Tehran and its major use including Road, highway, Residential and green space. Given that a significant percentage of area covered by highway, the use of Bioretention Systems is an effective step in controlling urban runoff. A bioretention system receiving water from a light industrial catchment and a busy road was designed, built and monitored for changes in soil physics as well as hydrological and hydrochemical efficiency. Bioretention areas function as soil and plant-based filtration devices that remove pollutants through a variety of physical, biological, and chemical treatment processes.The soils in the bioretention system were designed to have high metal removal potential and high permeability to compensate for undersized bioretention volume. The inflow hydrograph was a series of sharp peaks with little baseflow, typical of runoff from impervious surfaces. The steps of the research are showed in the following diagram Fig1. Conceptual Diagram of Research Discussion and Results Positioningof Bioretention Systems were done by using of fuzzy logic and AHP in GIS and the final layer has been incorporated according to the classification of Priority areas and by movement directions and Units of the cumulative runoff. The final map shows that spatial priorities is related to Zones that have been Located in the eastern part of the region. According to The results of previous research, the greatest potential for runoff is related to Residential uses and Highway In the eastern part of the region (Highways) and the least potential is related to Steep parts of central and northern with green space use. This result is showing the importance of land use type the potential runoff Creation To the extent that makes ineffective the importance of important factors such as slope. When it rains in the Region 2 Tehran, Runoff do not drain toward the watercourse because Watercourse do not match on natural slopes and Compliance with the old thalweg. In fact, there is not a suitable synchrony between the natural drainage lines and Current network Watercourse and Watercourse will not be able to perform the task. This duty do urban symbols such as highways, streets, etc. Conclusion The results show that the conversion of highway network threats to Regional opportunities Free of any negligence and ordinary encounters that leading to increase natural hazards in urban centers is required. The final layer in the GIS software has been classified in accordance with local priorities and indicates the priority areas which are partially related to the eastern part of the region. According to previous results the highest potential for generation of runoff is related to residential and highway land use in eastern part of district, and lowest potential is in slope parts in central and north districts with green space land – use that should be management priority. Consequently, it is Indicating the importance of land-use in creating the potential of runoff to the extent that the important factor to affect the slope is ineffective. This would be possible by urban data integration and offer new approaches and Localize so-.called sustainable drainage systems that is strategy for management of surface runoff by using of Systems designed to collect runoff along with maintain ecological processes. The main purpose of this strategy in urban landscapes is to create a network in order to Imitation of the urban water cycle In order to artificially restore the natural cycle with low-impact development approach. Due to the impossibility to enter surface runoff to Network of urban wastewater Purification, It seems that accumulated runoff Management at best case in Bioretention Systems in Its scale is related to the system and Local access. So that final network has been determined from combining the appropriate places for building Bioretention Systems, Surface runoff Paths in each of sub-basins and Units of the cumulative runoff. As for to the point that every system offers Services offers on a local scale and it's around for irrigation of green areas, Street washing and other services. And considering this relation is gained on a regional scale and according to the Up-stream down-stream effects of sub-basins of final Network communication And it causes to revive natural cycle of urban water artificially by organized activities. Building structures and Equipment for Collect surface runoff in urban areas especially on Highways and urban roads will maintain water resources for green space in the long term and economic advantage. As for increasing growth of impervious surfaces city, the existence of clear guidance is necessary for local authorities and decision-makers in order to codify Necessary designs to more tendency towards urban data integration. And providing new approaches can be mu}, keywords = {گزارش وضعیت محیط‌زیستی (SOER),تهران,لندن,شهر پایدار}, title_fa = {تحلیل مقایسه‌ای گزارش وضعیت محیط‌زیستی (SOER)شهر تهران و لندن برای رسیدن به مولفه های پایداری محیط شهری}, abstract_fa = {وضعیت محیط زیست، گزارش یا نظارت بر محیط زیست یک فرآیند جهت توصیف، تجزیه و تحلیل و اطلاع رسانی در مورد شرایط و روند محیط زیست می باشد. تدوین گزارش وضعیت محیط زیست می تواند به عنوان نقشه ی راه بر مبنای دانش و تجربه برای جبران مشکلات و کاهش آسیب ها نقش موثری ایفا کند. هدف از انجام این تحقیق مقایسه و تحلیل دو گزارش وضعیت محیط زیست شهر لندن و تهران می باشد تا با استفاده از نتایج بتوان برای شهر تهران راهکارهای دقیق تری ارائه نمود. به منظور ساختارمند نمودن مقایسه، دو گزارش از لحاظ دوره زمانی انجام مطالعه، مقیاس انجام بررسی، داشتن چارچوب مفهومی ، سازمان‌های تهیه کننده و داشتن مولفه های مشترک با یکدیگر مقایسه شدند. با توجه به این که یکی از اهداف اصلی این گزارش ها رسیدن به اهداف توسعه پایدار و پایداری در شهرها می باشد دو گزارش با شاخص های محیط زیست پایدار ارزیابی می شوند. نتایج نشان می دهدگزارش وضعیت محیط زیست تهران فقط گزارش وضعیت موجود(چند سال گذشته) بوده در حالی که گزارش وضعیت محیط زیست شهر لندن علاوه بر وضع موجود برای سال 2030 برنامه ریزی و پیش بینی دارد و}, keywords_fa = {گزارش وضعیت محیط‌زیستی (SOER),تهران,لندن,شهر پایدار}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65546.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65546_1b2da9b658a5aba67d8705f32cc027cd.pdf} } @article { author = {Kohan, Amin and Haghighi, Maryam and Ehtemam, Mohammad Hossein and Mirghaffari, Nourollah}, title = {The Effect of Gasoline Exhaust Pollution on Some Anatomical, Physiological and Morphological Characteristics of Spinach}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, pages = {683-697}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.244852.1007533}, abstract = {Introduction Depending on the fuel type, the main vehicle exhaust emissions are nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon oxides, sulfur oxides (SOx), carbon particles, heavy metals, water vapor and hydrocarbons including aldehydes, single hydrocarbons and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, olefins, alkyl nitriles that along with secondary pollutants such as ozone, have negative effects on plant health. Agricultural lands which are adjacent to urban areas, are increasingly vulnerable to vehicle pollution. The plants suffer a lot from the pollution caused by exhaust of vehicles because they can‌ not move away from the source of contamination. Plants exposed to exhaust of vehicles, show many disruptions in their general appearance, which are referred to as "visible injuries". In fact, these visible damages to the plants reflect the physiological changes that come with the contaminants. These physiological changes may be considered as "hidden injuries". There is concern about the compounds of contaminants, because there is an evidence that the plant response to multi-pollutant mixtures may be different from plant response to a pollutant. For example, one hour exposure to combination of SO2 gases with concentration of 1310 micrograms per cubic meter and NO2 with concentration of 940 micrograms per cubic meter resulted in low leaf damage, while none of the gases do not cause damage alone in this concentrations. There are many reports on the effects of pollutants on the anatomy, physiology and morphology of different plant species. The importance of stomata in plant protection against air pollutants has been investigated and it has been shown that the closure of stomata helps to protect plants from pollution damage. Vehicle contaminants affect photosynthesis and cause oxidative stress in plants. Air pollution caused a significant increase in membrane peroxidation in Lavandula officinalis Chaix. and Ligustrum vulgare L. planted in the margin of the streets of polluted and cleaned areas of Tehran. The activity of Antioxidants enzymes (catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase) increased in different levels in contaminated areas compared to clean areas. There are not enough researches on the effect of gasoline exhaust pollution on leafy vegetables, especially spinach. According to the considerable amount of cultivated spinach, especially in Iran are in outdoors and on the side of the roads or contaminated urban areas, therefore, the effects of the gasoline exhaust pollutants on some anatomical, physiological and morphological characteristics of spinach (spinacia oleraceae var virofly) was investigated. Material and method The experiment was conducted in factorial test based on a completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse of Isfahan University of Technology. 12 small chambers (length: 100 cm, width 70 cm and height: 70 cm) and an exhaust generator for transferring the contaminants to the chambers were constructed. VARIOPLUS MRU device was used to analyze the output gases and determine the concentration of contaminants from burning gasoline. The seeds of Spinacia oleraceae var. viroflay were directly cultured in pots No. 4 which were filled with sand and soil mixtures of 1:2. When the spinach seedlings reached to 4-leafy stage, transferred to the chambers and exposed separately to the gasoline exhaust pollution for three hours in three different exposure times (10, 20 and 30 days) and after the exposure time, their anatomical, physiological and morphological traits of plants were measured and compared with control plants. The relative water content was measured by the method of Ritchie et al. (1990). Electrolyte leakage was measured by Lutts et al. (1995). The total chlorophyll content and carotenoid content of leaves were extracted by 100% acetone solvent method. The absorbance of light at 661.6 and 168.8 for total chlorophyll and 470 nm for carotenoids were read. The chlorophyll fluorescence concentration was measured by a chlorophyll meter machine (OS-30P model manufactured by Opti-science, UK) and the Fv/Fm ratio (photochemical effect of photosystem 2) was reported. Factors related to leaf gas exchange were measured by a portable photosynthesis measurement (LCi model manufactured by ADC Bioscientific Ltd, UK). The amount of proline was measured using the Bates method (1973). Catalase activity was measured using modified Aebi method (1984) at 240 nm wavelength. Ascorbate peroxidase activity was estimated by modified Nakano and Asada (1981) by absorbance reduction at 290 nm. The activity of the guaiacol peroxidase enzyme was determined by the Chance and Maehli method (1955) with a slight change. Anatomical traits were observed by optical microscope and measured through the Edn-2 software. Statistical analysis of data of all traits were performed using statistical software Statistix 8 and comparison of meanings performed based on minimum significant difference test (LSD) at 5% probability level. Discussion of Results Anatomical, physiological and morphological characteristics of spinach plants affected by gasoline exhaust pollution in every three exposure time. Exposure to contaminants for 10 days, significantly increased total chlorophyll content, CO2 intracellular concentration, stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate compared to controls. No reduction was seen in all anatomical, physiological and morphological characteristics of spinach plants exposured to contaminants for 10 days compared to the controls. The number of stomata, proline content and antioxidant enzymes activity including catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase in plants exposed to contaminants for 20 days showed significant increase compared to the control plants. Dry weight, relative water content of leaves and stomatal conductance of plants exposed to contaminants for 20 days showed a significant decrease compared to the control plants. Plants exposed to the pollutants for 30 days, showed significant increases in antioxidant enzymes activity such as catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase, proline content, electrolyte leakage and the number of stomata per unit compared to controls. But total chlorophyll content, carotenoid, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence, relative water content of leaves, fresh weight, dry weight and length of stomata significantly decreased compared to control plants. Stomata pores in spinach plants that were exposed to the pollutants for 30 days shrinked due to closure of stomata by the pollutants as against other exposure days and control plants. Significant differences in the xylem and phloem of plants that had the highest and the lowest exposure time to the pollutants were not observed. Conclusion Exposure to contaminants for 10 days, significantly increased total chlorophyll content and leaf gas-exchange parameters that are most likely because of the contents in contaminants and also the role of CO2 in photosynthesis process and the presence of nitrogen and sulfur in NO2 and SO2 gases. Between the three time of exposure in this study, the most trait changes were observed in plants exposed to pollutants for 30 days. Significant increase in antioxidant enzymes, proline, ion leakage and number of stomata was observed in spinach plants exposed to pollutants for 30 days compared to control plants. The highest increase in this interval was related to the activity of the guaiacol peroxidase enzyme and then the amount of proline. Among the anatomical traits, the highest change was shown in the number of stoma (62.20%) of plants exposed to pollutants for 30 days compared to controls. Significant decrease in total chlorophyll, carotenoid, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll fluorescence, relative water content of leaves, fresh weight, dry weight and length of stomata in spinach plants exposured for 30 days was observed compared to control plants. The highest decrease in plants exposed to pollutants for 30 days compared to controls was observed in stomatal conductance (39.21%) and the lowest reduction was observed in the amount of chlorophyll fluorescence (2.56%). The results showed that the exposure of spinach plants to pollutants, especially 30-days exposure, caused morphological, physiological and anatomical reactions due to contaminants that could be considered these reactions as the adaptation of these plants to the stress of contamination, in order to adapt or to deal with stress conditions and thus to survive the plant under pollution stress conditions.}, keywords = {Pollutant,Spinach,Anatomical,Physiological and Morphological Characteristics}, title_fa = {اثر آلاینده‌های ناشی از سوختن بنزین بر برخی خصوصیات آناتومیکی، فیزیولوژیکی و مورفولوژیکی اسفناج}, abstract_fa = {آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با 3 تکرار در گلخانه‌ی پژوهشی دانشکده‌ی کشاورزی دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان بر روی گیاهان اسفناج، در سه دوره‌ی زمانی 10 ، 20 و 30 روز در معرض آلاینده‌های ناشی از سوختن بنزین انجام گرفت و صفات آناتومیکی، فیزیولوژیکی و مورفولوژیکی آن‌ها پس از پایان اعمال تیمارها مقایسه گردید. قرار گرفتن 10 روزه اسفناج در برابر آلاینده‌ها، سبب افزایش معنی‌دار کلروفیل‌کل و بهبود فتوسنتز گردید. گیاهانی که به مدت 30 روز در معرض آلاینده‌ها قرار گرفته بودند، افزایش معنی‌داری در آنتی‌اکسیدان، پرولین، نشت یونی و تعداد روزنه در واحد سطح را نسبت به گیاهان شاهد نشان دادند اما میزان کلروفیل کل، کارتنوئید، نرخ فتوسنتز خالص، هدایت روزنه‌ای، کلروفیل فلورسانس، محتوای نسبی آب برگ، وزن‌ترو خشک و طول روزنه کاهش معنی‌دار نشان داد. منفذ روزنه‌ی اسفناجی که 30 روز در معرض آلاینده‌ها قرار داشتند، به دلیل بسته شدن روزنه در اثر آلاینده‌ها کوچکتر شدند. مواجهه‌ی گیاهان اسفناج با آلاینده‌ها به خصوص مواجهه‌ی 30 روزه، سبب بروز واکنش‌های مورفولوژیکی، فیزیولوژیکی و آناتومیکی گردید که می‌توان این واکنش‌ها را به عنوان سازگاری این گیاه در برابر تنش آلودگی و درنتیجه زنده‌ماندن گیاه در شرایط تنش آلودگی در نظر گرفت.}, keywords_fa = {Pollutant,Spinach,Anatomical,Physiological and Morphological Characteristics}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65547.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65547_495383ebbe25531d2c81eb2a497434d1.pdf} } @article { author = {Nafarzadegan, Ali Reza and Vagharfard, Hassan and Nikoo, Mohammad Reza and Nohegar, Ahmad}, title = {Resolving conflict on the trade-off curve generated by a multi-purpose sustainability model for the natural environment and farming under water bankruptcy}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, pages = {699-713}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.245244.1007540}, abstract = {1. Introduction The contradiction between increased demand for water and decreased water availability has led to excessive exploitation of water resources and, in some cases, encroachment on the share of water needed to preserve the natural environment. Today, managing water resources and finding optimum strategies for water allocation has attracted the attention of policy makers. Water scarcity, especially in arid and semi-arid areas, makes the situation dire and challenging for water allocation. Such physical restrictions cause competition for water among irrigation and drainage networks and the ecosystem. In order to achieve optimum sustainable strategies for allocation of water between multiple stakeholders, a set of conflicting (negatively or weakly correlated) and incommensurable objective functions should be addressed. To reach optimum crop area and water allocation schemes, one can optimize the amount of water allocated to the plant by considering the crop response to water deficit. The incorporation of crop-water production function into the linear objective function for maximizing agricultural net benefit would transform it to a non-linear objective function. Therefore, the problem would become more complicated. Regarding practical problems, the optimization of the ratios of variables and parameters would provide a deeper understanding for managers and decision makers than optimizing each of them in the form of a separate objective function. Thus, such formulation can be considered as a tool to assess the sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. Combining the objectives by taking advantage of ratios would facilitate the process of analysis of alternative solutions. One of the issues in dealing with multi-objective optimization problems is the choice of a solution from a usually large set of non-inferior alternative points that make up the optimal tradeoff (Pareto) curve. One can take advantage of social selection methods to resolve conflicts between the objectives of different stakeholders by identifying the best settlement solutions from among an optimal set of non-inferior alternative solutions. The aim of the current study is to develop a non-linear multi-objective optimization model for water allocation which takes into account crop-water production function, reservoir continuity, and surface water balance. The developed multi-purpose framework is based on four sustainability indicators, two fractional functions and two simple functions. 2. Methodology 2.1. Water bankruptcy The two main components of a bankruptcy situation are the amount of resources available and the claimed amounts of the stakeholders. In most water allocation cases, the first component can be easily equated with the amount of water available for distribution between users at a specific time and place. The proportional cutback rule is one of the long-established principles for bankruptcy situations. It is widely employed to manage water resources under water scarcity in different parts of the world. According to the proportional cutback rule, allocated water to each water claimant is according to a proportion of its claimed volume of water. This proportion is defined as the ratio of total available water to total water demands of water claimants. 2.2. Deficit irrigation Deficit irrigation is an optimization policy in which plants are subjected to different levels of water shortages. In each condition, the desirable level of water shortage and the resultant crop yield are determined through an optimization process on the basis of crop-water production function. This function describes the relationship between the gained crop yield and the total amount of water consumed by the plant through evapotranspiration. 2.3. Social choice approaches Social decision-making methods are procedures that take into account all individual preferences in order to reach a social preference. In the current study, social choice rules such as the plurality, Borda count, median voting, majoritarian compromise, pairwise comparison, and Condorcet choice have been employed to choose a compromise point among a set of non-inferior alternative solutions. 2.4. Proposed sustainability model for farming and the ecosystem In this research, we developed an optimization model for multi-purpose agricultural and environmental sustainability. The main goal of the proposed model was to address the optimal allocation of water between farming and the ecosystem in the Dorudzan reservoir-river system. The developed model consists of four objective functions, two fractional functions and two simple functions. The first objective is the maximum ratio of net income –in terms of deficit irrigation– to blue water utilization. In order to optimize the virtual water content in agricultural products, one can divide the crop water requirement into two parts, green and blue water, and attempt to improve the water use efficiency of irrigation water. The second objective is the maximum ratio of total crop yields to total blue water utilization or, in other words, the minimum total blue virtual water content. The third objective is the maximum fairness in water allocation or minimum total difference between the amount of allocated water to each irrigation district and the water share, which is determined by the bankruptcy, proportional cutback, rule. The fourth objective is the minimum shortage in meeting the water demand of the Bakhtegan Lake ecosystem. The main constraints of the proposed model are reservoir continuity, surface water balance at the downstream of the dam, crops’ acreages, and water consumption in each irrigation district. 3. Results and Discussion We computed the average values of the 12-month standardized runoff index (SRI) for the 7-year periods (33 periods) from 1976-2015. According to the outcomes, the period of 2007 to 2014 water years, with an annual average SRI value of -1.25, was selected as a period of water bankruptcy for implementation of a proposed simulation-optimization model for multipurpose sustainability of the Droudzan reservoir-river system. By solving the developed model using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), we generated an optimal trade-off set that contained 637 management alternatives. Each generated alternative offered different values for the objective functions of the model. There was no socially optimal management option based on the median voting and majoritarian compromise rules. This output revealed that none of the generated efficient management alternatives could obtain the approval of the majority of stakeholders, not only at first ranking level, but at all possible ranking levels (637 levels). Moreover, the compromise set derived by the Condorcet rule was an empty set. The latter output indicated that there was no management option in the generated optimal trade-off set, which agreed upon by all stakeholders through the pairwise comparison procedure. The output of the plurality rule was a compromise set with four members given the fact that the voting took place between the four aspects of sustainability. Therefore, each of the four identified options by the plurality rule was the most desirable option based on one of the four aspects of sustainability in the system under consideration. Among applied social choice techniques, only the Borda count and pairwise comparison approaches were able to identify a compromise set with a single member, Management Option No. 87, which could be recognized as the socially-optimal conflict-resolving alternative for the problem under investigation. According to the conflict-resolving management alternative, the 7-year (the bankruptcy period) average of the cultivation areas allocated to wheat, barley and canola would be 16%, 24%, and 41%, respectively. This management option would supply 46% of the water demand of Bakhtegan Lake. In terms of relative satisfaction, this alternative has the second rank based on three sustainability indicators of the blue water productivity, allocating water for preserving the natural environment, and fair distribution of water among identified socially-optimal management options. 4. Conclusion Given the nonlinear and multi-objective nature of the problem under investigation, the output of the developed model was an optimal set of non-inferior solutions that form the trade-off curve between four aspects of sustainability (objective functions) in the Dorudzan reservoir-river system. The current study also attempted to find a compromise solution among generated non-inferior alternative solutions by using social choice rules. Results of the proposed methodology provided valuable information on efficient water governance strategies and how to achieve multi-purpose agricultural and environmental sustainability in the study region.}, keywords = {Multi-objective optimization,Fractional programming,water allocation,Equity,Social choice rules}, title_fa = {رفع مناقشه روی منحنی تعاملِ حاصل از مدل پایداریِ چندمنظورۀ محیط طبیعی و زراعت تحت ورشکستگی آبی}, abstract_fa = {هدف این پژوهش توسعه یک مدل غیرخطی تخصیص آب با لحاظ تابع تولید محصول به‌ازای آب مصرفی، معادله پیوستگی مخزن سد و بیلان آب‌های سطحی است. نوآوری این مطالعه تدوین چارچوبی برای تخصیص آب براساس چهار شاخص پایداری کشاورزی و محیط زیست (دو تابع کسری و دو تابع غیرکسری) شامل: 1. افزایش سود خالص -با لحاظ کم‌آبیاری- نسبت به آب مصرفی؛ 2. افزایش تولید گیاهی نسبت به آب مصرفی؛ 3. افزایش عدالت و انصاف در تخصیص آب در شرایط ورشکستگی و 4. تأمین احتیاجات آبی اکوسیستم، در قالب یک مدل چندهدفه و سپس تلاش در جهت یافتن نقطه مصالحه از بین مجموعه جواب‌های غیر مسلّط با استفاده از رویکردهای انتخاب اجتماعی شامل امتیاز بُردا، قاعده کثرت، رأی میانه، مصالحه اکثریت و منتخب کاندورسِت است. ‌نتایج نشان داد با اِعمال گزینه مدیریتی شناسایی شده برای رفع مناقشه، در طول دوره 7 ‌ساله ورشکستگی آبی متوسط سطوح کشت اختصاصی به گندم، جو و کلزا نسبت به تقاضا به ترتیب معادل 16، 24 و 41 درصد خواهد بود. ضمناً این گزینه مدیریتی از نظر جلب رضایت در سه شاخص پایداری بهره‌وری آب آبی، تخصیص منصفانه آب و اختصاص آب برای حفظ اکوسیستم در رتبه دوم بین گزینه‌های بهینه اجتماعی شناسایی شده قرار می‌گیرد.}, keywords_fa = {Multi-objective optimization,Fractional programming,water allocation,Equity,Social choice rules}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65548.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65548_690b8e69bb01ca686ac537714780a701.pdf} } @article { author = {Makareh, mahdieh and Chamani, Atefeh and Moshtaghie, minoo}, title = {Evaluation of Lead and Cadmium pollutions in morphometric characteristics of Hermit crab (Coenobita scaevola)}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, pages = {713-723}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.238749.1007480}, abstract = {Introduction: Marine ecosystems are impacted by a large amount of pollutants from different sources. The Persian Gulf is a semi-enclosed tropical sea with limited water exchange with the Indian Ocean through the Hormuz Strait. In recent decades, the Gulf countries have grown increasingly in terms of industrial and demographic trends, and one of the consequences of this growth has been the significant increase in oil, urban, agricultural and industrial pollution such as heavy metals with both short and long-term impacts. Heavy metals as major contaminants have been drastically increased in marine ecosystems with anthropogenic activity. This causes increasing extinction rate or complete extinction of some sensitive marine organisms, and biochemical and physiological damage to the organisms, subsequently be transferred to human through the food chain. Lead and cadmium are considered as important toxic pollutants for aquatic animals and the adverse effect of them multiply as they move up the food chain. Evaluating the flexibility of the morphological properties of species populations inhabiting areas with different habitat characteristics and pollution levels would enhance our knowledge the effects of environmental changes on species characteristics (Kuliev, 1988). Like other organism, crabs adopt a species adjustment mechanism to develop similar morphological characteristics under similar environmental conditions. Crabs’ morphological characteristics are highly sensitive to changes in major environmental factors such as habitat type, environmental pollution, water flow, vegetation, competition, predation, and availability of food resources. Morphometric studies generally use traditional or geometric approaches (Eigdari and Nasri, 2012). Traditional morphometries apply multivariate statistical methods to examine morphological variations within or between groups (Webster et al., 2010). Traditional morphometric studies usually use multivariate statistical tools to assess a set of distance measures. Hermit crabs (Coenobita scaevola) are more noteworthy in recent years because of the following: they are included in aquatic and shore birds’ food chain, they have an important role in cleaning the environment and also they are one of the most important animal communities in tidal zones. The purpose of this study is to investigating the effects of heavy metal pollutions on the morphological specifications of hermit crabs in two different pollution contexts by using traditional morphological method. Material and Method: In June 2016, sixty hermit crabs were collected from two different stations in south and southeast of Kish Island (30 sample from each station) and then transferred to the lab. At first, the morphological variables of each sample have been measured by the traditional morphological techniques. Morphological variables Total Length TL Abdomen Length AbL Hard Length HL Carapace Length CL Anterior Shield Length ASL Eyestalk Length El Antennal Length AL 1st Walking Leg Length 1WLL 2st Walking Leg Length 2WLL Cheliped Length CHL Carapace Width CW Eyestalk Width EW Cheliped Propodus Width CPW Total Width TW Sex Sex Table 1: Morphological Variables. c b a Figure 1. (a) Eyestalk Length (b) Carapace Length (C) Total Length Due to the fact that in crustaceans, heavy metals accumulate more in hard tissues, the hard tissue was removed by cutter from the soft tissue. Then, after extraction wet digestion technique according to AOAC, 1980, lead and cadmium concentration were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. The recovery rates ranged from 96% to 101% for both investigated elements. Finally, in order to compare the lead and cadmium concentrations at each station with global standards, data normality and comparison of lead and cadmium concentrations between two stations, SPSS Software and for the Principle Component Analysis (PCA), the CANOCO software were used. Results and Discussion: According to the results, the mean lead concentration in hard tissue in the southeast station is 2.38 ppm and in the south station is 22.49 ppm. As a result, the lead concentration in both stations is more than the world health organization(WHO) standard and in the south station the lead concentration is significantly more than the southeast station. The mean of cadmium concentration in the south station is 2.38 ppm and it is more than the southeast station which is 1.8 ppm and in both cases it is more than WHO standard (0.2 ppm). On the other hand, despite the higher mean concentration of cadmium in the south station, but based on Mann Whitney U test, this difference, is not significant. In the southeast station the carapace length, the eyes stem length, the antenna length, the upper moving legs and the total weight variables are significantly more than the south station. According to the fact that the length of the moving legs in hermit crabs is very important for escaping from the enemies, finding the perfect pair, finding an appropriate oyster and finding food, the effects of lead concentration on this parameter can decrease the survival rate and making intercross, movement and nutrition disorders in these species in south station. On the other hand, results show that the south station samples have less flexibility and we predict less abundance for them in the future. Also, according to the PCA results and with regard to the focus of 57% of the important and effective components correlation in first axis, we can link the average low of the morphological variables of the samples in south station is due to high lead and cadmium concentration in hard tissue in this station. Total Length(TL), Hard Length(HL), Abdomen Length(AL), the Anterior Shield Length(ASL) and the 1st and 2st Walking Leg Length (1,2 WLL), there is a positive correlation with the cadmium concentration in the hard tissue of the hermit crab. Cadmium has a direct impact on the 1st and 2st walking leg in hermit crabs and hermit do activities such as finding food, pairs and oysters (to protect the abdomen) and escape from the enemies with walking leg. So the cadmium has a negative effect on nutrition, growth, survival and reproductive activity. Thus, due to the presence of hermit crab in the aquatic and shorebirds' food chain as well as its significant role in environmental purification (Seiffabadi et al., 2014), it is also possible to use it as a bio indicator of contaminated water. Also habitats and populations monitoring of this species are proposed on the southern coasts of Iran. Keywords: Hermit crab, Kish Island, Traditional morphometry, Lead, Cadmium}, keywords = {Hermit crab,Kish Island,Traditional morphometry,Lead and Cadmium}, title_fa = {بررسی تاثیر آلودگی به سرب و کادمیوم در خصوصیات ریخت شناسی خرچنگ منزوی(Coenobita scaevola)}, abstract_fa = {به منظور بررسی تاثیر آلودگی به سرب و کادمیوم بر خصوصیات ریختی خرچنگ منزوی(Coenobita scaevola) با کاربرد روش ریخت‌سنجی سنتی، ۶۰ نمونه به صورت تصادفی از جنوب و جنوب شرق جزیره کیش در تابستان ۱۳۹۵ برداشت گردید. جهت مطالعات ریخت‌سنجی، 15 صفت اندازه‌گیری گردید. غلظت سرب و کادمیوم در بافت سخت هر نمونه پس از عصاره گیری، توسط دستگاه اسپکترومتری جذب اتمی اندازه‌گیری شد. میانگین غلظت سرب و کادمیوم در ایستگاه جنوب شرق به ترتیب ۶۶/۵± 36/19 و ۳۶/۰± 8/1 و در ایستگاه جنوب به ترتیب، ۱۱/۵ ± 49/22 و ۳۸/۳± 38/2 میلی گرم بر لیتر می‌باشد. از طرفی به جز سه متغیر، میانگین سایر متغیرهای ریختی در ایستگاه جنوب شرق بالاتر از ایستگاه جنوب است. با توجه به عدم تفاوت معنی دار غلظت کادمیوم بین دو ایستگاه و نتایج PCA و تمرکز 57% همبستگی مولفه ها در محور اول، می‌توان پایین تر بودن میانگین متغیرهای ریخت‌شناسی در ایستگاه جنوب را که می‌تواند منجر به عدم رشد آلومتری مناسب در گونه گردد، به بالاتر بودن غلظت سرب در بافت بدن این نمونه‌ها مرتبط دانست که می‌تواند باعث ایجاد اختلال در حرکت، تغذیه، جفت گیری و در نتیجه کاهش نرخ بقا، در این گونه باشد.}, keywords_fa = {Hermit crab,Kish Island,Traditional morphometry,Lead and Cadmium}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65549.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65549_0890eaef109e0f4ec3c0717fe8819cec.pdf} } @article { author = {vanaei, ali and marofi, safar and azari, arash}, title = {Self-purification of interval mountainous Abbas Abad River of Hamedan}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, pages = {727-742}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.233965.1007442}, abstract = {1. Prelude Surface water, especially rivers are the most important sources of water for drinking and agricultural purposes. The parameters involved in the ecosystem of the river covers a wide range and since the rate of elimination, some commonality, decrease and increase of pollutants and the factors influencing them is different, and there is in some cases, addressing all the features and parameters of water quality is not possible. In this regard, water quality parameters such as DO, BOD, COD, NH4, NO3 and PO4 in the Abbas Abad river of Hamedan were evaluated. The purpose of this study, was to simulate water quality parameters of Abbas Abad River with the QUAL2KW models and estimate the amount of pollution entering Abbas Abad River, without making environmental problems of rivers with the river enjoying self-purification capacity. Also, it is noteworthy that no research has been done using this model in Abbas Abad river, so the results can be used in developing control programs pollutant load (TMDL) for Abbas Abad river, and in the related organizations for similar applications. 2. Materials and Methods 2. 1. Study area Abbas Abad River is 18 km long from the slopes of Mount Fakhrabad of a height 3312 meters 12 km southwest of Hamedan flowing to the north. The river in its path (between regions Ganjnameh and Abbas Abad), gets branches, and after passing Hamadan Abbas Abad village garden pours in to, in Grachqa Lands into the river (Gishin) khaku. Abbas Abad River, because is a mountainous basin, and the steep, has a swift flow. Due to the snow catchment, this river has a permanent origin. 2. 2. Research Methodology In this study, was used QUAL2KW model to simulate DO, BOD, COD, nitrate, ammonium and phosphate and calculate parameters of self-purification capacity of the Abbas Abad River. To calibrate the model, the necessary information for the years 2012-2013 was obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency Hamadan. In order to test and validate the model, data collection was carried out in May, June and August 1394. In order to determine normal flow of the river, two patterns of the three-year river flow continuity and moving average of the river flow. And according to the 43-year period (1971-2013), the normal flow for months of the study was determined. 2. 3. Collecting data According to the field observations and determination of the locations of wastewater disposal into the Abbas Abad River, water harvesting (dividing the water 1 and 2), lateral branches (Tarykdrh) added, were selected in 5 stations sampled on the Abbas Abad River from the Ganjnameh to the Natural History Museum (behind Faculty of agriculture), 7.43 kilometers long. These stations were sampled and analyzed in the months and required quality tests were conducted. To model, the river was divided into 16 pieces. Since the water quality of the river is influenced by flow and temperature, to determine the critical month in terms of water quality, based on 3-year moving average and Discharge River was 43-year-old took place, who was selected in August as dry months. 2. 4. Self-purification capacity and TMDL process In this study, given Abbas Abad River plays apart to supply water to Hamedan city and another part is used as water right of farmers to irrigate gardens and agricultural land, to use drinking water and agriculture standards in the examination of self-purification capacity river, two interval were considered. First interval, the range of Ganjnameh up to water division 1, to harvest drinking water and second interval of the division of water up to the water withdrawals for agriculture in behind the School of Agriculture (water division 2) were selected. In this regard, Iran's water quality standards were used. And the standard in order to apply the water used in agriculture FAO standard was used. To determine self-purification capacity of river and total maximum of daily load, the TMDL process was used and according to the type of use (agriculture and drinking), in compliance with the respective standards safety margin was considered. For phosphate, the entering load pollutants was reduced up to standard. 3. Results Based on these results, levels of dissolved oxygen in the range of one kilometer beginning to change is not considerable, but with the continue the path up to km 4.100, relative to the initial state, the average level A drop in 1.5 percent relatively minor exists, and then up to the end of the path was increased to 5 percent. According to the charts of ammonia and nitrate, with the increasing river discharge and dissolved oxygen, process of nitrification taken place and oxygen caused the conversion of ammonium to nitrate. This increase of nitrate, in the interval (3.500 km), an average of 15 percent, but is not the index. Also the flow increased that is combined with the relative increase oxygen, enhanced the quality of river water, and dropped amounts of BOD and COD an average of 45 percent. This also causes the status of phosphate to improve in the river. Self-purification capacity of river: For drinking purposes, if the values of BOD, COD, NH4 and NO3 increase up to level 1, 0.3, 9.3 and 10, fold respectively, they are still acceptable In terms of drinking water standards. It should be noted that this is accordance with position and place of harvest of the river for drinking purposes (the first interval). If in future, the harvesting place of drinking water is changed, the assessment will not be valid. It should be noted that the amount of Phosphate River is always higher than the standards for drinking purposes and thus should be reduced to the initial value of 0.64. Also, for agricultural purposes, if the values of BOD, COD, NH4, NO3 and PO4 respectively up to 35, 28, 25, 46 and 40-fold increase, still will be accepted in terms of agricultural standards. As already stated, this would suit position and harvesting of water from rivers for agriculture (second period) is valid. If the relative increase parameters, examined compared to relevant standards, we find that the BOD further increases other elements, although significant difference cannot be observed between respective elements, also, there was determined the lowest level of self-purification in the first interval of COD and the second interval of NO3. 4. Conclusion and recommendations The aim of this study was to determine assimilative capacity of the Abbas Abad River of Hamedan, in compliance with the standards and quality criteria such as parameters of DO, BOD, COD, NH4, NO3 and PO4. In this regard, QUAL2KW one-dimensional model and the measured data in May, June and August 2011, 2012 and 2015 were used. Was applied the TMDL process for to determine the self-purification capacity of the river and total maximum daily load. The results showed that due to the mountainous and steep area, re-aeration is properly done so that although the values of BOD, COD, NH4 and NO3 increase up to 1, 0.3, 9.3 and 10-fold respectively, they are acceptable in terms of standards for drinking. The river PO4 is always higher than the standards for drinking purposes and it is necessary to decrease the initial value of 0.64. For agricultural purposes, if the values of BOD, COD, NH4, NO3 and PO4, respectively, and up to 35, 28, 25, 46 and 40-fold, they will be accepted in terms of agricultural standards. Based on these results, self-purification capacity of the river in the first interval (drinking) is more than that in the second interval (agriculture). Also pattern of behavior of DO, BOD, COD, NH4, NO3 and PO4 parameters in river follows a normed probabilistic distributions, normal, Pearson, log normal, Pearson and normal respectively, and this information can help in the prediction of variability in this quality index. Keywords: water quality, QUAL2Kw model, self-purification, Abbas Abad River}, keywords = {Water quality,Qual2Kw model,Self-Purification,Abbas Abad River}, title_fa = {بررسی خودپالایی بازه کوهستانی رودخانه عباس‎آباد همدان}, abstract_fa = {در این مطالعه ظرفیت خودپالایی رودخانه عباس‌آباد همدان با استفاده از مدل QUAL2KW، مبتنی بر شبیه‌سازی پارامترهای DO، BOD، COD، NH4، NO3 و PO4، با در نظر گرفتن استانداردهای کیفی آب در دو بازه طولی 86/1 و 33/4 کیلومتر ارزیابی شد. نتایج نشان‌دهنده افزایش DO و NO3 به‌ترتیب به میزان 5 و 15 درصد در کل رودخانه می‌باشد. ارتقاء کیفیت آب رودخانه از نظر شاخص‌های BOD و COD به‌میزان 45 درصد، و کاهش PO4 و NH4 به‌ترتیب به‌میزان 16 و 75 درصد می-باشد. همچنین نتایج بیانگر آن است که حداکثر ظرفیت پذیرش مقادیر BOD، COD، NH4، NO3 و PO4 برای بازه اول به‌ترتیب 92/101، 95/171، 30/26، 78/181 و 80/3 کیلوگرم در روز و در بازه دوم به‌ترتیب 87/987، 79/1731، 36/68، 21/26 و 49/33 کیلوگرم در روز می‌باشد. براساس این نتایج مقدار PO4 رودخانه همواره بیش از استاندارد تعیین شده برای مصارف شرب بوده و می‌بایست به‌میزان 36 درصد کاهش یابد. توان خودپالایی رودخانه در بازه اول به‌دلیل هوادهی مناسب رودخانه نسبت به بازه دوم بیشتر می‌باشد. بیشترین ظرفیت خودپالایی در کل رودخانه مربوط به شاخص BOD و کمترین میزان نیز مربوط به شاخص‌های COD و NO3، به ترتیب در بازه‌های اول و دوم مشاهده گردید.}, keywords_fa = {Water quality,Qual2Kw model,Self-Purification,Abbas Abad River}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65550.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65550_548c20ca6fd0e87804a2bc229eb12b58.pdf} } @article { author = {Shirneshan, Golshan and Bakhtiari, Alireza and Memariani, Mahmoud}, title = {Identification Distribution Pattern and Origin of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Core Sediment of Southwest Coast of the Caspian Sea (Kiashahr)}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, pages = {743-755}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.213165.1007286}, abstract = {I. INTRODUCTION Petroleum hydrocarbons are as the most ubiquitous organic contaminants worldwide in the marine area. The hydrocarbons in sediment cores have been used to identify source and to reconstruct the historical records of these hydrocarbon inputs for environmental impact studies. Of these, the n-alkanes are commonly used to characterize organic matter of water, suspended matter and sediments from various environments (Bixiong et al., 2007). Similarly, a large number of terpane, hopane and sterane biomarker parameters are important tools for discriminating between biogenic and anthropogenic origins hydrocarbons deposited in sediments, confirming a petroleum contribution. (Ou et al., 2004; Gao et al., 2007). Caspian Sea is the largest freshwater lake in the world. International oil and gas industry special attention always was paid to this lake especially since early 1900s. Oil fields in Azerbaijan covered the southern part of the Caspian Sea where the first data on oil extraction go back to the seventh century and at the beginning of the 17th century. Also there are oil resources in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan that 30–40% of these are located in offshore (Silva et al., 2012). There was not exploration from Iran wells (Anzali wells) but since natural seeps should also be taken into consideration, these wells can be one of the possible sources of the hydrocarbon in sight. However, there has been no report on biomarkers (anthropogenic hopanes and steranes) in sediment cores to identify origin reconstruct a history of oil pollution. In this respect, this study focuses on the determination of composition, concentration and origin of hydrocarbons based on the examination of the following geochemical markers: n-alkanes, isoprenoid alkanes, petroleum biomarkers in one core sediments from the southwest Coast of the Caspian Sea. II. MATERIALS AND METHODS A. Sample Collection Core sediments were collected using a gravity corer at Kiashahr (CK) at the depth of 20 m on 25 October 2012. In the field, the cores were sectioned at into 1, 2 and 5 cm intervals immediately after sampling in the upper 10 cm, from 10 to 30 cm and higher than 30 cm to down of the core, respectively (a total of 35 samples) Samples were stored in clean aluminum foil and transported to the laboratory in a cool box and then stored at 21˚C until further analysis. B. Extraction and Fractionation Sediment samples were freeze-dried and about 5 g of each freeze-dried sample were extracted by soxhlet apparatus using 100 ml of dichloromethane; over 8 h. The extracts were transferred onto the top of 5% H2O deactivated silica gel column. All Hydrocarbons were eluted with 20 mL of DCM/hexane (1:3, v/v) and transferred onto the fully activated silica gel column (0.47 cm i.d._18 cm) and eluted with 4 ml hexane to obtain the aliphatic hydrocarbon fraction (AH) fraction. C. Analytical Methods GC/MS analyses were carried out on an Agilent Technologies (Palo Alto, CA, USA) instrument with a gas chromatograph (GC), model 7890A coupled to a quadruple mass spectrometer (MS), 5975 C. Compound identification was based on individual mass spectra and GC retention times in comparison to literature, library data, and authentic standards. Detection of hopanes and steranes, was carried out using mass fragment ions at m/z = 191 and 217 respectively. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Aliphatic Hydrocarbon The total aliphatic hydrocarbon (TAH) concentrations varied from 5.11 to 643.30 μg g−1 in CK. According to results; TAHs had maximum concentrations at 3, 4, 8, and 55 cm that were concomitant to an increase of U/R and diagenic hopane, pointing out on a greater enrichment of petrogenic organic matter in these layers. The distribution pattern of n-alkane in sediments of Ck presented bimodal pattern in vertical profile: First model that happened in most depths containing an n-alkane distribution with not obvious odd to even predominance with high Unresolved Complex Mixtures )UCM( indicating petrogenic input in these layers (Maioli et al., 2010). The second model that happened in some of the bottom depths of CK contains an n-alkane distribution with odd to even predominance and Cmax was at C27. These distributions indicated biogenic source for aliphatic hydrocarbons in these samples (Gao al., 2007). The relative UCM abundance compared to the resolved alkanes (R) is served as diagnostic criteria of pollutant inputs that it is varying from 0.5 to 6.8 in CK. UCM/R values >2 confirm the widespread presence of petroleum-related residues (Silva et al., 2012). This is apparent in all layers of CK, except for layers (75, 85, 90, 95 and 105 cm) confirming that these sediments contain mainly contributions from perogenic sources. The n-alkanes from petrogenic inputs show CPI ratios of approximately 1, while CPI values of 4 to 10 have been recorded for the terrestrial plants (Simoneit, 1986; Lipiatou and Saliot, 1991) Our results showed CPI values (0.83- 1.2) in most sediments of Ck. CPI values higher than 2 were observed only in layers (75, 85, 90, 95 and 105 cm) of CK indicating characteristic of biogenic n-alkane input. The presence of pristane (Pr) and phytane (Ph) is noticed in all sections. Pri/Phy ratios for uncontaminated sediments are typically between 3 and 5, whereas values close to or lower than 1 suggest a petrogenic origin (Volkman et al., 1992). The Pr/Ph ratio varied from 0.01 to 0.9 in Ck. This low Pr/Ph values suggest predominant petrogenic sources rather than biogenic in this core. B. Petroleum Biomarkers Petroleum biomarkers pentacyclic triterpanes (C27 to C35 carbon atoms) were found at most of the samples. In deferent depths, hopanes ranged within 23 to 1841 ng g-1. Proportions of terpanes to the major hopanes [∑Ter/ (∑Ter + Tm+ C29αβ + C30αβ)] were found to be low for all the samples (0.16 to 0.33), indicating higher concentrations of these catagenetic hopanes. The high relative abundance of C29αβ and C30αβ hopanes is indicative of pollution from fossil fuel products (Hauser et al., 1999). Several geochemical values elaborated from hopane biomarkers have been used to characterize petroleum residues. One of these ratios that is confirmation of petroleum contaminants is determined by values of the ratio 18α(H)-22,29,30-trisnor-hopane (Ts)/sum of Ts+Tm17α(H)-22,29,30-trisnor-hopane ranged from 0.33 to 0.8 in CK. Such a range confirms the presence of mature petroleum in sediment. The ratio of 22S/(22S+22R) epimers of the homohopanes for C31αβ-hopanes was from 0.56 to 0.66 in, very close to the equilibrium value of full maturity at 0.6. This criterion has been used for characterizing the origin and degree of maturation of crude oils. Bacterial (biogenic) hopanes (particularly neohop-13(18)-ene, 17β(H),21β(H)- hopane and 17β(H),21β(H)-hop-22(29)-ene) generally are absent in most of these samples. The highest values of bacterial hopanes with concentrations ranging from 0.08 to 0.50 ng g−1 were observed at 22, 24 and 60 which could reflect the presence of bacteria to organic matter in these layers (Philp, 1985; Harris et al., 2005). Steranes present in fossil fuels are also useful biomarker indicators for petroleum pollution in urban coastal areas. The sterane patterns showed a prevalence of 5α,14β,17β and 5α,14α,17α configurations occurring as 20S and 20R epimers. The total sterane concentrations in the study area ranged from 2.65 to 768.84 ng g_1 in CK. Another evidence of the contamination by crude oils in core sediment is steranes present. In general, C27 and C29 steranes are indicative of algae and higher plant source of organic matter respectively. So, the a dominance of C27 over C28 and C29 steranes indicates the predominance of organic matter input from marine algae, while a predominance of C29 steranes suggests a preferential higher plant input. In these sediments, the ratios of C27/C29-steranes are in the range of 0.5–0.74, further indicating an abundance of organic matter with higher plant origin in the source rocks for these petroleum contaminants Harris et al., 2011).}, keywords = {sterane,hopane,core sediment,oil pollution,Caspian Sea}, title_fa = {الگوی توزیع و منشاء هیدروکربن‌های نفتی در رسوبات عمقی ساحل جنوب غربی دریای خزر (کیاشهر)}, abstract_fa = {ددر این مطالعه، غلظت ترکیبات آلیفاتیک و شناساگرهای زیستی هوپان و استران در رسوبات عمقی ساحل کیاشهر از عمق 20 متری واقع در جنوب غربی دریای خزر به منظور تعیین منشا و پراکنش هیدروکربنهای نفتی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نمونه‌ها پس از استخراج با استفاده از سوکسله و سپس دو مرحله کروماتوگرافی ستونی بوسیله دستگاه کروماتوگرافی گازی-طیف سنجی جرمی (GC-MS) ترکیبات آلکان‌های نرمال، هوپان و استران در آن‌ها شناسایی و تعیین غلظت شد. غلظت کل هیدروکربن‌های آلیفاتیک (TAH) در رسوبات در محدوده µg/g11/5–30/643 و در بیشتر اعماق نسبتا بالا یافت شد. نتایج حاصل از شناساگر مخلوط پیچیده حل نشده (UCM)، pr/ph و شاخص ارجحیت کربن (CPI) نشان از ورودی نفت به عنوان منبع اصلی در بیشتر اعماق رسوبات کیاشهر را داشت. همچنین الگوی ترکیبات هوپان با شکل غالب 17α(H), 21β (H) hopanes و نتایج نسبت‌های بلوغ حراتی ((TS) / (TS+ TM) و (22S / (22S + 22R)) آلودگی‌های نفتی را در این رسوبات به خوبی نشان می‌دهد. تنها در برخی از لایه‌های پایین منشا طبیعی برای هیدروکربن-ها مشخص شد. در کل نتایج بیانگر این مطلب می‌باشد که منابع آلاینده نفتی مانند ریزش نفت از چاه‌های نفتی آذربایجان در سال‌های گذشته وجود داشته-اند که موجب آلوده کردن رسوبات عمقی کیاشهر شده‌اند.}, keywords_fa = {sterane,hopane,core sediment,oil pollution,Caspian Sea}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65551.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65551_bf0d15aed63cd2fd0508d77c87089e3a.pdf} } @article { author = {Hasanzad, Safye and dovlati, behnam}, title = {The study of Pb (II) immobility in contaminated soils using phosphate, heat and lime (CaCO3)}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, pages = {765-757}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.138995.1007140}, abstract = {The study of Pb (II) immobility in contaminated soils using phosphate, heat and lime (CaCO3) Introduction: The nature of heavy metals and their solubility in soil is important in the transition of these hazardous materials into plants, water resources and such compounds pose a serious threat to human health. Water, soil and air pollution are important component of industrial activities and directly exposed to the environment. Lead is one of the most important environmental pollutants and can from different ways contaminate soil and water resources. Since phosphate ions for stable complexes with cations such as Pb and Cd, so cause decrease the solubility and mobility of heavy metal in soil. Liming is the most widely used treatment, and leads to the precipitation of metal as metal–carbonates and significantly decreases the exchangeable fraction of metals in contaminated soil. Temperature is also an important factor in stabilization of heavy metal. Heat causes loss of water and hydrated around cations move them to empty spaces clay part of soil. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of heat and lime, phosphate application on the immobilization of Pb in contaminated soil. Materials and methods: Soil sample was collected from waste mining of Angorane in Zanjan region and their physicochemical properties of soil were determined using standard methods. For stabilization mean, two levels of lime 0, 5% and 0, 2.5% phosphate fertilizer and mixed of lime (0, 5%), phosphate fertilizer (0, 2.5%) were added and mixed with 300 gr soil. Treatments as six different temperatures 25, 200, 400, 600, 700 and 800C were heated with electrical oven (Shimiran f.47) and loaded in distilled water for a different times (7, 30, 60 days), so samples were shaken every day 15 minutes. Samples were centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 5 minutes and passed through a filter paper. Pb concentration was measured in the supernatant using atomic absorption model (Shimadzu 6600). All analysis of variance and mean comparison were performed using SPSS and MSTATC software. Discussion of Result: Physicochemical properties of soil sample showed in table 1. The soil was acidic and saline due to the existence of salts Cd and Pb. Ionic strength of soil increases as a high amount of salts and affected adsorption and desorption processing. Also due to the absence of carbonate in the soil (0%), these salts are available as sulfate of Cd and Pb probably. The soil sample contains 23% clay and has a silty loam texture class. The XRD result showed that the illite was the dominant mineral of soil. Total Pb concentration was 18000 mgkg-1 and indicates the severity of soil contamination. Based on the America's environmental protection agency (EPA) standards the allowable limit for the existence of Pb in soil is 100 (mg kg-1). Therefore, concentration of the metal in the soil was too standard and introduced as a contaminated soil. Table 1. Some physicochemical properties of soil sample Soil Texture Clay CCE Ec (dSm-1) pH CEC (meq100-1g) Total Pb (mg kg-1) % Salty loam 23 0 20.4 5.5 8.6 18000 Statistical analysis Analysis of variance showed independent effects of heat and treatments during the total periods were significant. The interactions of factors at 7 and 30 days were significant (Table 2). Table 2. Analysis of variance for effected by heat and treatment (phosphate, lime, and time) on desorption of Pb Source df Mean Sqaure 7day 30day 60 day Heat 5 1299.5*** 429.6*** 302.2*** Treatment 3 116.8*** 168.7** 79.7** Heat*treatment 15 92.8*** 60.2** 31.58ns Error 24 9.77 19.83 13.68 CV (%) 3.1 4.3 2.3 -no significant (ns), significant on the 0.1 (***), significant on the 0.05 (*) The results showed that lead release was a function of temperature variation and increased Pb release in all treatments except for 200 °C. High temperatures break the crystalline silicate minerals of the soil and Pb release was significant at a temperature up to 600 ° C, but no significant difference was found between 600 and 800 ° C. Also, the temperature increase reduces the soil's specific surface and increases the release of Pb (Figure 1). It seems that the heat treatment causes structural changes in the structure of clay minerals and different minerals. The increase of phosphate causes the change direction effect of heat at stabilized Pb. Figure 1. The main effect of heat and treatment in desorption of pb The lime application was significantly on lead stabilization compared to the blank on first stage and the highest desorption was observed at 700 ° C. The soil pH and EC are main parameters controlling the solubility and mobility of heavy metals in soils. Therefore soil sample was acidic (pH<7) and high EC. The acidity of the soil-studied cause increases the solubility of phosphate anions and Pb solution was precipitated by phosphates anion so reduces the concentration of soluble Pb. The combined effects of phosphate and lime synergistic mode (Synergism) and cause increased of soil pH. Conclusion The results showed that lime and ion phosphate behavior were differed in non-removing Pb of contaminated soils, so that phosphate ion reduces the solubility and transfer of lead in contaminated soils. But limestone application was not suitable for the stabilization of Pb in highly polluted soils. Heat changed the structure of clay minerals and increased the release of elements. Also, the heat increase led to a change in the direction of the effect of phosphate on the stabilization of lead. So , the use of phosphate sources was found to be suitable for the stabilization of lead in acidic soils and saltines contaminated with elements. Keyword: Clay minerals, Heavy metals, Phosphate, Lime.}, keywords = {Clay minerals,Heavy metals,Phosphate,lime}, title_fa = {بررسی تاثیر توام انرژی حرارتی، کربنات و فسفات بر غیر پویاسازی سرب در خاک های آلوده}, abstract_fa = {سرب بعنوان یکی از خطرناک‌ترین فلزات سنگین سلامت انسان، گیاهان و سایر موجودات زنده را تهدید می‌کند. این تحقیق به منظور بررسی تاثیر انرژی حرارتی، آهک و فسفات در واحد زمان بر میزان تثبیت سرب در خاک‌های آلوده به فلزات سنگین انجام شد. نمونه خاک از منطقه آلوده معدن انگوران برداشت شد. جهت بررسی تثبیت سرب، محلول آهک در سطوح صفر و 5 درصد، محلول کود فسفاته در سطوح صفر و 5/2 درصد تهیه و با خاک مخلوط شدند و در دمای 25 ،200، 400، 600، 700، 800 درجه سانتی گراد حرارت داده شد. تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که اثرات مستقل حرارت و تیمارها در طول دوره زمانی معنی‌دار بود بطوریکه دمای 600 و 700 درجه سانتی گراد بیشترین تاثیر در رهاسازی سرب داشت. همچنین اثرات متقابل فاکتورها در دوره زمانی اول و دوم معنی دار شدند. افزایش حرارت باعث تغییر جهت اثر فسفات بر تثبیت سرب شده و افزایش حلالیت و انتقال آن در خاک را باعث شد. به طور کلی کاربرد آهک نسبت به فسفات برای تثبیت سرب در خاک‌های اسیدی و شور توصیه نشده و بهتر است از منابع فسفاته و در دمای محیط برای جلوگیری از تحرک سرب استفاده شود.}, keywords_fa = {Clay minerals,Heavy metals,Phosphate,lime}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65552.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_65552_5322f471fa2de23c160da146956a06d1.pdf} } @article { author = {Shenasi, Mohit}, title = {Expanded Abstract}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {4}, pages = {1-35}, year = {2018}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2021.328430.1008214}, abstract = {nglish English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English nglish English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English nglish English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English nglish English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English nglish English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English nglish English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English}, keywords = {English}, title_fa = {خلاصه انگلیسی زمستان 1396}, abstract_fa = {}, keywords_fa = {English}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_82806.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_82806_2a3fbaa078e1658bbfe45f03b91daaa8.pdf} }