@article { author = {Abedinzadeh, Niloufar and Monavari, Masoud}, title = {Optimization Pulp and paper wastewater treatment by using advanced chemical oxidation Fenton method}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, pages = {365-377}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2017.201321.1007200}, abstract = {IntroductionThe complexity and diversity in production of paper and high volume of water consumption in each steps, has made the paper industry as one of the largest industrial consumer of water after the chemical and metal industry (Covinich,et al,2014). High water consumption is between 76 to 227 cubic meters per ton of product (Ginini et al, 2014). The wastewater, in addition to high flow, contains high concentrations of BOD, COD, pH, suspended solids, color and turbidity. Pollution of water bodies created by these industries is one of the major world concerns (Khansothong, 2009). More than 250 chemical substances have been identified in various stages of paper production. Apart from a large variety of air pollutants and their complex building, many compounds in wastewater are poorly water soluble, and their resistant to harsh treatment processes, particularly biological filtration and reddish-brown color of has created many problems for treatment processes (Birjandi, et al, 2014). The other part of these pollutants, consist of chemical compounds such as chlorinated compounds, phenols, absorbable organic compounds (AOX), and also additives that are used during the paper-making industry processes such as chemical pulping process. All of this factors have caused that wastewater of paper industry has one of the most difficult water treatment, which associated with the complexity of processes (Zahrim et al, 2007). The majority of industrial wastewater arises from pulp and paper pulping process Depending on the type of pulping process, wood and paper industry produce various pollutants. Raw materials for pulp of Old Corrugated Container (OCC) unit supplied from waste paper and cardboard waste. Raw material to produce Kraft pulp is hardwoods and softwoods (karmali 2014). Research studies show that a variety of methods have been used for wastewater treatment in factory of pulp and paper. It can be noted that in the following ways: physicochemical treatment, settling and filtration, coagulation and sedimentation, adsorption, chemical oxidation, membrane filtration, ozonation, biological treatment, activated sludge, aerated lagoons, aerobic biological reactor , anaerobic treatment method, fungal treatment, combined treatment process (Buyukkamaci and Koken 2010). Biological treatment methods are generally preferred due to environmental impacts and low cost and it is a Conventional method for treating wastewater containing organic materials. One method of biological treatment is Activated Sludge. This method produces variable sludge settling characteristics and Often is sensitive to shock loading and toxicity. Their capacity to remove toxic biodegradable substances is extremely low (Katal 2011). The barriers to biological systems require large surface area, difficult to control the population of microorganisms, control of pH, temperature and nutrients for creating bulking sludge (Tambosi et al 2006). Wastewater of Pulp & Paper has restricted the use of biological methods, due to the presence of toxic compounds with Low capable of biodegradation. For this reason, the uses of chemical methods have become more acceptable (Bianco 2011). Among chemical processes, advanced oxidation processes are used for organic load reduction or toxicity of waste water (Martinez et al 2003). So this method has become a competitive technology to remove organic contaminants that are refined by conventional methods. Chemical oxidation is based on the production of hydroxyl radicals oxidizing agent in order to mineralization as a complex chemical composition of wastewater. Hydroxyl radicals are a strong oxidizing with power of oxidizing 2.23 V in comparison to conventional oxidizers (Perez et al 2002). Fenton process (H2O2/ Fe+ 2) One of the most common advanced oxidation process that is used for wastewater treatment and it is possible to use it in different scales used because of the ease of implementation, low reaction time, process of coagulation and flocculation, non-toxic compounds and low economic cost in comparison with the other methods (Neyens 2003) (Barreto-Rodrigues et al 2009) (Badawy et al 2009). Materials and methodsStudied Wastewater was prepared from pulp and paper mill in Iran. In the investigated factory, Depending on the used process, a Kraft pulp or OCC pulp generally produced two main wastewaters. One of them is Wastewater fiber and other is alkaline Wastewater. Considering the type and volume of produced waste water, a mixture of the two wastewaters (in the ratio 3: 1) was moved to laboratory to evaluate the treatability. In this study for optimizing variables, five factors pH, temperature, reaction time, concentration of iron and hydrogen peroxide concentration are considered, the response surface methods (RSM) was used in the application minitab17 for Optimizing of these factors. Response surface methodology is based on central composite design is one of the statistical methods for design of experiments, modelling, evaluating the effects of several factors, optimal conditions for favorable response and reduce the number of tests. 33 designed tests on the Fenton process with a batch Pilot scale was done in a Pyrex cylinder with capacity of 500 ml. After transferring the mixture of fiber and alkaline Wastewater, the Pyrex was placed on a magnetic stirrer equipped with a thermostat to adjust the temperature. Since the Fenton reaction occurs in an acid environment, Wastewater after acidification with sulphuric acid (H2SO4) to set a normal pH was subjected to specified concentrations of iron salt As a catalyst (FeSO4·7H2O, Merck) and finally, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 30% w/w were added to it slowly and at a constant temperature until the hydroxyl radical OH° will be produced. When hydrogen peroxide was added to solution, it was considered as the start time of reaction and at the end of reaction time to neutralize, added to hydroxide sodium sewage compound to get PH=8 (NaOH,merck) and after the addition of 0.5 ml of polyelectrolyte as a coagulant enter into the tank of solid liquid separation. COD measurement, using reactor and close reflex method was performed according to methods described in standard methods.Results and discussion:The results showed to remove organic material and achieve maximum COD removal, optimum values of pH, reaction time, reaction temperature, concentration of Fe (II) and H2O2 concentrations, are respectively 3.5, 17.5min, 32.5° C, 6Mm and 27.5Mm. In these condition, if chemical oxygen demand percent of waste wood and water in the following diagram showed that more than 90% of COD will be removed. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA), to test the utility of model are according to table 1.Table1: results of Analysis of Variance response surface model in COD removalp-value F-value Mean square Sum of squares Degrees of freedom source0.001(significant) 50.46 38.8 3445.3 28 model- 7.59 53.11 5 residual0.878(insignificant) 1.4 0.91 23.6 2 Lack -of -fit- - 6.68 29.51 3 Pure error- - 46.39 3498.11 33 totalPress=515 R2adj=0.965 R2predic=0.83 R2=0.985 The high amount of R2 and its proximity to number one implies that the COD removal can be well defined by the model and version of the utility is sufficient. Significantly of model for COD removal is expressed by the amount of F, which is equal to 50.46.also, no significantly of the test, confirming the lack of fitting data with selected model is good fit. This means that there isn't significant portion between lack of fit and amount of pure error. Survey results show that, RSM is an effective way to optimize variables of Fenton process. And there is good agreement, between the predicted values by the model and the results of test. Wastewater of wood and paper, to a large extent is purified by the Fenton reaction. This treatment will depend on many variables .pH should be adjusted to ensure the stability of the catalyst. Iron remains stable in an acid environment and reduction potential of response system will be reduced. In pH lower than 3.5, there is (Fe (II) (H2o)) +2 which is less reactive with hydrogen peroxide. Producing a smaller amount of hydroxyl radicals reduces efficiency of the organic matter decomposition. What is important at very low pH, aggregation effect of hydroxyl radicals is by}, keywords = {pulp and paper wastewater,chemical oxidation Fenton,removal of COD}, title_fa = {بهینه سازی تصفیه فاضلاب خمیر و کاغذ با استفاده از روش اکسیداسیون پیشرفته فنتون}, abstract_fa = {تنوع در مراحل تولید خمیر و کاغذ و حجم بالای مصرف آب در آن ، باعث شده که این صنعت یکی از بزرگترین صنایع مصرف کننده آب و طبعاً تولید کننده پساب باشد. این پساب ها علاوه بر دبی زیاد ، دارای غلظت بالایی BOD ،COD ، pH، مواد معلق ، رنگ و کدورت می باشد. در این مطالعه تصفیه پذیری فاضلاب خمیر و کاغذ با استفاده از روش فنتون مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. جهت بهینه سازی شرایط عملیاتی از روش سطح پاسخ و طراحی مرکب مرکزی استفاده شده است. همچنین از آزمون واریانس جهت آنالیز آماری پاسخ ها استفاده گردید. مقادیر بالای R2 (985/0 ) و R2 تعدیل یافته (965/0 ) نشان دهنده مطلوبیت مدل و مناسب بودن آن برای حذف می باشد. مقادیر بهینه متغیرهای pH، زمان ، دما ، غلظت آهن (II) و غلظت H2O2 جهت دستیابی به حداکثر راندمان حذف به ترتیب 5/3، 5/17دقیقه، 5/32درجه سانتی گراد،6 و 5/27میلی مولار بود. با توجه به اینکه اکسیداسیون فنتون قادر به حذف 90% مواد آلی موجود در این نوع فاضلاب می باشد و COD نهایی با استاندارد تخلیه تطابق ندارد، پیشنهاد می گردد، قبل یا بعد از روش اکسیداسیون از روش بیولوژیک استفاده گردد.}, keywords_fa = {pulp and paper wastewater,chemical oxidation Fenton,removal of COD}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_64412.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_64412_3c0af3d16d20311e79f58beaeeff155f.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Biosorption of cadmium and lead from aqueous solutions using Spirogyra}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, pages = {379-390}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.225238.1007380}, abstract = {Biosorption of cadmium and lead from aqueous solutions using Spirogyra Abstract The aim of this study is use of Spirogyra algae for investigate its application to remove cadmium and lead from the aquatic environment. The impact of pH, contact time, initial concentration and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption the lead and cadmium examined and the optimal values of these parameters were determined. The results showed that 3 g/l Spirogyra algae can remove 83.5 percent cadmium within 30 minutes with initial concentration of 2 mg/l at pH =6; Also, the algae with the amount of 4 g/l to 75.84% lead removal in pH =5, with initial concentration of 2 mg/l over a period of time is 40 minutes. Check isotherm and kinetic equations showed that the adsorption of cadmium and lead by algae Spirogyra the Freundlich model with a correlation coefficient 0.9914 and 0.9816 respectively and pseudo-second-order kinetic model compliance with the values of coefficients 0.9913 and 0.9872. Results showed that algae Spirogyra can be used as an adsorbent effective and environmentally sound removal of cadmium and lead used in aquatic environments. Key words: Spirogyra algae, cadmium, lead, aquatic environment, adsorption isotherms 1. Introduction Heavy metals are the most important pollutants for the environment and human and are a serious threat because these elements have properties such as toxicity and carcinogenicity. Heavy metals are accounted to cause universal and serious issues that have very high toxicity for the health of human being as well as environment. Though heavy metals are classified into two groups of essential and non-essential elements, nickel, iron, copper, zinc and manganese are namely the essential elements required for growth and development of plants, but cadmium is not essential for the living beings.The aim of this study is use of Spirogyra algae for investigate its application to remove cadmium and lead from the aquatic environment. 2. Material and methods 2. 1. Preparation spirogyra algae Biomass was collected from a subterranean Birjand city. Then washed with distilled water and remove the dirt direction of reducing the amount of water was filtered by the filter paper. Biomass for 4 days after it was exposed to sunlight and Followed by oven dried at 70°C for 24 hours. Finally biomass was sifting to particles with a size between 150 to 250 mesh. 2. 2. Cadmium and lead adsorption experiments The stock solutions of cadmium and lead (1000 mg/L) using cadmium nitrate and lead nitrate dissolve in deionized water were prepared. Then the standard solution in order to perform experiments using dilute the stock solution was prepared. At first in order to determine the optimal pH, dissolved in 6 ml Erlenmeyer flasks 50(ml) metal cadmium initial concentration of 3 (mg/l) and 6 other Erlen containing 50 (ml) of solution with initial concentration of 3 mg of lead ions shed. And using 0/1 normal NaOH solutions of and HNO3 at pH 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 set, to each amount of adsorbent was added 3 (g/l). Solution for 30 minutes at 200 revolutions per minute on a shaker device was and after passing through Whatman filter paper has been that in the liquid fraction dissolved was separated from the solid part. Finally the concentration of pollution this solution was conducted by atomic absorption. Order to check the call time, 3(g/l) of adsorbent was taken and 50 (ml) of 3 (mg/l) of lead and cadmium solutions under conditions of pH optimum duration of 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 90 minutes was mixed and the amounts of cadmium and lead ions absorbed by the absorbent during this time were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. To determine the optimal amount of absorbent, the values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 (g/l) to 50 (ml) of solution of cadmium and lead were added. This step was performed at pH optimum contact time. At the end, after filtering and separating the solid phase by atomic absorption spectrometry was used to measure the absorption rate. In order to determine the optimal concentration of cadmium and lead ions, dissolved in 50 (ml) in concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg/l of cadmium 3. Results and Discussion Results related to the influence solution pH on cadmium and lead ions shows the minimum efficiency of adsorption of cadmium and lead equal to 42.15 percent and 37.15 respectively that happened in pH =3.The lead and cadmium uptake pattern by increasing the pH ascending finds. Then the pH above 6 performance absorption process is reduced, so pH=6 and pH=5 for cadmium and lead were determined as an optimal pH. Results related to the influence contact time on cadmium and lead removal efficiency shows that the highest absorption rate at the initial time has taken place this is identified the speed and high ability adsorbents in the removal of cadmium ions are and lead. According to the results maximum removal time of 30 and 40 minutes for cadmium and lead were obtained. According to results by increasing the amount of absorbent, absorption percentage of cadmium ions lead increases. Because increased adsorbents, the number of places available absorption increases. But this process reached a certain size of absorption against certain concentrations of cadmium lead continues and after it was changed to increase the amount of absorption isn’t observed in the absorption. Lead and cadmium remove this increase due to an increase in the number of places available is absorbed. With increasing concentrations of cadmium and lead ions removal efficiency is reduced. So that the concentration of 5(mg/l) the lowest level reaches. Reason for this because of decreased absorption of active sites on the surface is absorbent. In the present study with increasing the initial concentration of this heavy metals cadmium, lead removal efficiency is reduced. In fact, the results of this research showed that lead and cadmium removal efficiency with initial concentration is inversely; The reason for this is that the absorbers have a limited number of active sites are saturated at high concentrations. Tests results the Langmuir isotherm models, Freundlich and Temkin showed a high correlation coefficients for all studied there isotherms; But according to the data, Freundlich model for cadmium and lead has the highest correlation coefficient, that respectively the amounts of are 0.9914 and 0.9816. Thus it can be concluded that cadmium and lead uptake by the spirogyra algae Process Balance data better follow Freundlich model. 4. Conclusion Results of this research showed that under the optimum conditions the highest removal efficiency cadmium (83.5%) at pH of 6, with initial concentration of 2 (mg/l) and 3 (g/l) the adsorbent for 30 minutes and the highest percentage of removal of lead (75.84) at pH of 5 for 40 minutes with initial concentration of 2 (mg/l) and 4 (g/l) adsorbent happened. Compare isotherm models Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption process showed that Freundlich model better of cadmium and lead follow. Also results of kinetic studies showed that removal of cadmium and lead from pseudo-quadratic models comply. In general, the results of this study showed that the algae spirogyra efficiency and high ability in remove heavy metals cadmium and lead from has its aquatic environment.}, keywords = {Spirogyra algae,Cadmium,lead,aquatic environment,Adsorption isotherms}, title_fa = {جذب زیستی فلزات سنگین کادمیوم و سرب از محیط های آبی با استفاده از جلبک اسپیروژیر}, abstract_fa = {این پژوهش بکارگیری جلبک اسپیروژیر و بررسی عملکرد آن در جهت حذف فلزات سنگین کادمیوم و سرب از محیط‌های آبی می باشد. در این پژوهش طرح آزمایش به صورت یک عامل در زمان در نظر گرفته شد. تاثیر pH، زمان تماس، مقدار جاذب و غلظت اولیه کادمیوم و سرب بر میزان جذب مورد بررسی و مقادیر بهینه این پارامتر‌ها تعیین گردید. نتایج نشان داد که 3 گرم در لیتر جلبک اسپیروژیر می تواند 5/83 درصد کادمیوم را در مدت زمان 30 دقیقه با غلظت اولیه 2 میلی‌گرم در لیتر در6pH= حذف نماید؛ همچنین این جلبک با مقدار 4 گرم در لیتر توانایی حذف 84/75 درصد سرب را در5pH=، با غلظت اولیه 2 میلی‌گرم در لیتر طی مدت زمان 40 دقیقه را دارد. بررسی روابط ایزوترمی و سینتیکی نشان داد که فرایند جذب کادمیوم و سرب توسط جلبک اسپیروژیر از مدل فروندلیچ با مقادیر ضرایب همبستگی به ترتیب 9914/0 و 9816/0 و مدل سینتیکی شبه درجه دوم به ترتیب با مقادیر ضرایب همبستگی 9913/0 و 9872/0 تبعیت می کند. نتایج مطالعه حاضر نشان داد که جلبک اسپیروژیر می تواند به عنوان یک جاذب موثر و دوستدار محیط زیست در حذف عناصر کادمیوم و سرب از محیط‌های آبی مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.}, keywords_fa = {Spirogyra algae,Cadmium,lead,aquatic environment,Adsorption isotherms}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_64413.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_64413_0049493bf349ad86cfc6ac44305781d2.pdf} } @article { author = {Ahmadi Mousavi, elham sadat and ataei, seyed ahmad}, title = {Investigation of heavy metals concentration in vermicomposting of soft peel of pistachio, municipal activated sludge and spent mushroom compost}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, pages = {391-400}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2017.232559.1007437}, abstract = {Introduction: Solid waste management is one of the biggest challenges faced by the whole world. Increase in the world population which itself leads to the increase in solid waste production has made this problem more and more complex(Singh, et al., 2011). Vermicomposting technology using earthworms for recycling organic wastes has been recognized as an eco-friendly and suitable approach for recycling and managing biological wastes (Padmavathiamma, et al., 2008). but the presence of heavy metals in the vermicompost and the danger of the entry of these metals into the food chain is a genuine threat as far as the living beings are concerned )Azizi, et al. 2013.( Heavy metals such as nickel, cadmium, copper, zinc, manganese, chromium, and lead in a limited amount are required by the plants for a normal growth on the other hand high concentrations of these elements have devastating effects on plant growth)Nayak and Kalamdhad, 2013(. One of the ways for the removal of these elements from the contaminated soil is using tissues of organisms such as plants or invertebrates such as earthworms (Edwards and Arancon, 2004). Due to the accumulation of heavy metals in the intestines of earthworms or due to deformation of metal complexes in the process, these heavy metals change from an accessible to an inaccessible form and the danger of these metals in the agricultural wastes is neutralized (Song, et al., 2014). In this study, soft peel of pistachios have been used for vermicomposting. According to the report submitted by Food and Agriculture Organization, Iran is the world’s largest producer of pistachios. As has been witnessed in the last few years, the total by-products obtained from pistachio cultivation have increased by a rate of 310,000 tons which in itself has changed into an environmental problem(Ghasemi, et al., 2012). As no practical solution is available for this issue, in this study we have tried to make an optimal use of soft peel of pistachios for vermicomposting thus changing it into a useful material and we have also studied the change in heavy metal concentration in vermicomposting of these wastes. Materials and Methods: Pistachio waste was collected at the time of pistachio harvest. So as to remove any present phenolic compounds, the waste was mixed with coal powder and then was subjected to pre-composting. Municipal sludge and spent mushroom compost (SMC) were used in order to adjust the C/N ratio. In the next step, 2.5 kilos of the dry weight of the main raw material which comprised of different percentages of soft peel of pistachios, municipal activated sludge and SMC were filled in 12 treatments were analyzed and studied for a period of 70 days. Composition of various treatments shows in table 1. Table 1. Composition of various treatments for the vermicomposting experiment Soft peel of pistachios (%) Municipal activated sludge (%) SMC (%) Treatments 100 0 0 A 0 100 0 B 0 0 100 C 40 30 30 D 60 20 20 E 80 10 10 F 40 0 60 G 40 60 0 H 60 0 40 I 60 40 0 J 80 0 20 K 80 20 0 L Analysis of heavy metals: At the end of the process, one gram of dry and powdered vermicompost was gathered from all beds and was reduced to ashes in a furnace at a temperature of 550 C. 10 ml 2 N HCL was added to the sample, after the absorption of the acid, the quantity of the acid was increased to 50 ml. Atomic absorption spectrometer was used to calculate the amount of heavy metals such as copper, cadmium, zinc, nickel and lead etc. (Salimi, et al., 2016) Statistical Analysis: Statistical Analysis of the data collected was performed using the software “Minitab version 17” and the average data analysis was done using one-way ANOVA and the Fisher’s method. Discussion and results: In this study, a significant reduction was observed in the final treatments as far as Nickel is concerned. The maximum proportion of nickel during the final phase of the process was observed to be 0.021 ppm which is related to the treatment B and in the final phase rest of the treatments lacked nickel in them. This study illustrates the fact that the reduction of nickel in the final treatments was because of the earthworm and micro organism activity present in the vermicompost heap which had led to the decomposition of the organic matter. During the saturation process of organic matter, nickel gets absorbed and accumulates inside the bodies of earthworms and other microorganisms. Also it is seen that due to rinsing of the beds with latex an amount of heavy metals get removed through the poles of the bed thus reducing the overall heavy metal concentration. Singh reports that the concentration of heavy metals in the vermicompost decreases with the increase in time of the decomposition process (Singh, et al., 2011). In a study about the comparison of heavy metal concentration in composting and vermicomposting of organic waste, it was reported that the risk of heavy metals accumulation in the body of the earthworms is reduced in the case of vermicompost that in the case of compost (Mohee and Soobhany, 2014). In this study, at the end of the process, the concentration of copper was observed to increase in all the treatments. Highest concentration of copper was found out to be 2.36 ppm in treatment H and the lowest was about 0.377 ppm in treatment C. The concentration of heavy metals in the vermicompost is related to the concentration these metals in the raw materials present in the bed. The increase in the concentration of copper in the vermicompost is due decrease in volume and mineralization of the organic matter by the earthworms. As per the studies of Nayak and Kalamdhad, the increase in heavy metal concentration can be a result of loss of initial weight due to the decomposition of organic matter and emission of CO2 gas during vermicomposting. As per the studies of Yadav and Garg, contents of metals like iron, copper, lead and zinc in vermicomposting of mixed raw waste was higher than the initial level(Yadav and Garg, 2013). The concentration of cadmium, zinc and lead decreased in some treatments and increased in some others at the end of the process. Maximum concentration of cadmium at the end of the process was observed to be in the treatment “L” and was about 0.024 ppm whereas the minimum concentration of cadmium was 0 ppm in treatments “A”,”E” and “H”. The maximum concentrations of lead at the end of the process were about 0.67 ppm in treatment “B” and 0.65 ppm in treatment “H”. No concentration of lead was found in treatments “A”, “C”,”E”,”F”,”I”,”K” and “L”. The concentration of zinc was also observed to be different in different treatments. The maximum concentration of zinc at the end of vermicomposting was found out to be 14 ppm in treatment “B” and varied drastically from other treatments. The minimum concentration of zinc was observed in treatment “A” and was about 1.26 ppm. The concentration of heavy metals in the first bed, decomposition of organic matter, rate of adsorption and microbial activity directly affect the concentration of heavy metals in the final bed. Conclusion: In this research, reduction of heavy metal concentration due to leachate leakage, absorption of the metals in the substrate material by earthworms and accumulation of these metals in their tissues has been reported. On the other hand it quite possible to say that during vermicomposting, heavy metal concentration increases due to volume and weight reduction of the materials in the bed due to organic decomposition. Finally, it was found that the concentrations of these metals are within the limits of the national standards of Iran and the use of these fertilizers in agriculture does not have any harmful effect.}, keywords = {soft peel of pistachio,Spent Mushroom Compost,Heavy metals,municipal activated sludge,vermicompost}, title_fa = {بررسی غلظت فلزات سنگین در فرآیند ورمی کمپوست تولید شده از پوست نرم پسته، لجن فعال فاضلاب شهری و ضایعات کمپوست قارچ}, abstract_fa = {چکیده ورمی‌کمپوست در بهبود خواص فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک تأثیر زیادی دارد. بالا بودن غلظت فلزات سنگین در این کود و ورودشان به چرخه غذایی، آثار ناخوشایندی بر سلامت جانداران خواهد داشت. لذا ارزیابی غلظت این فلزات در ورمی‌کمپوست ضروری است. در این تحقیق، غلظت فلزات سنگین در ورمی‌کمپوست تولید شده به کمک کرم ایزینیا ‌فتیدا مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. 12 تیمار در 3 تکرار با ترکیب‌ های مختلف از پوست نرم پسته، ضایعات کمپوست قارچ و لجن فعال فاضلاب شهری تهیه و در انتهای فرآیند غلظت فلزات سنگین اندازه‌گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد غلظت مس در همه تیمارهای نهایی افزایش داشت. بیشترین غلظت مس ppm 36/2 بود در حالیکه غلظت نیکل کاهش داشت و بیشترین مقدار آنppm 021/0 بدست آمد. غلظت -های سرب، روی و کادمیوم نیز در بعضی تیمارها کاهش و در بعضی دیگر افزایش داشتند. بیشترین غلظت این فلزات به ترتیب: 67/0، 14 وppm 024/0 بودند. نتایج این تحقیق مشخص کرد که غلظت فلزات سنگین در محدودة مجاز قرار دارد و استفاده از این کود در کشاورزی هیچ اثر زیانباری را به دنبال ندارد. کلیدواژه: پوست نرم پسته، ضایعات کمپوست قارچ، فلزات سنگین، لجن فاضلاب شهری، ورمی‌کمپوست.}, keywords_fa = {soft peel of pistachio,Spent Mushroom Compost,Heavy metals,municipal activated sludge,vermicompost}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_64414.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_64414_8f579edd8c4c3f74d094a57f36438d1a.pdf} } @article { author = {Hamzenejad, Roghaie and Sepehr, Ebrahim and samadi, Abbas and Rasouli Sadaghiani, Mir Hasan and Khodaverdiloo, Habib}, title = {Kinetic and thermodynamic study of cadmium (Cd) adsorption by grape and apple pruning residues biochars}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, pages = {401-416}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2017.233170.1007436}, abstract = {Abstract In order to study the equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic of cadmium (Cd) adsorption by grape and apple pruning residues biochars, batch experiments carried out with different initial concentration of Cd (0 to 200 mg/L) with 0.03 M NaNO3 as a background solution. The effect of pH (4, 5, 6), ionic strengths (0.01, 0.03, 0.1 M) and temperature (10, 20, 30, 40 0C) at different times (0 to 240 minutes) were investigated. The results showed that the removal efficiency and adsorption capacity of adsorbents decreased with increasing initial concentration. Among adsorption kinetic models, pseudo second order model was better fitted for experimental data (R2=1) and the equilibrium time is attained in 40 min for gape and apple pruning residue biochars. Ionic strength and pH of background solution significantly affected Cd adsorption and the highest adsorption capacity was obtained at pH 6, ionic strengths of 0.01M at 40 0C. Sorption capacity factors (qmax, KF, KT, qD) and sorption energy factors (n, KL, B) of gape pruning residue biochar was more than apple pruning residue biochar. The sorption energy parameter (E) of Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm and Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) indicated that the Cd adsorption processes were physical and spontaneous. The separation factor of Langmuir (RL) indicated that the sorption reactions of Cd2+ by grape and apple biochar is favorable (RL=0.15-0.50). Keywords: Gape and apple pruning residue biochars, Cadmium, Adsorption isotherm, Adsorption kinetics, Adsorption thermodynamic. Introduction Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that has been released to the environment through the combustion of fossil fuels, metal production, application of phosphate fertilizers, electroplating, and the manufacturing of batteries, pigments, and screens. Given pervasive cadmium contamination and the low drinking water guideline, there is considerable interest in the development of techniques to remove cadmium from contaminated water. Several treatment processes such as adsorption, chemical precipitation, ion exchange and membrane filtration have been developed to remove the heavy metals dissolved in industrial wastewaters. Adsorption has been developed as a simple and effective technique for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated water and soil (Ahmaruzzaman 2010). Biomass is a renewable energy resource and has a growing interest as a chemical feedstock source. Biochar is a fine-grained carbonaceous solid residue, produced by pyrolysis of carbon-rich biomass under oxygen-limited conditions. Biomass-derived biochar is considered as a new potential, low-cost and effective adsorbent for heavy metal adsorbent, due to abundance of polar functional groups, such as carboxylic, hydroxyl, and amino groups, which are available for heavy metal removal (Sukiran et al., 2011). Biochar has many properties, such as a relatively structured carbon matrix, high degree of microporosity, extensive surface area, and high pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC); therefore, it may act as a surface adsorbent (Zhang et al. 2014). In the past few years, many reports on adsorption of various contaminants on biochar have been published including Peat moss biochar (Lee et al. 2015), sugarcane bagasse biochar (Yang et al. 2011), rice straw biochar (Han et al. 2013), sugarcane pulp residue biochar (Yang et al. 2014) and almond shells biochar (Kılıc et al. 2013). Agricultural residues, especially grape and apple pruning residues, being produced in large quantities in the vinyards and founding ways of using such residues for the treatment of water by producing biochar is necessary. Therefore, the objective of this research is to investigate the equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic of cadmium (Cd) adsorption by grape and apple pruning residues biochars from aqueous solution. Materials and Methods Preparation of Grape and apple pruning residue Grape and apple pruning residue used in this study were obtained from orchards located in the west Azarbaijan province, Iran. The small pieces of grape and apple pruning residue after drying in the oven at 105°C for 24h, were placed in a vertical stainless steel reactor and heated at a temperature of 500°C for 2 hours in the absence of oxygen. The black residue was cooled and passed through a 0.5 mm sieve. Characterization of biochars The pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of the biochar were measured in a 1:20 (biochar: solution ratio) extract after shaking with deionized water for 1 h (Singh et al., 2010). The CEC was measured using 1 M ammonium acetate (pH 7) method (Lu, 1999). Ash content was determined using the ASTM D1762-84 method (ASTM International, 2013).Total C, H and N contents in the biochar were determined using an elemental analyzer (ECS 4010 CHNSO Analyzer). Specific surface area was analyzed by the Sear’s method (Sears, 1956). The surface morphology of adsorbents was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM, AIS-2100, 5.0 kV, Korea). Adsorption experiments Batch experiments carried out with different initial concentration of Cd (0, 10, 20 , 40, 60, 80, 100, 150 and 200 mg L-1)at pH (4, 5, 6), ionic strengths (0.01, 0.03, 0.1 M) and temperature (10, 20, 30, 40 0C) at different times (0, 0.08, 0.17, 0.33, 0.67, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 90, 120 and 240 minutes) with 0.03 M NaNO3 as a background solution. Pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order, Elovich and fractional power were fit to experimental data to examine the adsorption kinetics of cadmium uptake by biochars. Non-linear fittness between experimental data and predicted values from adsorption isotherm (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich) was performed using the solver add-in with Microsoft’s spreadsheet, Microsoft Excel. The amount of Cd2+ adsorbed per unit mass of the adsorbent (qad) was calculated by Eq. (1): q_ads=C_i-C_e ×V/m (1) where qads (mg/g) becomes qe or qt at equilibrium or at time t. Ci and Ce are the initial and the residual amount (mg) of Cd2+, respectively, added and remained in solution. V is the volume of the solution (mL), and m is the mass of adsorbents (g). The removal efficiency (RE) was determined by computing the percentage sorption using the formulae in Eq. (2) %RE=(C_i-C_e)/C_i ×100 (2) Results and Discussion Effect of Contact Time The experimental data indicated that Cd adsorption increased with increasing contact time and the equilibrium time is attained in 40 min for grape and apple pruning residue biochar. Equilibrium time of 40 min was also reported by Rao et al. (2006) for Cd adsorption by activated carbon derived from Ceiba pentandra hulls. Adsorption kinetics Among adsorption kinetics models, pseudo second order model was better fitted for experimental data (R2=1) and the values of predicted equilibrium sorption capacities showed good agreement with the experimental equilibrium uptake values .Adsorption capacities (qe) obtained by pseudo second order model, were 9.8 and 9.0 mg g-1 for grape and apple pruning residue biochars respectively. Adsorption isotherms Ionic strength and pH of background solution significantly affected Cd adsorption and the highest adsorption capacity was obtained at pH 6, ionic strengths of 0.01M at 40 0C. Sorption capacity factors (qmax, KF, KT, qD) and sorption energy factors (n, KL, B) of gape pruning residue biochar was more than apple pruning residue biochar. The sorption energy parameter (E) of Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm and Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) indicated that the Cd adsorption processes were physical and spontaneous. The separation factor of Langmuir (RL) indicated that the sorption reactions of Cd2+ by grape and apple biochar is favorable (RL=0.15-0.50). Conclusions The results showed that, cadmium adsorption increased with increasing contact time and the equilibrium time is attained in 40 min for grape and apple pruning residue biochars respectively. The pseudo second order kinetic model accurately described the adsorption kinetics (R2=1). The highest adsorption capacity was obtained at pH 6, ionic strengths of 0.01M at 40 0C. It was observed that cadmium adsorption for grape pruning residue biochar was higher than apple pruning residue biochar. The separation factor of Langmuir (RL) indicated that the sorption reaction of Cd2+ biochars (RL=0.14-0.50) is favorable. Results from this study suggest that grape and apple pruning residue biochars were able to substantially remove Cd2+ from aqueous solutions.}, keywords = {Gape and apple pruning residue biochars,Cadmium,Adsorption isotherm,Adsorption Kinetics,Adsorption thermodynamic}, title_fa = {بررسی سنتیک و ترمودینامیک جذب کادمیم توسط بیوچار بقایای هرس انگور و سیب از محلول های آبی}, abstract_fa = {به منظور بررسی رفتار جذب، سنتیک و ترمودینامیک جذب کادمیوم توسط بیوچار بقایای هرس انگور و سیب از محلول‌های آبی، آزمایشی به صورت بچ با غلظت‌های اولیه کادمیوم (200-0 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر) در سه سطح pH (8 ،6 ،4)، سه قدرت ‌یونی (01/0، 03/0، 1/0مولار) در چهار دما (10 تا 40 درجه سلسیوس) و در زمان‌های مختلف (0 تا 240 دقیقه) با محلول زمینه نیترات‌سدیم انجام گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که با افزایش زمان تماس، کارایی حذف و ظرفیت جذب کادمیوم افزایش یافت. در بین معادلات سینتیکی برازش داده شده برای جذب کادمیوم، مدل شبه درجه دوم با 00/1=R2 در مقایسه با مدل شبه درجه اول،ایلویچ و تابع نمایی برازش بهتری یافت و زمان تعادل برای بیوچار بقایای هرس انگور و سیب 40 دقیقه بدست آمد. میزان جذب کادمیوم تحت تاثیر pH، قدرت یونی و دمای محلول بود، به طوریکه بیشترین مقدار جذب در 6 pH، قدرت یونی 01/0 و دمای 40 درجه سانتیگراد بدست آمد. میزان پارامترهای ظرفیت جذب و شدت جذب در بیوچار بقایای هرس انگور در مقایسه با بیوچار بقایای هرس سیب بیشتر بدست آمد. فاکتور جداسازی لانگ‌مویر (RL) برای بیوچارهای مورد بررسی 50/0- 15/0 بدست آمد که نشان‌دهنده جذب مطلوب کادمیوم بر روی جاذب‌های مذکور می‌باشد.}, keywords_fa = {Gape and apple pruning residue biochars,Cadmium,Adsorption isotherm,Adsorption Kinetics,Adsorption thermodynamic}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_64415.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_64415_f0616a286ce3d31523f79261db420f78.pdf} } @article { author = {Nadiri, Ata allah}, title = {Comparison of Artificial Intelligence and Geostatistics Methods Abilities for Spatial Prediction of Arsenic Anomaly in Chahardoli plain}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, pages = {417-436}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2017.210463.1007264}, abstract = {Introduction Sometimes the temporal, spatial and economic conditions are in a way that sampling of all water resources in a region is not possible. So it is better to use the estimation methods such as interpolation. The aim of the present study is modeling of the distribution of arsenic in the Chahardoli Plain of Naghadeh by using geostatistics, fuzzy logic, and genetic expression programming (GEP). Until now, different studies has been done in which the geostatistics is used to determine the distribution of heavy metals and trace elements (Corwin and Wagenet, 1996; Juang, et al., 2001; Rodriguez, et al., 2009). Artificial intelligence, a branch of computer science that is able to predict and simulate using models such as fuzzy logic (FL) and genetic programming (GP) models (Fallah-Mehdipour, et al., 2013). Each of the models has its own advantages and uncertainty that can be used of the individual benefits of each these models (Labani, et al., 2010). Fuzzy method has to offer an appropriate way to reduce human and Estimation error compared to other theories. In a comparative study on the performance of fuzzy inference techniques it concluded that the fuzzy moderated techniques is successful in moderating uncertainty and data intrinsic errors and also in the interpretation of complex situations (Chang, et al., 2001). Genetic Programming is a recent development in the methods of evolutionary algorithm that it used to solve problems is detailed and complex. Up to now, several studies using different methods of artificial intelligence and genetic programming has taken that have proven excellence in GP methods (Ustoorikar and Deo, 2008; Alvisi, et al., 2005). Many researchers cited GP to study the process of forecasting and simulation of groundwater levels (Fallah-Mehdipour, et al., 2013), river sediment transport (Aytek and Kisi, 2008), estimation of incomplete data (Ustoorikar and Deo, 2008), determine the unit hydrograph (Rabunal et al., 2007), daily discharge determination (Guven, 2009), flow forecasting (Shoaib et al., 2015), simulate rainfall-runoff (Jayawardena et al., 2005), Short-term and long-term weather forecasts (Kisi et al., 2011) and other studies. In the Qorveh-Bijar area (small zone of Sanandaj-Sirjan), hydrothermal activity of area young volcanoes and the entry of arsenic-rich escape vapors into the hydrothermal system, as well as volcanic activity which are formed Travertine, are the release agent of arsenic in the of this zone. Since arsenic contamination in this area is type of geogenic source, and considering the difficulty of controlling this type of pollution, therefore, the study area should be studied carefully. Matherials & Methods Study area The study area is located in the Northwest of Iran, Kurdistan province and the southesatern of Qorveh City (Figure 1). Based on Emberger method (1930) and average annual rainfall of 332 mm, the prevailing climate in the study area is arid-cold. Geology The study area is located in a small part of Sanandaj-Sirjan zone which have the features of this zone such as magmatic rocks and metamorphic activities is due to tectonic movements on large areas. Lithology of the Rhyolite and Rhyodacite is related to the Jurassic and Cretaceous time that is exposed in the central highlands in the West of Chahardoli (Figure 2). Lithology of Nummolities lime and green tuff which is related to Eocene visible is located in a small area in the eastern mountains of Chahardoli. Volcanic, sandstone, and conglomerate lithologies which is related to Oligomiocene visible in a broad area in the highlands of North-East region. The last magmatic phase related to the early Quaternary, continues as lavas from the East of Vinsar Village to the south of the Daskasan Village. Hydrogeology In hydrological point of view, study area is located in a tributary of the river Taluoar. Watershed area of Chahardoli is 958.91 km2 and the plain area is about 386.63 km2. The most important surface water resources in the study area (Chahardoli basin) is Cham Shur River. The general direction of groundwater flow is from the highlands of East and West into the Central Plains and finally is to the northwest of the plain. Data analyses To investigate the water quality, 31 water samples including groundwater resources of wells, spring and qanat were collected during October, 2014. These samples were analyzed at the hydrogeological laboratory of geology department in University of Tabriz and water and sewage organization of Kurdistan. The water quality parameters of interest were 〖" Ca" 〗^"2+" , 〖"Mg" 〗^"2+" , 〖"Na" 〗^"+" , "K" ^"+" , 〖"CO" 〗_"3" ^"2_" , 〖"HCO" 〗_"3" ^"-" , 〖"Cl" 〗^"-" , 〖"SO" 〗_"4" ^"2-" , 〖"NO" 〗_"3" ^"_" , "F" ^"-" , As, Fe, Mn,Pb, Cr, Cd, EC and pH were determined by the standard methods. The correlation matrix shows the parameters correlated with arsenic are, respectively, including silica, potassium, and sodium ions (Table 2). High correlation of arsenic with these elements is due to their common origin and role of these elements in increasing concentrations of arsenic in the waters of the region. Discussion of Results Geostatistics Data distribution was evaluated using the Q-Q diagram and using logarithmic transformations, data distribution close to the normal distribution. Changeability of the range and sill were evaluated relative to different angles of plotted semivariograms and data variogram was plotted for anisotropic mode. Urdinary kriging model was used for prediction of arsenic concentration in the study area. In addition to the main variable of arsenic, silica parameter that has the highest correlation with arsenic was used as a secondary variable for cokriging model. In geostatistics method, J-Bessel cross-variogram models having R2 equal to 0.75 and nugget effect of zero was selected to predict arsenic concentration. Fuzzy Artificial intelligence models were used to improve efficiency. In this study, Sugeno Fuzzy Logic (SFL) has been used to predict the total arsenic values. In this model, the reduction method for data classification and determining of the membership were used. Fuzzy model by determining the optimal radius of 0.6 based on the lowest RMSE were accomplished that the value of R2 for training and testing level are in order 0.91 and 0.78 respectively. Genetic Programming Data of parameters include sodium, potassium, silica and arsenic were used as input data and also was selected in such a way the minimum and maximum of data be entered in the testing level. Production of the initial population of program was done by selecting the number 20 chromosome with a head size of 7, 3 number of gene and 2 constant per gene. The mathematical operator of + was selected for the linking function between subtrees. To compare the results of the program, three sets of the function were used as the main operators. According to Table 2, F3 function includes default operators was selected as the major functions for the program and the best fitted compared to other functions. GEP model by providing the relationship between input and output and more accurate results in the training and testing steps with R2 0.93 and 0.87 respectively was evaluated as the most appropriate model than other models to estimate the arsenic values in the region. Conclusions Geostatistical techniques (kriging and Cokriging) were used to estimate the amount of arsenic in the study area do not have precise results. It can be said about its reason is related to heterogeneity of study area and special condition of data that cause the non-linear and unclear general trend. To improve efficiency, artificial intelligence models such as sugeno fuzzy logic (SFL) model and genetic expression programming (GEP) were used. In this study, the results of GEP and SFL model are acceptable for spatial prediction of arsenic anomaly, but the SFL model improved 18% efficiency of GEP model based on the RMSE value. Ability evaluation of other artificial intelligence model like mamdani fuzzy logic, Larsen fuzzy logic, neuro-fuzzy models for spatial prediction of arsenic anomaly proposed for future research topics.}, keywords = {arsenic,fuzzy logic,Genetic Expression Programming (GEP),Geostatistics,Kurdistan}, title_fa = {مقایسه کارایی روش‌های هوش مصنوعی و زمین‌آمار در پیش‌بینی مکانی نا‌هنجاری آرسنیک دشت چهاردولی}, abstract_fa = {هدف از تحقیق حاضر مدل‌سازی توزیع آرسنیک در دشت چهاردولی با استفاده از زمین‌آمار، منطق فازی و برنامه‌ریزی بیان ژنتیک (GEP) می‌باشد. بدین منظور گروه زمین‌شناسی دانشگاه تبریز در مهر 1393 اقدام به نمونه‌برداری از منابع آب زیرزمینی این دشت نمود. که نتایج حاصل حاکی از غلظت‌های بالای آرسنیک در منطقه می‌باشد. پارامترهای هیدروشیمیایی شامل آرسنیک و سیلیس، پتاسیم و سدیم که همبستگی بالایی با مقادیر آرسنیک داشتند به عنوان ورودی مدل برای محاسبه غلظت آرسنیک کل استفاده گردید. در روش زمین‌آمار مدل J-Bessel واریوگرام متقابل به دلیل داشتن R2 برابر 75/0 و اثر قطعه‌ای صفر، برای پیش‌بینی غلظت آرسنیک انتخاب گردید. به منظور افزایش بازده از مدل‌های هوش مصنوعی استفاده شد. مدل فازی با تعیین شعاع بهینه دسته‌بندی 6/0 بر اساس کمترینRMSE تعیین گردید که مقدار RMSE برای مرحله آموزش و آزمایش به ترتیب 02/0 و 023/0میلی گرم بر لیتر محاسبه شد. مدل GEP با ارائه رابطه بین متغیرهای ورودی و خروجی مدل در مراحل آموزش و آزمایش به ترتیب با RMSE برابر 024/0 و 029/0میلی گرم بر لیتر حاصل کرد. با وجود اینکه مدل های هوش مصنوعی نتایج قابل قبولی داشتند و لی مدل فازی برتری نسبی داشت.}, keywords_fa = {arsenic,fuzzy logic,Genetic Expression Programming (GEP),Geostatistics,Kurdistan}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_64416.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_64416_15ef4219f7743c0773773267d124e069.pdf} } @article { author = {Azizi, Farahnaz and asghari Moghaddam, asghar}, title = {Evaluation of Groundwater Salinization and delineation of ion offspring in Malekan Plain Coastal Aquifer Using Ionic Ratios}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, pages = {437-454}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2018.226676.1007391}, abstract = {Extended abstract 1- Introduction In the cases that two or more factors affect inceasing of dissolve solid, the source identification in groundwater could be usable in planning, managing and choosing the right strategies in exploitation and protection of water resources. In this study, Hydrogeochemical, geological and geophysical investigations were carried out to assess the geochemical water composition and also governing processes groundwater hydrochemistry in Malekan Plain Coastal Aquifer. The study area is located between latitudes 56˚36' to 37˚44' N and longitudes 45˚45' to 46˚40' E, with an area of 450 sq. km. The Malkan plain is bordered from the northwest by the Urmia Lake salty flat plains in the North western Iran. The main amis and objectives of the present study are evaluation of groundwater salinization and delineation of ion offspring in Malekan Plain Coastal Aquifer. 2- Matherials and Methods In order to assess the groundwater quality, including the source of salinity, and the hydrogeochemical processes which affect the quality of water, 41 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various physical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and also hydrochemical parameters such as major, minor and trace elements, in July 2016, using standard procedures (APHA, 2008). Statistical and geochemical modeling were performed to understand the processes controlling groundwater geochemistry. The chemical composition of groundwater was evaluated by several natural factors including aquifer lithology, interaction with geological formations. In addition, anthropogenic activities such as agriculture and industry have been shown to impact on the groundwater chemistry using hydrogeochemical techniques. In addition, the Piper diagram The piper diagram was used to evaluate the geochemical evaluation and groundwater types. 3- Discussion The results of field and laboratory measurements of physicochemical parameters, major minor and trace elements showed that the high electrical conductivity (EC) (691-14710 μS/cm) in groundwater is due to high concentrations of gradual increasing in major elements, Cl-, Ca2+, Na+ and SO42-, through groundwater flow. On the basis of relative proportions of major-ions, the chemical composition of groundwater in the coastal aquifer is classified. The sequence of abundance of the major cations and anions is as follows: Ca2+ > Na+ + K+ > Mg2+ = HCO3 -> SO42- > Cl- and Na+ + K+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ = Cl- > HCO3- > SO42-. Piper diagram reveals higher bicarbonate, calcium and magnesium along the recharge zones and tend to decrease along the flow path and vice versa for ions like sodium, potassium and chloride. Surface and groundwater evaporation have had a significant effects on groundwater salinity and solute increasing at the end of the plain. To understand the origin of groundwater salinity in Malekan plain, the values of saturation index of calcite, dolomite, gypsum, anhydrite and halite in all 41 groundwater samples has been calculated using the Phreeqc Interactive 3.0.0. computer code. Studying the ion ratios revealed that sodium has been entered to the aquifer in consequence of salt water intrusion form the evaporate brines, contemporary playas and connate groundwater from northwest of aquifer adherent to SouthEast of Lake Urmia, and also weathering and leaching of salty-clayey layers. In other hand, calcium and magnesium ions originate from limestone and dolomite deposits. The hydrogeochemical ratios such as Cl− / sum Anion, HCO3− / sum Anion, Cl−/ (HCO3− + CO32-), (Na+ / Cl-), Na+/ (Na+ + Cl−) and Ca2+ / (HCO3− + SO42-) were estimated to determine the origin of ions and salinity in the groundwaters. Evidences like certain ratios, hydrogeochemical graphs and saturation index which arose from geochemical modeling indicates that the dissolution of evaporation deposits and cation exchange are the most important processes affecting the chemical composition of groundwater. The results of applying statistical and Hydrogeochemical techniques confirmed that both the evaporation-crystallization reactions and water/rock interaction in the aquifer and exposed the effect of human activities on groundwater quality. The chloride ion, as an indicator of groundwater salinization, is highly correlated with EC, which play an key role in groundwater quality. The ratios of conservative elements (Cl- / Br-) for groundwater samples in the plain ranged from 93 to 2184 and showed the effect of evaporation deposits, agricultural returned groundwater and domestic sewage. Li+ / Cl- ratio is one of the most important used ratio to separate different salinity origins. Samples related to seawater can be distinguished by the value of Br- / Cl-. The Br- / Cl- relationship helps to identify the possibility of seawater intrusion since it is relatively constant in the seawater considering the extremely long residence time of Sea masses. Compound Diagram of ionic ratios (Li+ / Cl-) vs. (Br- / Cl-) were identified as an adequate criterion of separating different salinity sources. The groundwater samples located in evaporation playas and geothermal or groundwater part of diagram and have far composition than Samples related to seawater or lake can be distinguished by the value of Br- / Cl-. 4- Conclusion All evidence like certain ratios, hydrogeochemical graphs, saturation index and Compound Diagram of ionic ratios (Li+ / Cl-) vs. (Br- / Cl-) indicate the groundwater samples which origin from different sources as different clusters. Based on results of the present study, likely the saltwater intrusion from the Urmia lake highly likely would be rejected and other factors like cation exchange, salt water intrusion form the evaporate brines, contemporary playas, and also weathering, leaching of salty-clayey layers from northwest of aquifer adherent to South East of Lake Urmia, and groundwater evaporation at the end of the plain could be the main causes regarding to used techniques.}, keywords = {Coastal aquifer,Compound Diagrams,Evaporation,Ionic Ratios,salinity}, title_fa = {ارزیابی شوری آب زیرزمینی و تبیین منشأ یونها درآبخوان ساحلی دشت ملکان با استفاده از ‏نسبتهای یونی}, abstract_fa = {تعیین منشأ املاح موجود در آب، در مواردی که احتمالاً دو یا چند عامل همزمان در افزایش املاح تاثیرگذار هستند، می‌تواند در مدیریت و اتخاذ تدابیر لازم جهت حفاظت و بهره‌برداری از منابع آب مؤثر باشد. در این پژوهش، ترکیب شیمیایی آب، فرایندهای حاکم بر ژئوشیمی آن و منابع شوری آبخوان ساحلی دشت ملکان مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته‌است. در راستای تفکیک خصوصیات هیدروژئوشیمیایی آبخوان، 41 نمونه، از منابع آب زیرزمینی تهیه و مورد آنالیز شیمیایی قرار گرفته‌است. نسبت‌های معرف و شاخص‌های اشباع محاسبه شده، همراه با نمودارهای ژئوشیمیایی ضمن تأیید فعال بودن واکنش‌های تبخیر و تبلور و واکنش‌ آب/سنگ در آبخوان، نشاندهندة تأثیر انحلال رسوبات تبخیری، فرایندهای تبادل یونی و تأثیر فعالیت‌های انسانی بر کیفیت آب زیرزمینی دشت ملکان است. دیاگرام‌ ترکیبی نسبت‌های یونی (Li+/Cl-) در مقابل (Br-/Cl-) معیاری مناسب جهت تفکیک منشأ شوری تشخیص داده شده و بر روی این دیاگرام نمونه‌های دشت ملکان در دو گروه‌ مربوط به پلایاهای تبخیری و آب زیرزمینی قرار می‌گیرند. بر اساس نتایج حاصل عواملی از جمله تبادل یونی، نفوذ آب شور از شورابه‌های تبخیری، پلایاهای امروزی، شسته شدن املاح از لایه‌های رسی_نمکی و تبخیر از منابع آب زیرزمینی انتهای دشت می‌تواند از دلایل شوری این آبخوان باشند.}, keywords_fa = {Coastal aquifer,Compound Diagrams,Evaporation,Ionic Ratios,salinity}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_64417.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_64417_60fd938ddad2e06d29f72d6691cfc7a8.pdf} } @article { author = {ildoromi, alireza and mirsanjari, mirmehrdad and mahdizade, ramin and ghorbani, mohammad}, title = {The Investigation of Absorbing heavy metals self-purification in Watershed of Kaleibarchay River}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, pages = {455-476}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2017.211204.1007270}, abstract = {Contamination of freshwater ecosystems in the current situation it is worrying due to limited and due to population growth and urban, industrial and agricultural development around rivers, proper use of water resources seem to be necessary. Today, due to the toxicity of heavy metals, shelf-life and accumulation in the tissues of organisms, ecological and biological importance have much. In the present study tributaries into the river and sewer rural and urban nomads Tea Azerbaijan was considered as a station 10 stations were obtained in this way. In the station using GPS by the use of satellite images of the stations were determined. Its close proximity to each of the stations and the geographic coordinate system. Before entering the city during field operations of three stations, four stations 3 stations within the city limits and outside the city was chosen to determine the pollution load of the river. To evaluate the heavy metals of atomic spectroscopy (A.A.S) is one of the most common methods of qualitative and quantitative measurement of chemical elements (70 elements) were used. For statistical analysis software spss software version 16 and Excel to compare the significant difference between concentrations at different stations used areas of the ANOVA and least significant difference test or Dunnet test was used. In order to evaluate the correlation of metals in water and sediments correlation test was used. The average concentration of lead in sediments, plants, mineral water Olas, Kalalaq, cello house, Kfshan Ivy, terminal, Ceylan tea, City of Knowledge, mansion, Paul King Haider, Tee Janan Lu was calculated (Table 2). The minimum and maximum lead concentration in microgram per gram of dry weight, respectively, 0.03 and 3.8 respectively Ceylan tea and terminal stations respectively. According to statistical analysis, the data is normalized and heterogeneous ANOVA was used to obtain significantly different from that indicated significant differences with each other. The next step was determined using the Dunnett test between stations 7 and 8 there was a significant difference in the concentration of lead deposits. The average concentration of cadmium Drrsvb mineral water stations Olaus, Kalalaq, cello house, Kfshan Ivy, terminal, Ceylan tea, City of Knowledge, mansion, Shah Heydar, Tee Janan Lu in the table (3) was calculated. Stations with minimum and maximum concentrations of cadmium respectively 0.02 and 1.01 micrograms per g dry weight and in stations Kalalaq and knowledge settlements were calculated. According to the normality test and the foci, data was normalized and homogenized to obtain a variance, which showed a significant difference test results have significant differences (0.05 P <). The significant difference between stations There is. The average concentration of copper in the sediment, mineral water factory Olaus stations, Kalalaq, Chlokhanh, Kfshan Ivy, terminal, Ceylan tea, City of Knowledge, mansion, Shah Heydar, Tee Janan Lu in the table (4) was calculated. The minimum and maximum concentrations in the microgram per gram of dry weight, respectively, 1.23 and 14.50, respectively Haychlv station and town houses know was calculated. Statistical analyzes were performed using spss software version 11.5 The average concentration of lead in water, mineral water factory Olaus stations, Kalalaq, Chlokhaneh, Kafshan Ivy, terminal, Ceylan tea, City of Knowledge, mansion, Shah Heydar, Tee Janan Lu in the table (5) was calculated. The minimum and maximum lead concentration of 0.07 and 1.45 ppm, respectively, in the three-way stations Janan Lu and mineral water Olaus was calculated. According to 0.05 P> normality test and 0.05 P normality test and 0.05 P normality test and 0.05 p> homogeate test data normality and homogeneity of variance was used to obtain significant difference test showed that the results have significant differences (0.05 p>). that between stations 1 and 5, 1 and 3, 1 and 10, 2 and 3, 2 and 6, 2 and 7, 2 and 8, 3 and 5, 3 and 9, 3, 10, 4, 5, 4, 7, 4 and 8, 4 and 10, 5, 6, 5.7, 5 and 8, 5 and 9, 6 and 7, 6 and 10, 7 and 9, 7 and 10, 8 and 9, 8 and 10,9 and 10 differences there is a significant.The correlation between sediment and water Pearson correlation test was used for cadmium, lead and copper in water samples with Cu in sediment samples correlated and at 0.01 p = and 0.185 r =, 0.426 r = and 0.613 r = there is a significant difference (table 8). The results of the analysis of sediment samples at various stations nomads river, showed that the stations studied, 5 stations (terminal) while the highest cadmium, lead and copper highest station 7 (City of Knowledge) had accumulated. The minimum amount of lead in the deposition station 6 (Geylan tea) and a minimum amount of cadmium in the sediment Station 2 (bridge Kalalaq) and the minimum amount of copper in the deposition station 3 (Chelokhaneh) have been observed. Station 7 (City of Knowledge) because of domestic waste water chemical fertilizer used in the gardens of the town highest cadmium and copper show. The results of the analysis of water samples at various stations nomads river, indicates that the stations studied Station 1 (mineral water Olaus) the highest level of lead and cadmium is highest at Station 2 (bridge Kalalaq), and the highest copper station 8 (bridge building) shows. While the minimum amount of these elements at station 10 (Janan Lu) have accumulated. This well their role in the purification of water and sediments of heavy metals show.}, keywords = {Self-Purification,Watershed,Heavy metals,river Kaleibar}, title_fa = {بررسی خود پالایی جذب فلزات سنگین در حوزه آبخیز کلیبر چای}, abstract_fa = {فلزات سنگین به دلیل سمی بودن، زمان ماندگاری بالا و تجمع آنها از اهمیت اکولوژیکی زیادی برخوردارند. در این بررسی حوزه آبخیز رودخانه کلیبر چای آذربایجان طی عملیات میدانی، تعداد 10 ایستگاه قبل و در محدوده و خارج از شهر انتخاب شد. به منظور بررسی فلزات سنگین از طیف سنجی اتمی 1(A.A.S) و برای انجام آزمون های آماری از نرم افزار spss وExcel جهت آنالیز واریانس یک طرفه استفاده شد. نتایج حاصل از آنالیز نمونه های رسوب، بیانگر آن است که ایستگاه 5 بالاترین میزان سرب، ایستگاه 7 ( شهرک دانش) به دلیل ورود فاضلاب های خانگی و کودهای شیمیایی مورد استفاده در باغات بالاترین میزان کادمیوم و مس، ایستگاه 6 حداقل میزان سرب، ایستگاه 2 حداقل میزان کادمیوم و ایستگاه 3 حداقل میزان مس را نشان می دهد. نتایج حاصله از آنالیز نمونه های آب در ایستگاه های مختلف، نشان داد که بالاترین میزان سرب در ایستگاه 1و بالاترین میزان کادمیوم در ایستگاه 2 و بالاترین میزان مس در ایستگاه 8 مشاهده می شود. با توجه به کاهش قابل ملاحظه میزان عناصر سنگین در ایستگاه 10(خروجی) می توان نقش خود پالایی آب و رسوب را در جذب فلزات سنگین مشاهده نمود.}, keywords_fa = {Self-Purification,Watershed,Heavy metals,river Kaleibar}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_64418.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_64418_3ee8fcd0e018d05c838866613e706737.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Good governance role and size of government on environmental performance in selected countries}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, pages = {477-496}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2017.209037.1007248}, abstract = {Matherials & Methods The main concern of developing countries is to achieve development. What is the new harvest of the development Concepts such as security, participation in social and political life, justice and the environment? The concept of development was beyond the accumulation of wealth and GDP growth and Quality of the environment that could indicate improved living conditions of the population should be considered as one of the most important pillars of environmental justice and sustainable development. Environment is enormous and complex set of different factors that affect the performance and human activities and are affected as well. so the socio-economic proper functioning of person’s dependent on the proper functioning of environment. Several factors can affect the quality of the environment. Including economic variables (by degree of industrialization, trade and technological inequality), political variables (through democracy and dictatorship), social factors (the degree of urbanization and literacy rates) and government (by size and quality State) noted. with a broader definition of environmental quality as environmental performance (EPI) (which represents environmental health, air quality, water quality, quality of productive natural resources, biodiversity and habitat, and sustainable energy), the role of individuals, governments and social relations between them, is vital in determining environmental performance. The occurrence of market failures, shortcomings in safeguarding individual rights and shortcomings in the international balance, are based government intervention in the economy. in other words, it may market performance with regard to microeconomics approach, include allocative efficiency, however, in terms of macroeconomic views or development, represents a market failure. one example of market failure in the allocation of resources, is public of environmental goods. despite the more environmental resources have significant value, generally not considered precious to use them and if the price to be considered, these prices is not reflecting the price and the real cost of environmental resources. governments on one hand, by mechanisms such as the valuation of resources, internalize environmental costs, zero social costs of production and consumption and the use of legal instruments and monitoring can reduce pollution and destruction and stabilize economy by reducing pressure on resources. On the other hand, the more government Presence, can Associated with problems such as weak institutions, Governments inefficiency, lower quality rules, weaken regulatory agencies, administrative extensive bureaucracy, lack of accountability, corruption, rent-seeking, weaken public participation, undermine public scrutiny and participation and so on. therefore, should pay more attention to the effect of government size and good governance and their mutual relations on the quality of the environment. so based on the above discussion, current study had been discussed the role of government in society (including for example control of corruption, accountability, public participation, rule of law and regulatory quality) and socio-economic performance of governments (such as the size of government in the economy) in performance environmental. Discussion of Results In this study for examine the effect of government size and good governance as well as the theory of Kvzntsh, the following general model was used: LEPIij=C+β1LEPI(1)ij+β2Linstij+β3Lsizeij+β4LGDPCij+β5LGDPC^2ij+β6Lpopdenij+β7Lopenij+ β8DUMij+εij Where; LEPI represents the logarithm of environmental performance indicators, C: intercept, LEPI (-1): logarithm of the first continuous environmental performance index, Linst: log governance index, Lsize: logarithm of government consumption expenditure (% of of GDP) as an indicator of the size of government, LGDPC: log of per capita GDP (in constant price $ 2005 America), LGDPC2: logarithm of the square of per capita GDP (in constant price $ 2005 America), Lpopden: log the population density index, Lopen: logarithm of openness index, DUM: dummy variable to differentiate and compare Developing and developed and ε is a disturbing regression model. Good Governance Index (inst) consists of the Sub-indexes which in separate models will be examined in this research. The sub- indexes include: voice: voice and find best responds index, Gove: Government Effectiveness Index, Regq: quality indicators laws and regulations, rule: the rule of law index and control: Corruption Perception Index. Conclusions In this paper, six indicators of good governance in separate models were estimated on Environmental Quality. The results show that all these indices significantly positive impact on the quality of the environment. So, improving good governance means accountability, public participation, rule of law, regulatory quality and control of corruption, can be achieved better in the shade of a small Governments, Because the larger government Will be accompanied with bulkier and inefficient regulations and rules. When a private entity to harm the environment, treat and control it much easier to monitor state institutions and the power. Basically on the other hand, often the types of corruption, finds relevant in Government sphere. Finally, larger government will be accompanied with participation of fewer people, and so less accountability. Regarding trade openness index, it can have said First, business development can occur alongside smaller government and secondly, businesses make less damage to the environment. Also, the results show that the size of government, population density and per capita GDP had a significant and negative impact on the EPI and the effect of economic openness on the EPI, has been positive. The results of this study also demonstrated Kuznets curve theory. This means that, in the early stages of economic growth that reduces environmental quality; but continue on the path of economic development, by providing resources for the community to improve environmental performance. The negative effect of government size, is another channel to show the relationship between the inefficiency of government in the economy and the environment. this result is consistent with the effects of good governance and trade openness.}, keywords = {environmental performance,the size of government,Good Governance}, title_fa = {نقش حکمرانی خوب و اندازه دولت بر روی عملکرد محیط‌زیست در کشورهای منتخب جهان}, abstract_fa = {این مطالعه با تمرکز بر عملکرد خود دولت شامل حکمرانی خوب، اندازه دولت و باز بودن اقتصاد به بررسی تأثیر آنها بر روی EPI در 30 کشور منتخب جهان طی دوره زمانی ۲۰۱۲-20۰2 پرداخته است. برای برآورد مدل‌های مختلف (برای شاخص‌های حکمرانی) از رویکرد داده‌های تابلویی پویا و روش گشتاورهای تعمیم‌یافته (GMM) استفاده شده است. نتایج این تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که بهبود حکمرانی خوب و زیرشاخص‌های آن مانند کنترل فساد، مشارکت عمومی، حاکمیت قانون، کیفیت مقررات و پاسخگویی دولت تأثیر مثبت و معنی‌دار بر عملکرد محیط‌زیست دارد. هم‌چنین بزرگ بودن حجم دولت و اقتصاد بسته، تاثیر منفی و معنی‌دار بر روی عملکرد محیط زیست دارد. علاوه بر این، در این مطالعه به بررسی درستی تئوری منحنی کوزنتس با EPI پرداخت شده است که در نمونه مورد بررسی، این تئوری تصدیق گردید؛ بدین معنی که با افزایش رشد اقتصاد ابتدا عملکرد محیط‌زیست بدتر شده ولی با گذر از حد آستانه‌ای می‌توان EPI را بهبود بخشید. تراکم جمعیت نیز باعث تضعیف EPI شده است که لزوم اجرای سیاست‌های تمرکززدایی را نشان می‌دهد. یکی از نتایج دیگر این مطالعه، این است که کشورهای توسعه‌‌یافته عملکرد زیست‌محیطی بهتری در مقایسه با کشورهای درحال توسعه داشته‌اند.}, keywords_fa = {environmental performance,the size of government,Good Governance}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_64419.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_64419_cc320c968ed1ce7f73812a82d41cf585.pdf} } @article { author = {Haidarian Aghakhani, Maryam and tamartash, reza and Jafarian, Zeinab and Tarkesh Esfahani, Mostafa and Tatian, Mohammadreza}, title = {Predicting the impacts of climate change on Persian oak (Quercus brantii) using Species Distribution Modelling in Central Zagros for conservation planning}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, pages = {497-511}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2017.233756.1007441}, abstract = {Introduction: In recent years, climate change has affected on both ecosystems and the creatures that live in them. Hence, plant species may be expected to show marked redistributions in reply to climate change; this has estimated at various scales and in diverse places, usually by the use of bioclimatic envelope models. These models are often named distribution models (SDMs), Climate envelope models or ecological niche models (ENM). They use climate factors as independent predictor variables and biotic data as dependent variables to produce a predictive model for species or ecosystem distributions. Climate envelope models can be informative, not by forecasting changes, but by quantifying differences among current distributions and potential habitats under potential climate change scenarios. Moreover, despite the deficiencies of climate envelope models, the overall patterns of predicted species range shifts often match observed biological tendencies. Temperature over south-west Iran may increase between 1.69 and 6.88 °C by 2100. Summer temperatures may increase with higher rates than spring, winter, and autumn temperatures. The main genus in the Zagros region is oak with a varied range of species distributed across the area. Quercus brantii Lindl. Species is known as Persian oak. Persian oak species is endemic to temperate regions of Asia and western Asia, including Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey and it’s the boundary of Irano- Turanian vegetation region. Persian Oak is a prevalent species in Zagros forests. In the Zagros showed that forest loss was more closely associated with climate change and urban human population increase. Recently, a large number of deaths among oak trees have been reported in their natural habitats. Therefore, this study aimed at predicting the effect of climate change on the geographical distribution of Persian Oak in Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari province in the central Zagros region under future climate scenarios by 2050. Materials and methods: The studied region in this research had the area of 1.6 million hectares in the central Zagros in Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari province. Field studies, including harvest of geographical coordinates of the presence of this species in Central Zagros. In this study, 19 bioclimatic variable climate factors describing Persian Oak habitat, which have been used in many studies as the basis for monitoring impacts of climate change on organisms. Climate change RCP4.5 scenario, general circulation model HadGEM2-CC and three physiographical variables (elevation, slope and slope aspect) were applied to. These 19 bioclimatic layers must be derived from the three basic climatic variables. WorldClim provides monthly maximum (Tmax), minimum (Tmin), and mean temperatures, and monthly precipitation. Monthly precipitation was improved by average monthly precipitation obtained from weather stations across the province. Then 19 bioclimatic variables were created in DIVA-GIS. Digital Terrain Model (DTM) was used to generate slope and aspect data layers and was used as physiographic variables. First, the presence of the correlation between variables modified by Pearson test was examined and the variables with over 80% correlation with each other were determined. After conducting Pearson's correlation analysis and removing variables with high correlation, it was found that 8 variables (BIO9, BIO7, BIO3, BIO4, BIO12, and BIO17, percent of slope and slope aspect) were not correlated with each other and can enter the final model. In this regard, we used 5 modelling approaches, Generalized Linear Model (GLM), Classification Tree Analysis (CTA), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Generalized Boosting Method (GBM) and Random Forest (RF) to determine relationships between the occurrence of species and environmental factors. One difficulty with the use of species distribution models is that the number of techniques available is large and is increasing steadily, making it difficult for the user to select the most appropriate methodology for their needs. This is particularly true when models are used to project distributions of species into independent situations, which is the example of projections of species distributions under future climate change scenarios. In this study, we used the ensemble predictions of the models under the framework Biomod and R software. To do so, 20% of the species presence data was devoted to the evaluation and 80% to the implementation of these models. This process was repeated for 10 times for each of the used models; at each time, evaluation and implementation parts were randomly selected from the data. Finally, for each model, the results were obtained from these 10 runs. The predictive model performance was evaluated using one main kind of accuracy measures, Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Results and discussion: All models assume a certain equilibrium, namely that the species occurs in all environments where it is possible to survive, that it cannot survive outside this range and that it is in equilibrium with climate. In fact, due to many reasons (time delay in response, limited dispersal, anthropogenic influence), the situation is probably different from many species. Therefore, we report here the potential changes in suitable habitat for Persian oak, not the real range changes that will happen. However, a certain trend can be observed, which should influence decisions to be prepared for the species’ response to climate change. Monitoring using Species distribution modelling can help us distinguish the most important factors in determining species presence and in designing conservation programs. This research showed Annual precipitation (49.7%) and mean temperature of the driest quarter (27.7%) have played the most important role in habitat suitability of this species. Under RCP4.5 climate scenario Persian Oak might lose 35.7% of its climatically suitable habitats due to climate change factors, by 2050, while in a number of areas (61.4%), the currently unsuitable habitats may be converted into suitable. In the studied region as a result of climate changes Persian Oak was moved to the higher elevation, Results have been similarly obtained in many of the studies in which the movement of species affected by climate change has been studied. Among all the statistical techniques, RF was found to be the most reliable model for species prediction. However, the predictions from the different models varied a lot, even if for one given species, outcomes of prediction may change from model to model. In an opinion that each predictive model relied on different mathematical functions, SDM will give a variety of results without the doubt. Nevertheless, it was not so surprising because the RF model gives the predictions by producing thousands of trees and aggregated with an average. Thus, in this research RF was a robust technical modelling for species distribution prediction and ensemble modelling was also regarded as the best solutions to reduce the single model uncertainties and bias. To assess the accuracy of the maps produced by the model, AUC of ROC plot was used. Based on these results, all models are functioning well, because whenever an implemented model has the AUC values of more than 0.7 and 0.9, it will be considered a good and excellent model, respectively; otherwise, the model is weak. Conclusions: This research showed that ensemble modelling by Biomod could predict the current potential distribution of Persian Oak with high accuracy (AUC varies from 0.85 to 0.98). Among all the statistical techniques, RF was found to be the most reliable model for species prediction. This research showed Annual precipitation and mean temperature of the driest quarter have played the most important role in habitat suitability of this species These models could also predict the geographical shift of given species under climate change scenarios (RCP4.5). According to the results, Persian Oak is expected to move toward higher elevation, with a decreasing area of the current distribution. This study highlights the importance of climate change on the geographical plant species distribution. Persian Oak is one of the most important forest plant species in the central Zagros of Iran, very crucial for soil conservation and biodiversity; hence, it requires an extra effort to protect species such as Persian Oak against climate change.}, keywords = {Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari Province,Central Zagros,Random forest,Ensemble method,Habitat Suitability}, title_fa = {پیش‌بینی اثر تغییر اقلیم بر گونه بلوط ایرانی (Quercus brantii) با استفاده از مدل‌سازی پراکنش گونه‌ای به منظور برنامه‌ریزی حفاظتی}, abstract_fa = {از جمله اثرات مهم تغییر اقلیم بر گیاهان، تغییر در پراکنش جغرافیایی آن‌هاست. پیش‌بینی اثر تغییر اقلیم بر پراکنش گونه‌های گیاهی با ارزش، امری ضروری در راستای حفاظت و مدیریت آنها محسوب می‌شود. مطالعه حاضر با هدف پیش‌بینی اثر تغییر اقلیم بر پراکنش جغرافیایی گونه بلوط ایرانی (Quercus brantii) در استان چهارمحال و بختیاری واقع در زاگرس مرکزی صورت گرفت. پنج روش مدل‌سازی پراکنش گونه‌ای، شامل مدل خطی تعمیم یافته، تجزیه و تحلیل طبقه‌بندی درختی، شبکه عصبی مصنوعی، روش افزایشی تعمیم یافته و جنگل تصادفی در چارچوب روش اجماعی در نرم‌افزار R مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که به ترتیب بارندگی سالانه و میانگین دمای خشک‌ترین فصل سال بیشترین سهم را در تعیین مطلوبیت رویشگاه گونه داشتند. ارزیابی مدل‌ها نشان داد که مدل‌ها از صحت و دقت قابل قبولی برخوردار هستند و مدل جنگل تصادفی، قابل‌اعتمادترین مدل برای پیش‌بینی پراکنش گونه تعیین شد. بررسی اثر تغییر اقلیم تحت سناریو 5/4RCP نشان داد که وسعت رویشگاه بلوط ایرانی 7/35 درصد در سال 2050 کاهش می‌یابد و در برخی مناطق نیز شاهد بروز مناطق مستعد وقوع گونه خواهیم بود (4/61 درصد). از نتایج این مطالعه می‌توان در برنامه‌ریزی‌های حفاظتی و اصلاحی گونه بلوط ایرانی استفاده نمود.}, keywords_fa = {Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari Province,Central Zagros,Random forest,Ensemble method,Habitat Suitability}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_64420.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_64420_68ed24a06c089a73cfc966fd621c294c.pdf} } @article { author = {parvar, zahra}, title = {Monitoring and Prediction of Urban Growth Using Multitemporal Images and GIS Techniques (A Case Study of Bojnourd City)}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, pages = {513-527}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2017.225385.1007382}, abstract = {Introduction: Rapid population growth and human activities have resulted in unsustainable exploitation of natural resources. Studying land changes, change detection and prediction are essential for analyzing developmental consequences over time and also for decision-making and implementing appropriate policy responses relating to land uses. Land-Use Change modeling have become a top research topic in many scientific field recently. There are many approaches and models in use to perform spatially simulations, but among many land use modeling tools, LCM offers many advantages. This modeler evaluates land changes between two different times, calculates the changes trend, gain and loses, Persistence and displays the results with graphs and maps. There are three approaches to produce the probability map: logistic regression, multilayer perceptron (MLP) and a similarity-weighted (SimWeight). Multi-layer perceptron (MLP) creates a transition potential map for each group of transitions in order to allocate the simulated transitions. It use a Markov matrix to extrapolate the quantity of each transition and persistence. Markov matrix generally obtains through the comparison of the land use maps from two dates. Markov chain projection provides the model with the estimated areas of each land use category for future dates and the amount of change for each transition. LCM needs explanatory variables to improve the understanding of the causes, locations, and trends of land use changes. These variables are selected when they exhibit relatively high Cramer coefficient values for land cover categories. Cramer’s Coefficient indicates the degree to which each explanatory variable is associated with the distribution of land cover categories. This study demonstrated that human disturbance include road and urban distance were the key factors in determining transition model in land change prediction. We predicted land use changes in Bojnourd city using multi-temporal remote sensing data and a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network with a Markov chain model. Remote sensing techniques applied to classify satellite imagery for 2001, 2008 and 2015. Several studies have developed different modeling methods to simulate the pattern and consequences of land use changes. Arekhi (2011) modeled deforestation using logistic regression, GIS and RS in the Iran's west forests. In this research the effects of seven factors, distance from roads and residential areas, forest fragmentation index, distance from forest edge, aspect, elevation and slope was studied. The results indicated that with decreasing the distance from residential areas and roads, forest degradation will be more and the most of the deforestation occurred in the fragmented forest cover. In other reaserch Joorabian Shooshtari and Gholamalifard (2015) explored changes in landscape pattern in northern Iran's Neka Basin for 1987, 2001, 2006, 2011, and 2017. Their studies revealed that during 1987–2001, agriculture was the main contributor to the increased built-up area, between 2001 and 2006 agriculture converted to orchard and residential, and between 2006 and 2011 forest regenerated from orchard and agricultural lands. Numerous studies have assessed urban growth with different modeling methods around the world. These studies though mapped and focused on determining whether a change has occurred and how the change has evolved over time. Wilson & Weng (2011), studied impacts of urban land use and climate changes on surface water quality within Des Plaines River watershed, Illinois. Low density residential growth, normal urban growth, and commercial growth are three future scenarios in this study that specified with Land Change Modeler (LCM). Materials and methods: Land Change Models can be very useful tools for environmental and urban growth research concerning about land use change. LCM was used in this research to predict the land use map in 2015 using the following procedure: Change analysis and choice of explanatory variables, Transition potential modelling, Change prediction map and Model assessment. A total area of 14438/03 hectares of Bojnourd city was taken as study area which has potential for expansion. IDRISI Andes was used to determine land change using three different land-use maps from 2001, 2008 and 2015. In This Study, A series of satellite images of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) data (2001, 2008, and 2015) respectively were used to produce classified land use/cover map. It's necessary to assess the satellite data for their image quality. Maximum likelihood classification were used to derive 3 land use categories in the study area. This way is based on the probability density function that is associated with a particular training site signature. Accurate assessment land use maps, using ground control points, visual interpretation and Google earth were controlled. The classification accuracy and kappa coefficients was evaluated for land use maps. The Land Change Modeler module in IDRISI software was utilized for land change detection and change trend analysis. For change analysis and prediction, first of all Land use maps for 2001 with 2008, 2008 with 2015, and 2001 with 2015 were used for analysis and detection of changes. Net change, Gains and losses, persistence and other modules were used to evaluate map transition potential. The study used several variables including distance from road, distance from settlement, distance human disturbance, distance from vegetation edge, slope and qualitative variables. Two land cover maps of two different times (2001 and 2008) were applied to predict potentially transition in the future. LCM available as IDRISI and ArcGIS extension) is a useful tool for the assessment and projection of land cover changes. Different modules are available to do this like cross tab module, gains and losses and etc. Results: The land-use maps were produced by supervised maximum likelihood classification and 3 classes (settlement areas, vegetation and burren land) were considered. Kappa coefficients obtained in this study was above 80%. In this study, 3 major land use categories identified and mapped after field surveys, literature reviews and visual interpretation. Neural network training was carried out with the default setting (learning rate from 0.01 to 0.001, momentum 0.5, number of hidden nodes calculated as the average between numbers of input and output nodes, 10,000 iterations). 4 sub-models were identified which included burrenland to settlement areas, vegetation to settlement areas, vegetation to burrenland and burrenland to vegetation. Land use map of 2015 was predicted by using changes that occurred during the years 2001 and 2008. The analysis of changes shows the expansion in settlement areas (1203 ha), burgenland (737 ha), vegetation area (554 ha) during the years 2001– 2015. The land use change analysis for the next period (2008-2015), indicates that the area of settlement areas has increased. The transition from Burgenland and vegetation to settlement areas was 980 ha. Discussion and conclusion: The objective of this research is to evaluate LCM as a land use model, focusing on its predictive power for the assessment of transition potential. This study used Landsat ETM+ imageries of 2001 and 2008, and OLI/TIRS of 2015 to identify, classify, Assess and interpret changes in a city area. The land cover categories and their changes for these years were generated and analyzed in the Idrisi environment. Land use scenarios for 14 years from 2001 to 2015 was performed using Markov analysis in LCM module in IDRISI software. Land Change Models can be very useful tools for environmental and urban growth research concerning about land use change. Rapid urban growth in last decades is a big problem which prompt concerns about environmental issues over the accompanied environmental issues and the degradation of economical sustainability. Land use maps are very vital for decision makers and environmental management purposes to evaluate land changes and the Causes of land degradation. LCM provides comparable and understandable maps and graph to demonstrate natural and environmental conditions. Monitoring land changes can provide valuable information for regional management and planning, but it's not enough. Prospective simulation supports decision-making for urban planner and environmental management. LCM, provides great advantages such as better monitoring changes, describe change trend, quantifying changes and also it can answer to questions with different scenarios like "what would happen if ".}, keywords = {Land Change Modeler (LCM),Urban Growth,multi layer perceptron algorithm of artificial neural (MLP),transition potential,Markov Chain}, title_fa = {پیش بینی روند تغییرات و توسعه شهری با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره ای چندزمانه و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (مطالعه موردی: شهر بجنورد)}, abstract_fa = {رشد سریع جمعیت و افزایش فعالیت های بشر منجر به بهره برداری ناپایدار منابع و کاهش سریع در ذخایر طبیعی زمین می شود. در این مطالعه از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای لندست سنجنده ETM+ و OLI (سال‌های 2001 و 2008 و 2015 ) جهت تهیه‌ی نقشه کاربری اراضی استفاده شد. با توجه به هدف مطالعه 3 کاربری مناطق مسکونی، پوشش گیاهی و زمین‌های بایر تعریف شد. افزایش و کاهش ،تغییر خالص ، مناطق بدون تغییر و انتقال ین دو نقشه کاربری ارزیابی شدند. بر این اساس آن با استفاده از نقشه‌های سال‌های 2001 و 2008 نقشه کاربری اراضی در سال 2015 با روش زنجیره مارکف پیش‌بینی شد و نقشه پیش‌بینی شده با نقشه واقعی این سال مقایسه گردید. ازکاپای استاندارد برای بررسی صحت مدل‌سازی استفاده شد و با مقداری بالای 80 درستی آن تایید شد. در مطالعه حاضر، بررسی روند کلی تغییرات در بازه زمانی 14 ساله یعنی سال‌های 2001 تا 2015 نشان می دهد در تحلیل در این دوره، تبدیل سایر کاربری‌ها به طبقه مسکونی 8 درصد (1203 هکتار)، پوشش گیاهی به بایر 737 هکتار و بایر به پوشش گیاهی 554 هکتار بوده است. در فاصله 2008 تا 2015، گسترش و توسعه مناطق مسکونی این روند با سرعت بیشتری ادامه داشت.}, keywords_fa = {Land Change Modeler (LCM),Urban Growth,multi layer perceptron algorithm of artificial neural (MLP),transition potential,Markov Chain}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_64421.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_64421_f403077ae7ddb16b803abf46bc2a0a48.pdf} } @article { author = {haghi, mohammadreza and karimi moshaver, mehrdad and zolfigol, sajjad}, title = {Assessment of Landscape Quality of Urban Public Spaces, Case ُtudy: Imam Square in Hamedan}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, pages = {529-541}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2017.218290.1007330}, abstract = {Introduction Public Space Landscape has a multi-dimensional and complex nature, therefore people perception is different for it. Although we can spot urban landscape definition as an over scale of single building architecture in the simplest concept, but it shouldn’t summarize at the physical and visual design. So, whatever can be understood by human senses, it influences on perceptional landscape quality. On the other hand, environment, people, and their activities have an important role in creating the urban space landscape. They create environment vitality. Hence, studying urban landscape need a comprehensive view about subject various dimension. In this comprehensive view, first we should identify urban landscape quality parameters, then we should assess factors relationship for improving them. Imam square in Hamedan has a special situation in urban structure and attracts most number of various people. Hence, we can knew it the most important public space in city that obtains a context for people daily activities. Although this square has a basic role in urban structure, but don’t have a suitable environmental quality and people aren’t acquiescent than its quality, despite designed building sidewalls, presence of very population, and cultural-historical ceremony accomplishment. On the other hand, although Imam square notes as a cultural heritage, but it sound people don’t tally it as a “Heritage” and “cultural” sign. In fact, verbal landscape of Imam square doesn’t have congruity with a thing we expect of it. So, it is necessary that we assess its landscape and reform it. Materials & Methods This paper is a descriptive-analytical and it is based on documental studies and field observations. Research theoretical studies were obtained through library studies and then parameters for evaluating the landscape quality of public space extracted. Then, extracted parameters were surveyed on the case study and main factors importance in quality of public space were specified by using factor analysis method. So, first we prepared questionnaire based on extracted indicators and five-level Likert method. In this research, people in the Imam square are target society. We considered 200 questionnaire based on the Neyman sampling test in order to validity for SPSS analysis (The number of questionnaires are 6 times more than the number of indicators). After the completing questionnaires, we input data to SPSS software for analyzing them with factor analysis, extracting main factors, and calculating case study scores. Then, we used linier multi-variable regression method for assessing relationship between extracted factors and landscape quality of square. At the end, we specified landscape quality improvement priorities of Imam Square by assimilating factor coefficient and people dissatisfaction mean. Discussion of Results People realize urban landscape and public space in various fields and views. So, for invitation of various people satisfaction that presence in urban spaces, it is necessary to identify whatever people percept truly and effort for improvement them. Therefore, in first step, we need to identify landscape main parameters and then assess them in the case study. In a generic division, we can classify public space landscape parameters in four story: “physical”, “functional”, “elegance”, “moral- conceptual- sensory”. After the completing questionnaires, we input data to SPSS software for creating early data matrix. This matrix has 200 row (one row per one questionnaire) and 32 column (one column per one variable). Based on factor analysis method, two variable including “Details” and “Graffiti” have a score lower than 0.4 in Communality Matrix, hence they don’t suitable for factor analysis method, so they lay away from variables set. Finally, when we run model with 30 rest variables, variable quantities in Communality Matrix became larger than 0.4 and KMO value became equal 0.780 and Sig. value became 0.000. That these values mean correlation between variables is suitable for analyzing. At the end, the variables are classified in 9 landscape quality factors. That sum of aggregation variance of 9 factors are equal 74.78. After determine the number of factors, the Rotated Component Matrix is formed that this shows position of variables in each factor and we can do naming and interpreting the factors. These factors include: - The first factor (Behavioral Landscape): This factor include 12.93% of total variance and is related to “Sidewalls Activity & Land Use”, “Vendors & Peddlers”, “Vehicle Movement”, “Pedestrian Movement”, “Discipline & Arrangement”, “Sense of Security”, and “Noise Condition”. - The second factor (Supplementary Landscape): This factor include 11.83% of total variance and is related to “Urban Facilities & Equipment”, “Coloring”, “Urban Advertising”, and “Decorating”. - The third factor (Space Formation): This factor include 10.45% of total variance and is related to “Human Scale”, “Enclosure”, “Spatial Configuration”, and “Buildings Sidewall”. - The fourth factor (Pedestrian Facilities): This factor include 9.37% of total variance and is related to “Urban Furniture”, “Flooring”, “Pedestrian Direction”, and “Guidance Signage”. - The fifth factor (Nightly Landscape): This factor include 8.26% of total variance and is related to “Night Activity” and “Light”. - The sixth factor (Natural Landscape): This factor include 6.89% of total variance and is related to “Green Space” and “Fountain”. - The seventh factor (Place Prestige): This factor include 6.15% of total variance and is related to “Central Statue’, “Valuable Buildings”, and “Cultural & Artistic Events”. - The eighth factor (Environmental Health): This factor include 4.67% of total variance and is related to “Cleanliness” and “Olfaction”. - The ninth factor (Semantic Landscape): This factor include 4.23% of total variance and is related to “Identify” and “Vitality”. When we specify landscape main factors of Imam square, we need to discover the relationship between these factors and landscape quality of Imam square. So, “Standardized Coefficient of Beta” is calculated by using the linear multi-variable regression analysis technique. Then three values include “Component Score Coefficient”, “Standardized Coefficient of Beta” and “Dissatisfaction Average of each Variables” are multiplied together and priority’s variables are specified. Conclusions Research findings show basic parameters in landscape quality of Imam square are regularity “Noise Condition”, “Vehicle Movement”, “Vendors & Peddlers”, “Urban Furniture”, “Sense of Security”, “Guidance Signage”, “Cleanliness”, “Light”, “Pedestrian Behavior”, and “Night Activities”. Therefore we can offer these general conclusions: - A significant proportion of space landscape quality is influenced by “Behavioral Landscape”. Therefore we must notice to prospects of space perception and function besides offering two-dimension and three-dimension plans. So that in Imam square, we observe beside physical and structural quality of square, other aspects such as “Noise Condition”, “Sense of Security”, and “Cleanliness” Don’t have a favorable condition. - “Vehicle Movement” in public spaces is one of the most effective items on landscape quality. Hence in Imam square, vehicle movement is one of the organizing action priorities; also this variable effect on other variable such as “Noise Condition” and “Sense of Security” straightly. - One of the main parameters for assessing the landscape quality of public spaces is condition of them in different times. Hence, in Imam square, both “Nightly Landscape” variables are among landscape organizing priorities of Imam square. - Whereas urban public space landscape is percept by pedestrian view, therefore the facilities are considered for viewer (pedestrian) have a key importance. Hence, in Imam square, pedestrian facilities such as “Urban furniture” and “Guidance Signage” are as landscape organizing priorities of Imam square. Finally, we can offer bellow items for improvement of landscape quality of Imam square of Hamedan: 1. Traffic adjustment and management in square 2. Preventing vehicle stops in square 3. Supervising on vendors and peddlers activities 4. Suitable designing and locating of urban furniture, panels, and guidance signage 5. Lighting organizing 6. Collection of garbage and disposal of surface water 7. Organizing the pedestrian movement directions.}, keywords = {Urban landscape,Visual Comfort,public space,Urban Square,Hamedan}, title_fa = {ارزیابی کیفیت منظر فضاهای عمومی شهری، (مطالعه موردی: میدان امام شهر همدان)}, abstract_fa = {اگرچه ساده‌ترین برداشت از مفهوم منظر شهری را می‌توان مقیاسی فراتر از تک بناها قلمداد نمود، اما نباید آن ‌را صرفاً در طراحی کالبدی (و بصری) خلاصه کرد. در پژوهش حاضر نیز تلاش شده است کیفیت منظر یک فضای عمومی بر مبنای عوامل تشکیل دهنده آن مورد سنجش قرار گیرد. روش پژوهش توصیفی-تحلیلی بوده و از طریق پیمایش میدانی در یک نمونه موردی (میدان امام شهر همدان) صورت پذیرفته است. در گام نخست، معیارهای ارزیابی کیفیت منظر فضاهای عمومی از منابع معتبر داخلی و خارجی استخراج گردیده است و با استفاده از پرسشنامه، نظرات مردم برداشت شده است. تعداد پرسشنامه‌ها 200 عدد در نظر گرفته شده است که بیش از 6 برابر تعداد متغیرها است. در ادامه داده‌های پرسشنامه‌ها در نرم‌افزار SPSS وارد شده است که بر اساس تکنیک تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی، متغیرها در 9 عامل «منظر رفتاری»، «منظر الحاقی»، «فرم فضا»، «تسهیلات عابر پیاده»، «منظر شبانه»، «منظر طبیعی»، «ارزش محیط»، «بهداشت محیط» و «منظر معنایی» دسته‌بندی شده‌اند. پس از آن با استفاده از تکنیک تحلیل رگرسیون چندمتغیره خطی مشخص گردید 4 عامل «منظر رفتاری»، «تسهیلات عابر پیاده»، «منظر شبانه» و «بهداشت محیط» به ترتیب بیشترین تاثیر را بر کیفیت منظر میدان امام داشته‌اند.}, keywords_fa = {Urban landscape,Visual Comfort,public space,Urban Square,Hamedan}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_64422.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_64422_c2a3ca2293dc2ea28bc4328201dcc6e6.pdf} } @article { author = {Seddighkia, Mehdi and Abdoli, Asghar and Ayyoubzadeh, Seyed Ali and Ahmadi, Amirabbas and Gholizadeh, Mohammad}, title = {Development of Environmental Flow Assessment Method For Rivers in Southern Caspian Sea Basin}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {43}, number = {3}, pages = {543-560}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2017.230218.1007417}, abstract = {IntroductionEnvironmental flow requirement (EFR) is defined as the flow that is necessary to ensure the existence of habitats in water resources systems. Hydrological methods are almost the most straight-forward approach in rivers. These types of methods are also known as desktop methods that rely on annual, monthly or daily flow discharge data of the river. There are two main limitations for desktop approach. First, in this type of approach, regional ecological values are not considered directly. Secondly, this type of approach has little defense capability in interactions of water allocation, but because of having some advantages such as simplicity, it is used in many countries. But it is obvious which development of localized desktop approach is so necessary and also is so useful. It can be used as a flow index for environmental flow assessment in different projects. Main contribution of present research is development of new desktop method for environmental flow assessment in southern Caspian Sea basin with focusing on regional ecological values. Material & MethodsThe Lar National Park is located 55 km at east of Tehran. Its mean elevation from open Seas is 2531 m and its area is 27000 Ha approximately. In this park, Brown Trout (one of Iranˈs most unique species) inhabits. This park is one of the original habitats of Brown Trout which has unique properties. In this park, predation of Brown Trout is forbidden and is protected by the Iranian Department of Environment (DOE). Water quality in all of the streams in the park in a good condition and there are minimum water quality issues for brown trout habitats, also brown trout is dominant aquatic so there is no effective competition in streams. Hence this park is an ideal place for development of hydrological flow index based on real life of aquatic in their habitats and physical habitat effects. Since the development of physical habitat simulation, physical habitat models became an important tool for river management .Aquatic habitat simulation models have been used for fish in water resource management, particularly in North America. The Physical Habitat Simulation is considered to be the first of these fish habitat models and is now being applied worldwide. In the present research 1-D hydraulic simulation in combination of physical habitat simulation is used to simulate physical habitat for Brown Trout. Quantified ecological modeling describes flow changes in physical components of the system and translates them into an estimate of the quality and quantity of microhabitat for aquatic organisms. The most commonly used output from these types of models is Area Weighted Suitability (AWS). This factor is computed within the reach at a specific discharge from:(1)Where Ai is the surface area of cell i and Ci is the combined suitability of cell i (i.e., composite of depth, velocity and channel index individual suitability). Common method in estimation of C is consideration of minimum value of depth, velocity and substrate suitability for development of combined habitat suitability in each habitat cell. Description of river condition is carried out in three main conditions which are maximum protection or outstanding, mid protection or good and minimum protection or poor. Two main habitats are selected for implementation of ecological modeling which are Elarm which is as a main habitat for fry and juvenile Brown trout and Absefid which is as a main habitat for adult Brown trout. Slope of Elarm is smaller than 2% and slope of Absefid is larger than 2%. Hence development of flow index for environmental flow is carried out based on these two types of rivers. Because popularity of mean annual flow(MAF) as an acceptable index in determination of environmental flow requirement, development of hydrological flow index was based on MAF in each river.Results & DiscussionHabitat time series is shown in figure 1. In this figure you can see the alteration of AWS in different months Figure 1. Habitat time series in simulated habitats( figure above is Absefid and figure below is Elarm) According to habitat time series, environmental flow regime is assessed in two habitats in three stages. First stage was maximum protection or outstanding condition which maximum area weighted suitability is available for aquatics in river. Based on ecological negotiations, minimum acceptable AWS was 50% of maximum AWS, hence In stage 2 and 3, 75% and 50% maximum area weighted suitability is available. Estimated environmental flow regime is displayed in figure 3. Lar method recommendations for assessment of environmental flow requirement are displayed in Table 1. It should be noted that seasonal scale is considered. Figure 2. Environmental flow regime ( figure above is Absefid and figure below is Elarm) Table 1: Lar method recommendations in EFR assessmentRiver condition Spring Summer Fall Winter2%> 2%< 2%> 2%< 2%> 2%< 2%> 2%