@article { author = {Ahmadi mirghaed, Fazlollah and Salman mahini, Abdorrasoul and Seddighi moghaddam, Elham and Gholipour, Mostafa}, title = {Optimization of land allocation in Golestan province for planting agricultural crops using compromise mathematical programming}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {669-686}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2017.60934}, abstract = {Optimization of land allocation in Golestan province for planting agricultural crops using compromise mathematical programming Introduction: Rational planning and optimization of agriculture are essential because of water and land constraints, the need to increase economic profit and to reduce the negative impacts of fertilizers and pesticides. To this end, decision-makers and planners need to acquire knowledge and information on the quantity, quality, type, and distribution and cultivation area of agricultural products. Therefore, for planning and management of local and regional agriculture, we need to know the distribution of agricultural crops and their planting pattern. Over the years, experts have researched the proper cultivation area for major crops. In this regard, optimization of land allocation in agricultural sector is very important. The agricultural economy will have sustainable growth if the cropping pattern is determined based on the environmental potential and climatic conditions of each region. It is necessary that environmental conditions, soil type, water resources, technology and other parameters be considered to achieve the optimal cultivation pattern. Due to the variety of ecological and climatic conditions of Golestan Province of Iran, a relatively fertile land, availability of resources including surface water, adequate rainfall in parts of the province and human resources, relatively ideal conditions exist for agricultural development in the region. However, the agricultural status of this region is now unfavorable because of the lack of attention to the factors affecting the agricultural income such as product type, economic efficiency, crop performance, cultivation costs, required water for cultivation and other factors. Therefore, it is essential that rational management and planning be implemented to mitigate these problems and to increase the economic efficiency of the agricultural sector in the province. Accordingly, the main objective of this study is to optimize land allocation for grow crops and garden products based on the initial scenario of Jihad agricultural organization, current status and the environmental scenario to achieve economic goals and to identify capacities for various agricultural activities in this region. To this end, we analyzed agricultural scenarios based on compromise mathematical programming using multi criteria analysis tool (MCAT). Materials & methods: The study area is Golestan Province in the north east of Iran located between 52◦ 51' and 56◦ 21' E and 36◦ 24' and 38◦ 7' N. The climate, latitude, topography, water resources, and the natural vegetation of the region is diverse. The total area of the agricultural land in the province is about 679678 hectares and the irrigated cultivation is practiced in about 377866 hectares. The results of the land use planning of Golestan Province showed that about 316326 hectares of irrigated land have suitable ecological capacity to grow crops and garden products. Accordingly, in this study we carried out land planning to determine the optimal area for cultivation of irrigated crops and garden products in accordance with the proposed scenario of Jihad agricultural organization of the Province, the current status scenario and the environmental scenario. First, a comparison matrix was formed based on the 36 proposed products and 12 optimization factors for the agricultural land allocation. The matrix was completed based on experts’ opinions and scientific information in relation to the crops and garden products. Also, the optimization criteria were weighted using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method using Expert Choice software. Due to differences in economic performance and strategic importance of the crops, we defined a prioritization factor for both positive and negative ideal values for each of the criteria. Next, data analysis was implemented based on the compromise mathematical programming using the MCAT software for land allocation for each of the products. The three scenarios including current (business as usual), organizational (the proposed Jihad agricultural organization) and the environmental option were assessed for performance of agricultural products. Results & discussion: The necessary data and information were collected and prepared using reports of the Jihad agricultural organization and the ongoing land use planning project of the Golestan Province (Salmanmahiny et al., 2013). After data analysis, weights assigned to the criteria shown in the Table 1. In addition, the results of land allocation to each of the agricultural crops are shown in the Table 2. In the end, the performance of all products was assessed on the basis of the criteria illustrated in the Table 3. The results showed that water consumption with a weight of 0.261 is the most important criterion among the considered criteria because of its important role in agriculture. Also, the results illustrated that the production of clover, barley, wheat and canola with 12.37, 6.91, 6.81 and 6.08 percent of the total area of the irrigated land have priority for cultivation, whereas according to scenario of Jihad Agriculture Organization most of the province's irrigated land should be allocated to wheat, soybeans and cotton. In comparison, the environmental scenario indicated that water consumption, the need for machinery, fertilizer and chemical pesticides can be decreased, whereas, the employment, benefit to cost ratio, quantity of dry matter, share in household basket and performance ratio of agricultural products can be increased at the same time. Conclusion: The results of this study clarified that the profitability and economic efficiency in the agricultural condition of Golestan Province can be increased by implementation of the environmental scenario. Moreover, this study shows that officials, managers, experts and farmers of the province can learn to reach an informed decision when optimizing the cultivation of each product using the results of the employed decision support system. Certainly, it would be useful to improve the agricultural condition of this region through considering the local conditions.}, keywords = {Mathematical Programming,optimization,crop products,MCAT}, title_fa = {بهینه‌سازی تخصیص مساحت اراضی استان گلستان به کاشت محصولات کشاورزی با استفاده از روش برنامه‌ریزی ریاضی مصالحه‌ای}, abstract_fa = {مدیریت منابع طبیعی و افزایش سود اقتصادی در بخش کشاورزی مستلزم برنامه‌ریزی منطقی است. با توجه به محدودیت آب و اراضی در استان گلستان، این تحقیق به‌منظور بهینه‌سازی تخصیص اراضی آبی استان به کشت محصولات زراعی و باغی صورت گرفت. با تعیین معیارهای ارزیابی و ارزشگذاری آن‌ها، تخصیص مساحت اراضی بر مبنای برنامه‌ریزی مصالحه‌ای انجام و با طراحی سناریوهای محیط‌زیستی، شرایط فعلی و پیشنهادی جهاد کشاورزی، میزان عملکرد تمامی محصولات مشخص شد. نتایج وزندهی معیارها نشان داد که مصرف آب با وزنی معادل 261/0 مهم‌ترین معیار در این زمینه به‌شمار می‌رود. همچنین، مشخص شد که برای کشت بر اساس الگوی محیط‌زیستی، محصولات شبدر، جو، گندم و کلزا به‌ترتیب با 37/12، 91/6، 81/6 و 08/6 درصد از کل مساحت اراضی آبی استان در اولویت قرارگرفته‌ است. مقایسة نتایج نیز نشان داد که مطابق با الگوی محیط‌زیستی، در مصرف آب، نیاز به ماشین‌آلات، مصرف کود و سموم شیمیایی صرفه‌جویی صورت می‌گیرد که با اجرای نتایج آن می‌توان بازدهی اقتصادی را در بخش کشاورزی استان افزایش داد. بدیهی است انتخاب هر یک از این سناریوها به شکل پایلوت در یکی از شهرستان‌ها صورت می‌پذیرد و پس از مقایسة نتایج واقعی، به اجرایی شدن آن در سطح استان اقدام خواهد شد.}, keywords_fa = {Mathematical Programming,optimization,crop products,MCAT}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60934.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60934_3d1a2f7f1903f79cdea452a167f57b65.pdf} } @article { author = {Malekmohammadi, Bahram and Eskandari, Tahereh and Zebardast, Lobat and Azizi, Ali}, title = {Integrated Environmental Assessment of Groundwater Depletion in Ardebil Plain for Management Solutions}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {687-707}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2017.60935}, abstract = {Introduction Management and decision-making issues related to water resources, especially groundwater, which is an important source of fresh water, is the main decisions of a country. According to population growth and increasing demand as well as lack of water, proper management for these resources will be needed. So integrated environmental assessment is one of the best and most effective tool in determining the economic, social and environmental problems. By reviewing previous studies, most research is done on the effects of groundwater depletion or Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) before and after construction of a project or plan and there is less comprehensive view in social and economic dimensions of the environment. In this study, Overview and integrated research on the causes and effects framework of groundwater depletion is used and Integrated Environmental assessment (IEA) as a main methods in water resource management, survey all present and future threats. So IEA can be used in environmental planning and management towards sustainable development. The software used in this study called mDSS, has been used in the field of surface waters at the international level but this application isn`t used in IEA for GW depletion. The study area is Ardabil plain, in Ardabil province in the northwest part of Iran. Ardabil plain area is about 853 square kilometers, and groundwater using has been raised during the past half century because of increasing population and agriculture development. Now, the plain decline is close to 10 meters. Matherials & Methods This study prepared by library documents, interviews and a questionnaire filling out by academics and experts. Integrated assessment should be provided in the form of a conceptual model called DPSIR to link between the data collected. The DPSIR framework aims at analyzing the cause-effect relationship between interacting components of complex social, economic and environmental systems and at organizing the information flow between its parts. Driving forces (D) represent major social and economic developments in societies and the corresponding changes in lifestyles, overall levels of consumption and production patterns. As an effect of driving forces, the pressures (P) are developed. The pressures represent processes affecting the resources (land, water) by producing for instance substances (emissions), physical and biological agents which consequently cause changes to the state of water resources (S). Depending on the changes of state, positive or negative consequences for society may occur. These consequences are identified and evaluated to describe impacts (I) by means of evaluation indices. In a generic decisional context, the perception of the existence of relevant impacts in the catchment area induces decision-makers to develop responses (R) which prevent, compensate, or mitigate the negative outcomes of state changes. Responses may be targeted to address the driving forces, the pressures or the state itself: either the driving forces may be re-organized (prevention, changing behavior, etc.), pressure mechanisms may be altered (e.g. the introduction of new production systems), or the state of the environment may be restored or adapted to reduce its sensitivity to pressures. Software of mDSS (MULti-sectoral, INtegrated and Operational Decision Support System) is a useful application to support decision-making on issues related to water resources management and solving complex problems arising from it. The software mDSS also integrates environmental modeling techniques, social and economic in GIS with multi-criteria decision-making techniques (MCDMs). Results Among the various indicators, according to expert`s opinion, population growth and agricultural development, are the most important factors (driving force) in groundwater declining. Land use and water consumption were considered as pressures. Depletion of groundwater that is the subject of this study is State and loss of water quality, the amount of surface water as well as increased vulnerability to drought (dry gardens and agricultural lands) are considered as the effects of this research respectively. Climate Change: To evaluate the changes in climate, the temperature and precipitation data obtained from synoptic stations of Ardabil and evaporation data obtained from hydrological stations. The results of homogeneous data series, according to Mann-Kendall test, show the trend of rising temperature and evaporation, so could be one of the factors in groundwater declining. Population growth: to assess the impact of population growth on groundwater resources, Ardabil population data were collected from 1355 to 1390 and the results show increasing demand for groundwater in agriculture, industry and drinking. Agricultural development: more than 88% of water consumption in agriculture is supplied by numerous wells drilled in the plain area. By studying agriculture in three parts: the area under cultivation, production and type of products, we found that from 662,063 hectares of land, 434,541 ha is rain-fed land and 227,522 ha are irrigated, but much crop growth is in irrigation products. Product types were examined in this study too. Potato cultivation in the Ardebil plain that is the first place in Iran (about 14 percent), take place with irrigation method, which can cause overuse of groundwater. Land use: In this study, Landsat images between June 1987 and 2014 were analyzed. Results classified by Maximum Likelihood method, reveals that made lands (29%) and pastures (21/5%) increased, while agricultural land and water have been reduced. One reason for the loss of agricultural land and surface water, is declining groundwater. Groundwater consumption: according to the latest inventory of existing wells, 0.8 percent of wells are industrial, 8% for drinking and 91.2% for agricultural consumption. State: Ardabil plain area is about 850 hectares that has 3667 deep and semi-deep wells, in this study, we selected wells data in 1987 compared with the same data in 2014. By Kriging interpolation, found that the depletion of GW in the South is much more increased, up to 83 meters. Changing water quality: In this study, water conductivity indicator (EC) was used over a period of 12 years. The average annual EC's increasing from 834 µmho/cm (in 2000) to 1170 µmho/cm (in 2010). Reducing the amount of surface water: In this study, data from Gilandeh, Kuzetapraghi and Gharehsou stations, over a period of 1978 – 2010, shows reducing these river`s discharging is clearly visible. Responds: Based on the questionnaires, the best strategy is to improve the agriculture. Four important strategies defined by a hypothetical scenario. These scenarios include: 1. Part Participation (P.P) in watershed management under the supervision of co-operative plain and cooperation of non-governmental organization 2. Changing in G.W Cultivation Pattern (C.G.W) 3. Trying to create New Systems (N.S) and change traditional irrigation systems 4. Changing the Cost of Price (C.C.P) especially in the agricultural sector in order to reduce excessive consumption and increase savings}, keywords = {Integrated Environmental Assessment (IEA),DPSIR,Mulino decision support systems (mDSS),Simple Additive Weighting (SAW),Ardebil Plain}, title_fa = {ارزیابی یکپارچة محیط ‌زیستی افت آب‌های زیرزمینی دشت اردبیل در راستای ارائة راهکارهای مدیریتی}, abstract_fa = {مدیریت مسائل مرتبط با منابع آب‌های زیرزمینی که یکی از منابع مهم آب شیرین است، از اصلی‌ترین تصمیم‌های کشور محسوب می‌شود که با توجه به رشد جمعیت، افزایش تقاضا و نیز کمبود آب، لزوم مدیریت صحیح این منابع به‌خوبی نمایان شده است. ارزیابی یکپارچة محیط‌زیستی یکی از بهترین ابزارها در تعیین اقدام‌های اقتصادی، اجتماعی و محیط‌زیستی در مدیریت منابع آب زیرزمینی است. ارزیابی یکپارچه با استفاده از چارچوب علّی- معلولی نیروی محرکه، فشار، وضعیت، اثر و پاسخ (DPSIR) به طبقه‌بندی داده‌ها و ارزیابی یکپارچة آثار برای حل مسائل محیط‌زیستی می‌پردازد. در این پژوهش، برای شبیه‌سازی و تحلیل آثار افت آب‌های زیرزمینی در دشت اردبیل، از روش ارزیابی یکپارچه و نرم‌افزار سیستم‌های پشتیبانی تصمیم‌گیری مولینو (MULINO DSS)، استفاده شد. راهکارهای مدیریت منابع آب زیرزمینی این دشت بر اساس ارزیابی یکپارچه انجام و نظرات کارشناسان و متخصصان انتخاب و اولویت‌بندی شد. از میان راهکارهای مطرح‌شده، تعیین آب‌بهای واقعی، به‌ویژه در بخش کشاورزی، تغییر الگوی کشت، مشارکت مردمی و استفاده از سیستم‌های نوین آبیاری، از طریق روش وزن‌دهی تجمعی ساده (SAW)، به‌ترتیب با نمرات 27/2، 62/2، 25/2 و 97/1 اولویت‌بندی شد. گزینة تعیین آب‌بهای واقعی نسبت به دیگر راهکارهای مدیریتی دشت اردبیل در بالاترین رتبه قرارگرفت.}, keywords_fa = {Integrated Environmental Assessment (IEA),DPSIR,Mulino decision support systems (mDSS),Simple Additive Weighting (SAW),Ardebil Plain}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60935.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60935_eb5540d15788b18825d8bfcf703e7043.pdf} } @article { author = {Gitipour, Saeid and Akbarpoursareskanroud, Fatemeh and Firouzbakht, Saeid}, title = {Assessment of Medical Waste in Tehran Province Hospitals}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {709-718}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2017.60936}, abstract = {Introduction Medical waste contains highly toxic metals, toxic chemicals, pathogenic viruses and bacteria, which can lead to pathological dysfunction of the human body. The hazards of exposure to hospital waste can range from gastro-enteric, respiratory, and skin infections to more deadly diseases such as Hepatitis B & C, and HIV/AIDS. Additionally, medical waste contains potentially harmful micro-organisms, which can infect public health and may presents a high risk to human and environment Hospital waste management is an important and necessary component of environmental health protection. Poor management practices of healthcare waste can present significant inconveniences and health risk to the inhabitant. Healthcare waste management includes all activities involved in waste generation, segregation, transportation, storage, treatment and final disposal of all types of waste generated in the healthcare facilities, stages of which require special attention. The main objective of this research is the study of the medical waste management in hospitals of Tehran Province. Materials and methods This is a cross-sectional study based on questionnaire, interview, observation and meetings performed in Tehran province Hospitals in 2015. This study was conducted to determine the amount of hospital waste that was produced, the condition of segregation of waste, type of storage containers used, temporary storage area, collection procedures, transport and treatment of waste, and disposal of hospital waste at these hospitals. In each hospital, after interviewing hospital directors, waste management employees and other personnel as well as observing the process of collection and disposal of waste. For assessment of treatment technologies, standard tests including TST strip test and spore tests were used. Discussion of Results & Conclusions It is important to determine the weight and composition of the waste stream in order to improve proper waste management strategies. The quantity of medical waste depends upon several factors such as the size of healthcare facility, the segregation program of medical wastes, the medical activities, type of services provided, economic, social and cultural status of patient and the general condition of the area where the hospital is situated. Hospital waste is produced from various activities in hospitals such as administrative departments, housekeeping, food preparation, laboratories, surgical operating and so on. According to the results of the present study (figure 1), Total active beds in 165 surveyed hospitals were 26444 beds, which produced 91.22 ton/d of medical wastes, and per bed production of wastes was 3.44 kg/d. Of all wastes in hospitals, 38.35% were infected wastes (1.31 kg/day/bed), 57.85% were non- infected wastes (1.99 kg/day/bed) and 3.75% were pharmaceutical and chemical wastes (0.13 kg/day/bed). The treatment efficiency of 81.29 % of hospitals was accepted (TST and Spore test results were negative). Figure 1. a) Percentage of medical waste b) Waste generation rate per bed (Kg/day) c) TST test results of treatment systems Figure 2. a) Percentage of infectious wastes treatment systems b) Percentage of Medical Wastes segregation c) Percentage of managed chemical & pharmaceutical wastes Results from the study indicated (figure 2) that all of the hospitals surveyed (42.27%) segregated and packed various medical wastes in color-coded plastic bags.After segregating and collecting the medical wastes, the staff should transport them to the temporary storage location. Several methods are applied for the treatment of medical wastes such as autoclave, hydroclave, microwave, chemical disinfection, dry heat disinfection and disinfection with super heated steam. Waste treatment leads to a decrease in volume, weight, and risk of infectivity and organic compounds of the waste. The generator of waste is responsible for ensuring proper disposal and treatment of the medical wastes and also the prevention of pollution and infection within and near the hospital. This study revealed that 93.93% hospitals in Tehran Province are doing treatment on their infectious wastes. They use proper (controlled with special tests) autoclaving method for the treatment of their wastes. After all of the above process, hospitals deliver their generated wastes to municipality. Municipality transports hospital wastes into the Kahrizak landfill. Most pharmaceutical & chemical wastes ( 79.80 % hospitals) are collected in white bags and, therefore, follows to Qazvin & Markazi provinces disposal sites of hazardous wastes. Insufficient segregation, classification of waste was noted at all surveyed hospitals. For the most part, some of the general waste was mixed with infectious waste, which was collected, transported and disposed of in a similar manner as infectious waste .Environmental measures were not available. To implement better medical waste management, there should exist bins with different colors and appropriate yellow bags for infectious solid waste, black suits bins or bags for household like solid waste, white plastic bags or bins for pharmaceutical and chemical waste and safety box for sharp infectious waste .It seems necessary High rate of infectious waste shows the need for establishing executive rules and standards for medical waste management.The effect of number of inpatients and outpatients treated in the hospitals on healthcare waste generation rate varied from hospital to hospital. It was observed that as the number of inpatients and outpatients increase, the hospital waste generation rate will also increase. A number of gaps exist regarding proper hospital waste management in the Tehran province. Therefore, there is an urgent need for raising awareness among healthcare workers and supporting staff on healthcare waste management issues (segregation, storage, collection, transport, treatment and disposal) and their relevance in addressing public health and environmental risks.This study focused on the determination of hospital waste generation rate, composition and assessment of its management system using mixed study designs. Both quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques were implemented to collect data on hospital waste generation and its management systems. Medical managers should update their knowledge and further educating their staff; implying careful and constant monitoring of waste management. This study may create awareness regarding the magnitude of the problem of waste management in hospitals of Tehran province and may stimulate interests for systematic control efforts for hospital waste disposal. Hospital waste management cannot succeed without documented plans, certain equipment, defined staff trainings, and periodic evaluations. Considering the quality and quantity of the generated hospital wastes especially infectious wastes and their unfavorable effects on the peoples' health and environment, it is necessary to compile a distinct policy for the management of hospital wastes.}, keywords = {Hospital,Medical waste,Segregation,Management,Tehran Province}, title_fa = {ارزیابی مدیریت پسماندهای پزشکی در بیمارستان‌های استان تهران}, abstract_fa = {مدیریت پسماندهای بیمارستانی به‌دلیل دارابودن پتانسیل عفونت‌زایی و وجود مواد خطرناک در آن اهمیت فراوانی دارد. بررسی حاضر از نوع توصیفی- مقطعی است که با تکمیل پرسشنامه، مصاحبه، مشاهده و بازدید در سال 1394 از 165 بیمارستان استان تهران صورت گرفت. وزن و سرانة تولیدی زباله‌ها مشخص، علاوه‌بر آن، وضعیت تولید، تفکیک، ذخیره‌سازی، جمع‌آوری، تصفیه، حمل‌ونقل و دفع پسماندهای بیمارستانی بررسی شده است. تعداد کل تخت فعال درمجموع 165 بیمارستان 26444 تخت بود که به میزان 22/91 تن در شبانه‌روز پسماند تولید می‌کنند و سرانة تولید به ازای هر تخت 44/3 کیلوگرم در روز است. از این میزان 99/1 کیلوگرم پسماند عادی، 31/1 کیلوگرم پسماند عفونی، تیز و برنده و 13/0 کیلوگرم پسماند شیمیایی و دارویی سهم هر تخت بیمارستانی است. بی‌خطرسازی پسماندهای عفونی در 29/81 درصد بیمارستان‌های دارای دستگاه‌های بی خطرساز قابل‌قبول گزارش شد. با توجه به کمیت و کیفیت پسماندهای تولیدی و معضلات مربوط، بهبود مدیریت این پسماندها نیاز به تدوین راهبردی دارد، مشتمل بر آموزش مدیریت پسماندها با تخصیص بودجه، برنامه‌ریزی، سیاست‌گذاری و تدوین راهنمای مدیریت اجرایی (تفکیک، بسته‌بندی، برچسب‌گذاری، ذخیره‌سازی و سیستم تصفیة کارا و فناوری‌های دفع) تا امکان مدیریت مؤثر پسماندهای پزشکی برای بیمارستان‌ها در استان تهران فراهم شود.}, keywords_fa = {Hospital,Medical waste,Segregation,Management,Tehran Province}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60936.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60936_1751396acf1261532d2c84cedc04db78.pdf} } @article { author = {Nasrabadi, Touraj}, title = {Life cycle assessment towards optimization of water use in an industrial cattle farming complex by focusing on virtual water approach, Case study of Foka complex}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {719-733}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2017.60937}, abstract = {Introduction Isfahan province covers an area of 107045 square kilometers and a population of about four million with an average annual rainfall of 120 mm. In the event of successive droughts over the past six years, the water resources were affected both from the viewpoint of quantity and quality. Due to successive droughts in the province and the uncontrolled consumption of water table, water resources has got into a dangerous situation and must be economized in different domains. The issue of virtual water trade is of great and particular importance in sustainable development planning of the future of many countries located in arid and semi-arid areas to save and maintain parts of water needed for domestic production of goods. The consideration that the consumption of meat and dairy products has an extraordinary effect on the dearth of water globally has been widely published and proclaimed. The consumption of animal products in large quantities has an extra effect on fresh water resources. About one third out of the worlds total agricultural water footprint is related to animal products while their water- footprint is extremely higher than that of farm products with an equal nutritional value. Poor food efficiency in the process of production for livestock products is largely responsible for the relatively high water footprint and virtual water content. Life cycle assessment may help save water, return water to cycle and reduce energy costs. According to the statistics provided by the statistical center of Iran in 2013 the number of active cattle farming complexes in the province is around180. If the consumption of livestock per capita is considered 100-150 liters daily for drinking and services (different in summer and winter), around 2086 cubic meters will suffice only for drinking needs in this part. Materials and Methods This study was conducted with two main objectives: To determine the amount of virtual water content of one Kg of beef (calf) and also to optimize water use in the life cycle of a livestock breeding. So in this boundary, cycle input is a farm for producing animal feed and cycle output is the slaughter- house. The method used in this study was presented by Chapagain and Hoekstra (2003) that determines the virtual water content and also estimates the grey virtual water used by Hoekstra et al. (2011). Also, The amount of water needed to irrigate the product is obtained in order to calculate the amount of water needed for the production of any agricultural product (animal feed). This is affected by the amount of evaporation from the soil surface . Blue virtual water, including water resources (surface and subsoil) is along with the supply chain of a product. Blue water used in this research includes water used in irrigating crops, drinking and washing services. Green virtual water content refers to the use of green water resources. Water used in dry farming (products for animal feed) is located in this category. However Rain-fed crops are not included in this study. As a result, blue-green water is sent together. Gray virtual water content refers to the volume of pollution and is defined as the volume of freshwater used to absorb pollutants to reach normal levels and current standards required for water quality. To calculate the virtual water derived from animal products such as "pure meat" it is necessary to acquire virtual water in living animals and then distribution of water in the products. Every living animal (cattle) has three components of virtual water. Virtual water content of an animal at the end of his life is the total volume of its virtual water content. This amount includes the amount needed for food, service, and drink. As mentioned above, for calculating the virtual water content of livestock and livestock products it is needed to have a virtual water content of the plant (used in animal feed) that is obtained by method of Hoekstra & Hung,( 2002). To calculate the amount of water needed to produce each product, the amount of water needed to irrigate the product should be considered. Furthermore, the evaporation and transpiration from the Earth's surface, soil and plant should also be included. As a result, information such as crop water needs throughout the growth period, evaporation and transpiration rate, annual performance product and product returns are required. Virtual water of crops (cubic meters per ton) is obtained by dividing the total amount of water needed to produce the entire product. Penman- Muntit equation is usually used to calculate the reference plant evapotranspiration. In the original Penman -Muntit equation water requirement of the plant is determined in one step by plant resistance coefficient, reflection coefficients and air resistance. Due to the lack of FAO data, regarding the constants in this equation, it has been calibrated to estimate the reference plant evapotranspiration. In this method water requirement is calculated by using the coefficients occur in two stages. In this study NETWAT software is also used. Results The amount of feed consumed by cattle depends on many factors like weather conditions in the region, season, race, diets and also whether the cattle is raised for meat production or not. Animal feed and diet composition are different although the same nutritional value as follows. Weight gain in beef cattle by nutrition is related to race. The amount of feed for cattle is calculated according to data from the case study. In this cycle, the virtual water content will be studied that includes blue-green water used for farm irrigation and gray water from the fertilizers and pesticides that are used on the farm. In this respect, the required information includes: area under crops fodder, expertise, the crop water requirements (used for animal feed) and the content of plants virtual water. After the assignment of feed intake of animal by each cattle breeding, feed virtual water content is achieved and then by using formulas we calculate the virtual water content of the drink as well as the service. Value of virtual water in cubic meters per ton of bone and boneless meat from the original product (living cattle) can be obtained. Information and data relating to the calculation of value fraction are taken from the Foka's slaughterhouse. The cow virtual water content when slaughtering is 11055 cubic meters per ton. Virtual water content of meat with bone is 19485 cubic meters per ton and the virtual water content of boneless meat is 22,800 cubic meters per ton. Conclusions It is clear that animal products need a lot of water. As a result, different methods of water management in animal product chains should be proposed, evaluated and implemented. What can be a good happening in Iran and also at the global level is to apply changes in diet and to consume meat products as economically as possible. This can play a big role in saving water content of the food at the national and international level. Minimum and maximum values of water recovery on farms (within Isfahan Province) have been measured to be 17.6 and 59.1 percent, respectively. Therefore increased efficiency in the agricultural sector is an effective step to reduce water consumption. Alternatively, it is also possible to reduce water consumption by changing agricultural products. Using organic matters and agricultural biotechnology can help to increase agricultural productivity and thus reduce the virtual water content. Storage and transport of water, the two process that will have their own virtual water content. Due to different water requirements of plant performance in different regions, the virtual water contents in different provinces are not the same. Accordingly, the required feed may be supplied from provinces where lowest amounts of water are consumed to yield crops. Keywords: Industrial cattle farming, virtual water, beef}, keywords = {Industrial cattle farming,Virtual water,beef}, title_fa = {ارزیابی چرخۀ حیات در راستای بهینه‌سازی مصرف آب در گاوداری صنعتی با رویکرد آب مجازی (مطالعۀ موردی: گاوداری فکا)}, abstract_fa = {ردپای آب کشاورزی 92 درصد از ردپای آب شیرین جهان را شامل می‌شود که در آن 29 درصد از آب، برای رشد غذای حیوانات مورد نیاز است. در الگوی کشت کشاورزی استان اصفهان محصولات پرمصرفی همچون برنج، ذرت و علوفه دیده می‌شود که بخشی از آن خوراک دام را تشکیل می‌دهد. بنابرین، از آنجا که یکی از مهم‌ترین منابعمصرف‌کنندۀ آب در این استان بخش دامداری و کشاورزی وابسته به آن است، مدیریت صحیح مصرف آن در این بخش به صرفه‌جویی کلی در مصرف آب استان و کاهش محتوای آب مجازی محصولات دامی در استان کمک می‌کند. صنعت دامداری یکی از صنایع پرمصرف آب در این استان شامل 2108 گاوداری صنعتی فعال و دارای ظرفیت کلی 337261 رأس گاو است. از این میان 20865 رأس گاو پرواری در 185 گاوداری وجود دارد. سهم شهر اصفهان از کل دام گاو و گوسالۀ استان، 57523 رأس گاو وگوساله است. با محتوای آب مجازی محاسبه‌شده برای هر گاو در سن ذبح و محتوای آب مجازی برای هر تن گوشت با و بدون استخوان به‌ترتیب 11055، 19485 و 22800 مترمکعب، واضح است که تولید محصولات دامی به مقدار زیادی آب نیاز دارد.}, keywords_fa = {Industrial cattle farming,Virtual water,beef}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60937.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60937_4a2d58b4f45822cc282f48f6b14ee936.pdf} } @article { author = {Abedini, Asghar and Karimi, Reza}, title = {Assess the Livability of Cities Based on F'ANP Method (Case Study: 15 Areas of Urmia)}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {735-752}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2017.60938}, abstract = {Introduction According to available statistics, nearly half of the world population is living in cities and there is expectance of increasing in the coming decades. Urban areas are the main centers of economic, social and political growth in every country that have prove itself as the most attractive places to build wealth, work, creativity and innovation. But these areas face with important challenges in the field of areas of physical and environmental destruction, social deprivation, insecurity, unemployment, lack of housing and traffic, that these problems reduce the quality of life and livability. The city as the context of human life has a fundamental role in creation of satisfaction and really lifestyle and determinative the quality of his life. The population increases in migration from surrounding cities and villages and integration of rural areas in city some problems such as lack of facilities and services, disproportionate distribution of population with the capacity of areas, access or lack of access to service land uses, green spaces and leisure times has been founded Lack of different alternatives of transport and etc. and it has reduced the quality of life and livability in some urban areas. According to the above, the aim of this study is to assess the livability in the areas of Urmia on the basis of affecting factors in determining the livability. To achieve this goal first through different factors, number of 14 indicators based on the existence of information for the city of Urmia are chosen so that in the process of implementing the F'ANP model number of 9 indicators with respect to the acceptability of Meyer and bartlet test and Kaiser for measure the livability in urban areas is calculated. Materials & Methods This research according to its purpose is the kind of applied research and according to method of work has descriptive- analytical nature. Collection of Information has conducted through library and field studies. In this paper, after studying related references, 14 indicators affecting on the livability of urban areas have chosen and its values have been calculated in SPSS software. After the calculation of the 14 indicators and achieve the required accuracy (KMO> 0/5 and Bartlett's Test <0/05) in the F'ANP, 5 indicators include the share of commercial land use, religious, green space and gardens, river existence and affordable housing from the research process has been deleted. In the first stage of implementation of the two-stage F'ANP model for the implementation of the Factor Analysis model number of factors, percentage of change and the load factor of 9 indicators including the share of educational land use, health, law- office, cultural- arts, strength of building, facilities and infrastructure, sports, sewerage coverage and access to public transport have been calculated. In the second stage of F'ANP model that includes ANP model, after the formation of the super matrix (Network model) and calculating the Matrix elements in Excel and MATLAB software, The relative importance of the indicators has been derived and finally To achieve the output of research these coefficients have been multiplied In 15 areas and its results have been shown in the map in GIS software. Discussion of Results The model used in this study is F'ANP that it has been presented for the first time in 2013 by Esfandiar Zebardast for manufacturing composite indicators. The F'ANP model process includes two-stage, which its first stage is Factor Analysis. Accordingly, in order to assess the livability in 15 areas of Urmia, first according to existence of information, number of14 indicators include the share of commercial land use, religious, green space and gardens, river existence, affordable housing, educational land use, health, law- office, cultural- arts, strength of building, facilities and infrastructure, sports, sewerage coverage and access to public transport have been selected and their amounts have been calculated in SPSS software. In the first stage of implementation of F’ANP model in order to calculate the Factor Analysis of indicators in SPSS software, 5 indicators were removed from 14 primary indicators so that appropriateness of Factor Analysis of the indicators comes (KMO=0/52 وTest=0/04 Bartlett’s). To determine the number of factors that have to be extracted in the analysis for the sets of datas, Kaiser Criterion was used. According to this criterion, the only factors with eigenvalues of 1 or more are accepted as possible reference of changes in data and the Factor has the highest priority that has the most eigenvalues. When the Factor Analysis was done by Varimax rotation, clear structure of factors with 4 indicators were done that totally explain about 85.2% of the total variation. In the second stage, the network analyze process is being used. According to obtained results of Factor Analysis, network model for determination the livability has been formed. In this diagram first cluster is the goal of research, the second cluster is the livability dimensions and the third cluster include the subset of each dimensions is derived from Factor Analysis. Forming the indicators of each dimensions are related to each other. After building the network model, the super matrix has been composed and the individual matrix of it will be built. In this matrix [W_21] vector show the relative of the research goal and 4 dimensions of livability. So, to calculate the [W_21] vector like the conventional process in ANP, the binary comparison between the four dimensions in order to achieve the goal of research should be done. Namely in the construction of binary comparison of [A_21] matrix, instead of using the Sati’s Quantitative 9 scale, the percentage of changes that each factor explains, is used. For calculating the importance of 4 factors, first the geometric mean of the [A_21] matrix of row elements earns and then normalize them so that [W_21] vector is obtained. The elements of [W_32] matrix, show the relationship between factors and indicators. In F’ANP model variable loads, are considered as well as their importance in binary comparison of [W_21] matrix binary. Since it was shown, instead of the formation of a binary comparison matrix importance coefficient can be obtained directly from the relevant vector normalization, so the Weight of elements vector related to the first factor (X_(1 )) is achieved through normalizing the load factor of indicators. The elements of [W_33] Matrix, show the interdependence between the constituent indicators of each factors. To obtain the importance coefficient of constituent indicators of the prime factor (X_(1 )) the correlation coefficients matrix between these indicators has been obtained and are normalize them. The importance coefficient of constituent indicators of other factors is calculated similarly. Thus, the [W_33] matrix, is calculated. After calculating the elements of basic matrix, we replace them in the basic super matrix to obtain issue super matrix.obtained super matrix is weighted (sum of columns is equal to 1), then bring it to the limit until obtain the relative importance coefficient of indicators. Important coefficient of indicators is recoverable from goal column in limited super matrix ; the vector is normalized to obtain the relative importance of the indicators. In the next stage any of indicators explain a subject matter, after determination and action the relative importance weight for each of them are combined together that in this article the Arithmetic procedure is used. After the relative importance coefficient of livability indicators were obtained, by calculating the SOVI_i composite indicators of livability have been achieved in the 15 areas of Urmia city. Conclusions The results of applying the F’ANP model to assess the livability in the 15 areas of Urmia show that 158 hectares of land areas of Urmia city contains 9% in the too low livability zone, 696 hectares contains 38% in the low livability zone, 457 hectares contains 25% in the average livability zone, 250 hectares contains 13% in the high livability zone and 281 hectares contains 15% in the too high livability zone has been located.}, keywords = {livability,F&#039;ANP,Sustainability,Urmia}, title_fa = {سنجش زیست‌پذیری در شهرها بر اساس روش F'ANP (مطالعة موردی: نواحی پانزده‌گانة شهر ارومیه)}, abstract_fa = {نواحی شهری مراکز اصلی رشد اقتصادی، اجتماعی و سیاسی در هر کشوری است که خود را به‌عنوان جذاب‌ترین نقاط برای ایجاد ثروت، کار، خلاقیت و نوآوری اثبات کرده است. این نواحی با چالش‌های مهمی در زمینه‌های مختلف روبه‌روست. این مشکلات کیفیت زندگی و زیست‌پذیری را به‌شدت کاهش می‌دهد. هدف این تحقیق سنجش میزان زیست‌پذیری در نواحی شهری ارومیه بر اساس شاخص‌های مؤثر در تعیین زیست‌پذیری است. لذا، برای رسیدن به این هدف، محاسبات مربوط به نه شاخص مؤثر در زیست‌پذیری بر اساس فرایند مدل تحلیل عاملی- فرایند تحلیل شبکهو با استفاده از نرم‌افزارهای Excel، SPSS، MATLAB وGIS  انجام شده است. مرحلة اول از مدل دو مرحله‌ای F'ANP شامل اجرای مدل تحلیل عاملی است که شاخص‌ها در چهار عامل دسته‌بندی شده است. مرحلة دوم، اجرای مدل فرایند تحلیل شبکه و به‌تبع آن تشکیل ماتریس‌های مربوط به مدل شبکه‌ای را شامل می‌شود. نتایج حاصل از تلفیق شاخص‌ها بر اساس روش حسابی بیانگر آن است که 9 درصد از مساحت نواحی در پهنة زیست‌پذیری خیلی کم، 38 درصد در زیست‌پذیری کم، 25 درصد در زیست‌پذیری متوسط، 13 درصد در زیست‌پذیری زیاد و 15 درصد در پهنة زیست‌پذیری خیلی زیاد قرار دارد.}, keywords_fa = {livability,F&#039;ANP,Sustainability,Urmia}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60938.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60938_71afef271474f411a7ba378c1b5cf443.pdf} } @article { author = {abbaszadeh, mohammad}, title = {The role of spillover phenomena in transition of responsible environmental behavior from home to public sphere}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {753-769}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2017.60939}, abstract = {Introduction Study of environmental behavior and the factors affecting it, is one of the most fundamental issues of interest to researchers in the interdisciplinary fields including environmental field. In this regard, the basic objective of this paper is to study of environmental behavior spillover. One of the determinant factors of forming behavior in the field of environment is “place”. Individuals’ Place preferences have special results and could be studied by environment researchers. Emotional effects of places such as home, neighborhood and city develop symbolic relationship between individuals and place and it influences on attitude and social behavior. Attachment to home and the sense of belonging to home creates impetus to renew home environment and forms the effective behaviors in it, such as consumption, buying and using household and personal staffs. Furthermore, it is assumed that environmental attitudes and behaviors formed in the home, no longer confined and finally spillover to other aspects of citizen’s life. Realm of the study is Tabriz. The extent of Tabriz, population density, mass consumption, mass production of garbage, various and unstable lifestyles of citizens, besides existence of natural, structural and cultural limitations in making of sustainable lifestyle and environmental responsible behavior, has made this city to appropriate case of environmental studies. This article surveys the linear relationship between attachment to home, responsible environmental behavior in home and responsible environmental behavior in public sphere. The basic question of this paper is: - Is it possible to overflow a responsible environmental behavior of the private sphere (home) to the public domain? If yes, to what extent is the role of place attachment? Materials & Methods About theoretical framework in this paper we used Low and Altman approach dealing with place attachment; they believe that attachment to a special place such as home or city increase probability of engaging individuals with responsible environmental behavior in that places. Furthermore, supporting theory of the creative idea of this research is cognitive dissonance theory from psychology. New idea of us is possibility of spillover of responsible behavior from a favorite place of individuals (like home) to other places in routine life. Finally, with respect to theoretical framework, our hypothesis as follows: - Attachment to home increase responsible environmental behavior in home. - Dependence to home increase responsible environmental behavior in home. - Forming identity on the basis of home increase responsible environmental behavior in home. - Repeat of responsible environmental behavior in home causes behavior spillover to other areas of individual’s life. Methodologically, this paper is extensive study and in terms of time is sectional one. Also, Type of This research is an applied one and method of study is Survey. We have used questionnaire as a technique of gathering data. Statistical society is 15 to 75 years old citizens of Tabriz and the sample size is 442 that were selected by cluster sampling. In questionnaire used in this research several scales have been applied for measuring all of the dependent and independent variables. Stern scale (2000) and Milfont and Dukitt scale (2010) were applied in this questionnaire for measurement of responsible environmental behavior in public sphere and responsible environmental behavior in home. Place attachment is a new, complicated and multidimensional concept in social science especially used in urban sociology and urban planning. But few studies have attempted to define it operationally. So we created a new scale for it with combining and summarizing 4 scales and then assessed validity and reliability of them. Two dimensions of place attachment is place dependence and place identity and each of them have two indicators. Validity of questionnaire was checked with confirmatory factor analysis and reliability of that was checked with cronbach’s alpha. For analyzing data we have used SPSS software. Also, we applied structural equation modeling (SEM) with LISREL software to explore real multivariate relationships because of existence of errors and covariance between indices. Furthermore, goodness of fit statistics was calculated with this software. Discussion of Results & Conclusions Findings show that attachment of citizens to their home is 5.05(85 percent). Average score of responsible environmental behavior in home and public sphere respectively are 77 and 73 percent. Also, the result of SEM shows that direct relationship between attachment to home, responsible environmental behavior in home and then responsible environmental behavior in public sphere that was assumed in theoretical section is confirmed. Goodness of fit indices in this paper is CFI, AGFI, GFI, RMSEA and Chi-square. These factors show appropriate results about research structural model. So, the model presented in findings section has a hopeful fitness with our data. Over the past few decades, the spillover hypothesis gained broad attention being object of a large literature and an increasing number of empirical investigations. Yet it is still far from clear why or how spillover effects occur and whether they are due primarily to contextual factors or individual motivations. Studies have focused on a wide set of possible drivers, ranging from environmental values to social norms, from behaviors´ similarities to their ease and costs, and so on. This research add place attachment concept to studying relationships among behaviors in different contexts. Attachment to home effects on repeating of behaviors and maybe creates habits that impact individuals’ attitudes and behaviors. That is, such individuals could be expected to be more flexible and prone to changing their behavioral intentions. On the other hand, individuals for whom recycling is already a habitudinal activity in their home might experience only minor and incremental increases in their intention to recycle in other areas. This study proposes that human behavior –attitude, values and norm –are a function of the environment they are in. This includes home environment, where people do spend more than half of their active living time interacting and being influenced by it. We cannot categorize a person according to his geographical where -about –having one personality (active attitude, values and norms) at home, and later switch on to another personality while somewhere else. Having dual and conflicting personalities –is always a cause for an uneasy feeling within a person. The natural need to avoid this uneasy feeling is Spillover of responsible environment behavior. This phenomenon is rooted within well-established social-psychological theories, where people are expected to have a strong desire to be consistent in their attitudes, beliefs, words, and behaviors in several areas in their life. But these results have limitations; findings show that some behaviors spillover easier than the other and this is related to how much time or money require to behaviors. The low-cost hypothesis suggests that environmental concern (triggered in our case by spillover effects) has stronger effects in situations and under conditions connected with low costs and little inconvenience for individual actors. For example, in the domain of energy consumption inexpensive and easy to perform actions such as switching off lights are easier to be spillover to other areas of life. According to the so -called Campbell paradigm, broad goals such as the protection of the environment can be pursued by means of a wide range of interrelated behaviors, with different degrees of financial, physical and psychological costs. Individuals motivated to attain a specific goal tend to implement easy behaviors towards that goal first, compared to more costly and inconvenient behaviors connected to the same goal. Also, my interpretation of the results adopts a dynamic perspective, considering positive spillover a process that builds over time, trespassing the static boundaries of a snapshot on individual intentions and behaviors. Since most everyday behaviors tend to be pretty stable over time, one should not expect radical changes to develop over the short time. However, it is possible that this foot-in-the-door approach might eventually push people to adopt even more relevant behavioral changes, consistently with the broad goal of preserving the environment.}, keywords = {spillover,responsible environmental behavior,place attachment,place dependency,Place identity}, title_fa = {نقش پدیدة سرریز در گذار رفتار مسئولانة محیط‌زیستی از حوزة خصوصی به حوزة عمومی}, abstract_fa = {بررسی رفتار محیط‌زیستی و عوامل مؤثر بر آن از اساسی‌ترین موضوعات مورد توجه پژوهشگران در حوزة محیط‌زیست است. این مقاله مطالعة سرریز رفتار زیست‌محیطی را هدف قرار داده و رابطة خطی بین دلبستگی به خانه، رفتار مسئولانة محیط‌زیستی در محیط خانه و رفتار مسئولانة محیط‌زیستی عمومی بررسی شده است. جامعة آماری شهروندان 15 الی 75 سال شهر تبریز و حجم نمونة آماری 456 نفر است که به شیوة پیمایش و روش نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای، با ابزار پرسشنامه بررسی شده‌اند. اعتبار ابزار با تکنیک تحلیل عاملی و محاسبة KMO و پایایی آن با محاسبة آلفای کرونباخ بررسی شده است. یافته‌ها حاکی از آن است که دلبستگی شهروندان به محیط خانه‌هایشان برابر 85 درصد از مقیاس تعریف‌شده، میانگین نمرات رفتار مسئولانة محیط‌زیستی در محیط خانه برابر 77 درصد و در حوزة عمومی 73 درصد از مقیاس تعریف شده است. یافته‌های مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری گزارش می‌دهد که دلبستگی افراد به محیط خانه بر رفتار مسئولانة محیط‌زیستی آنان در این محیط تأثیرگذار است؛ همین طور، افرادی که در محیط خانة خود رفتار محیط‌زیستی مسئولانه‌تری دارند، در محیط عمومی نیز مسئولانه رفتار می‌کنند.}, keywords_fa = {spillover,responsible environmental behavior,place attachment,place dependency,Place identity}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60939.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60939_62d2cbe43e4639f1cb6957f201ea70fd.pdf} } @article { author = {Anvari, Ebrahim and Bagheri, Samaneh and Salahmanesh, Ahmad}, title = {Effect of Crude Oil Consume on Co2 Emissions in The OPEC Member Countries with Emphasis on Environmental Protection : A Generalized Method of Moment Approach}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {771-785}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2017.60940}, abstract = {Air pollution is one of the major issues is the use of fossil fuels. Air pollution in different ways harmful effects of long-term, short-term, devastating and sometimes irreversible in humans, animals and plants life. Air pollution leads to increased heart disease, breathing, decreased vision, warming, acidification, etc. One of the problems of air pollution. Air pollution threatens the survival and health of organisms, including humans. After the industrial revolution because of advances in technology, industry, air pollution is increasing globally shared. A wave of public attention to environmental issues took place in the early seventies and was a major focus of this attention to industrial pollution. Although in some countries by means of investments and new technologies have made huge advances in the control of infections such as urban pollution, but these countries are facing serious challenges. Green Belt is an effective tool for reducing air pollution. Economy in various aspects of production and consumption of natural resources and the environment associated.In order to further expand production growth reflects the contradictions in economic growth and pollution. If the experience of many developed countries suggests that, if properly trodden path of economic growth, then there is not only a contradiction, but growth will improve the environmental situation. The environment and the issues it is one of the most important issues of this century. In the 1970s and 1980s with the rise in oil prices and the crisis of petroleum, natural resources and fossil fuels were considered and resulted in developed countries, in addition to the effects of growth determinants of economic growth, pay attention. On the one hand fossil-fuel, the main inputs and the use of these fuels, causing damage to the environment. The main objective when countries achieve higher economic growth and environmental pollution caused by economic activity, has become a controversial topic. Industrial development has led to greater use of fossil fuels. According to many ecologists, in the coming decades because of global greenhouse gas emissions, the planet will face severe environmental crises. Ruttan (1993), three waves raised in relation to resources and the environment. The first wave came in the late 1940s and early 1950s, which was important as the relationship between resources and economic development. The second wave of the late 1960s and early 1970s and the scarcity of natural resources and pollution of the growth cycle, which leads to growth restriction, warned that resulted in sharp contrast to the demand for environmental services. With the argue of growth restriction in 1972 by the Club of Rome, Ruttan in the mid-1980s, the third wave of environmental quality and global change, food production, human health posed for generations. Theory of growth restriction, the reasons were discussed. Resource estimates were much higher than the current store and the advancement of technology and improved access to resources. Ecologists view natural system as assets that serve as reservoirs of energy and materials and have been included in market and see that environmental quality has not been included in market transaction and thus been undervalued and under prvide. Materials& Methods Crude oil consumption data from site Energy Information Administration (EIA) and data carbon dioxide emissions, trade, GDP has been taken from the World Bank. Crude oil consumption on the carbon dioxide emissions in the OPEC member countries following models from Shahbaz and others (2014) and Al-mulali and others(2014) have been used. LCOit = β0i+ β1i LCOit-1 +β2i LOILit+β3iLTRADit+β4iLGDPit+Uit In the above equation (LOIL) represents the log of crude oil per million liters, (LTRADE) logarithm of trade openness and GDP is real GDP constant prise2005 year. Because of its dynamics, there are lags in the independent variables and the object under study and contaminants from period to period, after remaining stable and effective over the next period, the model estimate based on dynamic estimators and generalized method of moments Used. Because of its dynamics, each of the other models, there is a failure that results in generalized method of moments can be reduced. After determining the method of estimating the parameters, results of model estimation using the software used Stata 12. GMM estimator adapted to the validity of the assumption of no serial correlation error terms and tools that can be influenced by two tests stipulated by Arellano and Bond (1991), Arellano and belief (1995) and Blundell and Bond (1998) tested. The first is pre-determined restrictions Sargan test the validity of the test instruments. The latter statistic is that there is a second-order serial correlation in the errors perused the test the first differences. Failure to reject the null hypothesis both tests if there is no evidence of serial correlation and provides a valid tool. GMM estimator is consistent if second-order serial correlation in the error terms of first-order differential equation does not exist. Factors that may result in the use of GMM, include: a) the existence Regresses endogenous model of endogenous regresor in the model variable that is correlated with the error term. B) the correlation between the fixed effects such as geographic and demographic factors with explanatory variables. C) the availability of short period of time and a lot of school. the variance anisotropy as one of the factors the necessity of using GMM knew. Discussion of Results & Conclusions In recent years, greenhouse gases that cause air pollution and global climate change have been the focus of international attention. Estimates indicate a significant positive relationship between the consumption of crude oil equation, GDP and trade with emissions of carbon dioxide, respectively. Stuck variable logarithm of carbon emissions, a significant and positive impact on carbon emissions log shows that the last period with an increase in carbon emissions, increase carbon emissions for the next period. Carbon dioxide gas released in a period up to the end of the period is not fully absorbed and some of it remains in the environment for storage and influence the next period. Interruption LCOt-1 in the model according to research Rein and others (2014) and Manaji and others (2009). According to the results, a positive coefficient of the logarithm of GDP per capita, representing increasing levels of pollution emitted per unit increase in GDP per capita; in other words, economic growth is associated with the occurrence and severity of infection. Trade has been a positive effect on carbon emissions. According to various studies the effect of trade on pollution is ambiguous. According to Ang (2009) and Halicioglu(2008) the positive effect of openness on carbon dioxide emissions was approved. On the other hand Jalil and Mahmoud (2009) showed a negative relationship between these two variables. Increasing trade emissions can be effective in two ways. 1) through increased emissions from international shipping. 2) through the transfer of the importing country to the exporting country, causing pollution while increasing production in exporting countries, the possibility of increasing pollution in these countries followed. Trade because access to newer technology can reduce the pollution.}, keywords = {crude oil consume,CO2 emission,GMM}, title_fa = {اثر مصرف نفت خام بر انتشار گاز کربنیک در کشورهای عضو اوپک با تأکید بر حفظ محیط ‌زیست: رهیافت گشتاور تعمیم‌یافته}, abstract_fa = {افزایش مصرف نفت خام در بخش‌های مختلف اقتصادی موجب انتشار وسیع گازهای گلخانه‌ای، همچنین بروز آسیب‌های جهانی شده است.تعیین مقدار اثر این عامل تولید بر آلودگی‌های محیط‌زیستی اهمیت دارد. نفت خام یکی از عوامل تولید است و نقش مهمی در تولید ایفا می‌کند. هدف این مطالعه بررسی مقدار اثر مصرف نفت خام بر انتشارگاز کربنیک در منطقة اوپک در دورهة زمانی 1992-2013 است. نتایج با استفاده از روش گشتاور تعمیم‌یافته بیانگر رابطة مثبت و معناداری بین مصرف نفت خام، انتشار گاز کربنیک دورة قبل، تجارت آزاد و رشد اقتصادی بر انتشار گاز کربنیک است. ضریب کشش مصرف نفت خام بر انتشار گاز کربنیک 06/0 درصد و کشش انتشار دی‌اکسید کربن دورة قبل، تجارت آزاد و رشد اقتصادی در این پژوهش به‌ترتیب 67/0، 11/0 و 22/0 درصد برآورد شده است. می‌توان با دریافت مالیات بر آلودگی از انتشار آلودگی کاست. این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد، به ‌دلیل اثر مثبت تجارت آزاد بر انتشار گاز کربنیک، این کشورها در تولید کالاهای آلاینده مزیت نسبی دارند. ایران رتبة چهارم و عربستان رتبة اول را در مصرف نفت خام و انتشار گاز کربنیک در بین کشورهای عضو اوپک دارد و این کشورها روند صعودی در مصرف نفت خام دارند.  }, keywords_fa = {crude oil consume,CO2 emission,GMM}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60940.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60940_549b641e82d00b4cb3b89663e4a76844.pdf} } @article { author = {Askari, Mohsen and PourJohari, Amirhossein}, title = {Content analysis and comparison of urban environment challenges in Iran and the world during the recent fifteen years (1380-1394h- 2000-2014s)}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {787-803}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2017.60941}, abstract = {Introduction Environment is a Pervasive platform for all the living creatures, which is exposed to multiple challenges, especially with the increasing rate of urbanization; levels and dimensions of these threats have increased. Scientific activities in a publishing form such as reports and articles is an accepted procedure between various scientific fields. Documents, reports and articles are suitable tools to measure and analyze environmental concerns and challenges among different nations. These various challenges are depending to urban living experience, culture and citizenship reactions in the different countries and nations. In the meantime, the attention to the situation of environmental challenge is very important, according to the circumstances of any environment. Today; these challenges are global in scope, and the hypothesis such as Urban Environmental Transition has introduced for the formation and persistence of environmental challenges. Continued international sessions and global reports from different aspects are symptoms of these notifications. However, Scientists have a crucial role to enhance human technical knowledge about this field. Peer review and academic articles are one of the main tools of them, which have a high reliability. Periodical review and content analysis of scientific data sets can clarify the strengths and weaknesses of scientific research about the urban environment. Orientation focuses on the environmental challenges are also given to this way. Materials & Methods This study examines the current situation in Iran and the world's environmental challenges over the last fifteen years from the beginning of 1380 until the end of 1394h and the beginning of 2000 until the end of 2014s. At first; it reviews comparative literature in Iran and the world. For the evaluation of Iran's environmental challenges and global scale, 2627 environmental articles from a total of 9791 articles have been studied between 24 scientific journals in Persian and English language. 11 international journals were chosen as basic Journal, which has been introduced at MIT University in website platform as a name of Environmental Strategies for Cities to meet the challenges of the urban environment. Among these journals, 5 journals were selected as a final an English-language international journals besides of 19 Persian environment journals. Methods this study was a quantitative content analysis technique with an analytical approach. Content analysis, is a technique commonly used in environmental research and allow researchers to have a more understanding process of gathering the information. In this study, the unit of data collection was environmental articles, and the unit of analysis was environmental subjects. Analytical approach has been selected to remove descriptive aspects to the analysis. Then, according to topic-oriented approach papers, all papers have been studied and the key topics of each of them were categorized, by American Planning standards in the environmental sector. Results & Discussion Findings of The study indicated Twenty-one environmental head topics. Due to the number of their significant environmental articles, environmental issues had various scopes for research. The first six environmental head topics in the Iranian journal were the “health, sanitation, solid waste” “management and planning environment” “pollution and environmental health ““water” “lakes, rivers and river valleys” and “ forests and protected areas”. In contrast, six head topics of international articles were “climate”, “management, environmental planning” “Sustainability” “Health, wastewater, solid waste” “urban ecology” and “pollution and environmental health”. In Persian articles, head topic's environment of “water” was the most frequently subject in journals and head topics of sustainable development; energy and wetlands have been less emphasized. From comparison approach and quantitative viewpoint, in spite of slowly increasing number of local papers, there is significant capacity in this field. On the other hand, from qualitative dimension, in the international Articles attention to both green and brown agendas, environmental challenges could be observed, whilst in local papers, concentration was on the brown Challenges of the urban environment. The primary priority of green agendas in international journals and brown agendas in domestic journals reflects the gap and differences on the quality of environmental researches between Iran and world scale. Most percentages of environmental issues on initial six head topics revealed weaknesses in both environmental articles of nations.Table 1 and table 2 and Fig.1 and Fig.2 also show some main brief of analysis. Table1: main head topic of urban environment issues in selecting Persian journals Journals Name of Head Topic Rate Average of article Persian Health, Wastewater, Solid Waste 1 18 Management and Planning Environment 2 17 Pollution and Environmental Health 3 17 Water 4 15 Lakes, Rivers and River Valleys 5 10 Forests and Protected Areas 6 6 Table2: main head topic of urban environment issues in selecting international journals Journals Name of Head Topic Rate Average of article International Climate 1 8 Management and Planning Environment 2 8 Sustainability 3 7 Health, Wastewater, Solid Waste 4 6 Urban Ecology 5 5 Pollution and Environmental Health 6 4 Conclusions Nowadays; the environment has become a serious issue due to growing environmental concerns and changing human previous thoughts. Evaluation of scientific papers on environmental challenges, indicates a clear image of the current situation and determines future suited strategies. In general, the literature on environmental challenges inside and outside the country, according to first priority on common head topics like “sanitation and wastewater treatment ““management and environmental planning” and “environmental pollution and health” show the importance of the brown agendas in both sets. On the other hand, despite the attention to both brown and green agendas in the pattern of global; problems were focused just on brown challenges at the local level. In other words, there were no articles on the research field of environmental justice or low carbon cities regardless of its origin and numbers of researches around sustainability are few. Moreover, there are some shortages for studying some brown challenges like energy and wetland's issues. However, changing this current situation requires a shift thinking of the number and scope of the environmental research and revising of environmental studies around the country.}, keywords = {scientific researches,urban environmental challenges,Content analysis}, title_fa = {تحلیل محتوا و تطبیق چالش‌های محیط‌ زیستی ایران و جهان در پانزده سال اخیر (1380 الی 1394 شمسی- 2000 الی 2014 میلادی)}, abstract_fa = {این مطالعه به بررسی وضعیت کنونی، شباهت‌ها و تفاوت‌های چالش‌های محیط‌ زیستی ایران و جهان طی پانزده سال اخیر از ابتدای سال 1380 تا پایان سال 1394 شمسی و ابتدای سال 2000 تا پایان 2014 میلادی می‌پردازد. بدین منظور، بیش از 2600 مقالة محیط‌ زیستی از میان حدود ده‌هزار مقاله و از بین 24 مجلة داخلی و بین‌المللی تحلیل و بررسی شده است. روش پژوهش کمّی با تکنیک تحلیل محتوا و رویکرد تحلیلی بوده است. یافته‌های مطالعه نشانگر استخراج 21 سرفصل محیط‌ زیستی است. از بعد کمّی، علی‌رغم حرکت آرام افزایش تعداد مقالات داخلی، ظرفیت قابل‌ توجهی در این زمینه وجود دارد. از بعد کیفی، در مقیاس بین‌المللی توجه توأمان به هر دو تفکر سبز و قهوه‌ای چالش‌های محیط‌ زیستی مشاهده می‌شود؛ ولی در مقیاس داخلی، توجه غالب به چالش‌های ناظر بر تفکر قهوه‌ای بوده است. سرفصل اول چالش‌های محیط‌ زیستی ایران و جهان به‌ترتیب «بهداشت، فاضلاب، پسماندهای جامد» و «اقلیم» بوده است. در مقالات داخلی، سرفصل محیط‌ زیستی «آب» پُرتکرارترین موضوع در مجلات منتخب بوده و به سرفصل‌های «توسعة پایدار»، «انرژی» و «تالاب‌ها» کمتر تأکید شده است. اولویتِ نخست ‌بودن دستورالعمل‌های سبز در الگوی بین‌المللی و دستورالعمل‌های قهوه‌ای در مقیاس داخلی گویای فاصلة کیفی تحقیقات محیط‌ زیستی داخل با خارج از کشور است. تمرکز غالب موضوعات محیط‌ زیستی بر شش سرفصل نخستِ استخراج‌ شده نیز حاکی از نقاط ضعف هر دو مقیاس از مطالعات محیط‌ زیستی است. نتایج این مطالعه برای پایه‌ریزی تفکرات راهبردی در برنامه‌ریزی و بازنگری پژوهش‌های محیط‌ زیستی، مطابق با چالش‌های موجود و آتی کشور قابل‌استفاده است.}, keywords_fa = {scientific researches,urban environmental challenges,Content analysis}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60941.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60941_1bb653559c8a32cce1bbf17bda7baf4b.pdf} } @article { author = {mahdavi najafabadi, Rasool and ghasemi, mohammad and bakhtyarikia, masoud and mohammadizadeh, maria}, title = {Modeling Areas Exposed to Oil Pollution In the Coastal City of Bandar Abbas Using ELECTRE-I and AHP models}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {805-822}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2017.60942}, abstract = {Modeling Areas Exposed to Oil Pollution In the Coastal City of Bandar Abbas Using ELECTRE-I and AHP models 1-Introduction Persian Gulf coasts, is considered if the beach oil - gas, fisheries, trading and Residential. During the Persian Gulf coast of the role of communication and sea transportation due to the national and international trade, legal and illegal, from oil and gas activities and fishing and the coastal fisheries is an economical three principal approaches. Coasts are the most important areas of the world that is inhabited by humans and uses its resources strongly. Sensitive areas of coastal are regions that have sensitive source or dependent on the sea coast. And this sensitivity by biodiversity, species richness, species at risk, vulnerable and rare, vital social being on the verge of ecological tolerance, sensitivity to pollutants, healing, environmental damage and problems caused by clean up the environment caused by environmental pollutants. Because more than 30 percent of the country's borders, formed coastal boundaries, Detect sensitive sea areas of the coast of Iran is the great importance. Therefore, the first step to control and clean up quickly and accurately at the time of sudden oil pollution, Determination of the degree of sensitive coastal areas is to manage the crisis and to minimize damage. This step is necessary to be done carefully and use appropriate tools and techniques. By using spatial multi-criteria decision-making methods and Geographic Information System can the role and importance of various criteria to be considered and also multiple scenarios to be considered sensitive coastal areas to oil pollution. That This can be important role in making correct decisions by managers and planners. According to the economic importance of coastal areas of southern Iran and the Persian Gulf coast ecosystem conservation, this research is planned. In this regard ELECTRE-I and AHP models have been used. 2- Materials and methods The study area is includes the part of the coast that dry side of the border based on the highest facing the sea on land and water is determined based on the watermark line. It is this part of the land adjacent sea in the stormy conditions placed under the direct influence of the sea water, So contains the unstable and seating sand dunes and vegetation of the land is One of the signs. In this study also considered the potential and actual activities in adjacent areas. So land use in the onshore coastal border villages were considered. Electre-I model was introduced in the late 1980s and is considered one of the best multi-criteria decision making techniques. this model is based on non-ratings relations, That is not to rank all factors leading, May be less than the value of options that the decision also be removed. All stages of the implementation of this method is based on a set of coordinated and uncoordinated series. To runinng this model in forms picture and spatial mode was used MATLAB software. In the AHP, the comparison between the criteria used in pairs and weight of each criteria and sub-criteria for the ratio as output. In this method, creating hierarchy of decision-making compared the relationship between each level will be discussed in the form of a matrix. This model was implemented in software Arcgis 10.1. Effective criteria in determining sensitivity of coastal areas to oil pollution In the present study, assessment of the current situation in the region, and the views of experts in the management of coastal areas as well as review of the studies, the criteria has been studied in three general groups: the criteria are categorize in three categories of criteria related to beach physics (landforms, Kind of sediments, slope, liquefaction and earthquick), biological criteria (protected areas and Ecological potential) and human criteria (Ports and docks, Industrial units, Aquaculture, settlements and ...). The importance and the sensitivity of each of the criteria and sub-criteria to the oil pollution were used in five degrees (from very low to very high sensitivity). Weighting the criteria The purpose of weighting is to be stated the importance of each criteria relative to other criteria. In this study, the weights according to average experts of specialists determined by Delphi method. In this regard, the questionnaire was designed and completed by several people. Then mean of their argumentation Entered in Expert choice software and final weight was obtained after the pair-wise comparison of criteria with AHP method. The pair-wise comparison matrix are calculated and weights in the tables 2 to 4 for each criteria. In Table 5 matrix pair-wise comparison is formed between the main criteria. Biological criteria weighed 0.369 has greatest weight and human resources criteria and beach physics with the weight of 0.335 and 0.297 respectively, were the next priorities. 3- Conclusions In this part of the implementation of the AHP and ELECTRE-I in determining the locations susceptible to oil pollution in the coastal city of Bandar Abbas explains: AHP model In this method, you create a hierarchy of decision-making compared the relationship between each level will be discussed in the form of a matrix that It dine from high to low levels. Next, the relative weight of the different layers are multiplied together. Then this layers overlay as base weighted overlay algorithm in the GIS. So places is detected with different sensitivity (low to high sensitivity). Figure 12 shows map sensitivity class of the implementation of AHP model in the coasts of Bandar Abbas County. More sensitive areas are shown on the map by a darker color. ELECTRE-I model If a problem multi-criteria exists n criteria and m options; In order to choose the best option using ELECTRE-I, the following should be done: step1) Normalization: at this stage the decision matrix becomes a Scale without matrix. step2) Scale weighted matrix: At this step raster map of normal weight matrix of each layer multiplied in the layer. step3) Identified sets of coordinated and uncoordinated (pros and cons) step4) Calculation of coordinate matrix step5) Calculation of uncoordinated matrix step6) Determine the effective coordination matrix step7) Determine effective inconsistent matrix Figure 13 shows the map of run ELECTRE-I model. As it is seen in Regions are located in 5 classes of sensitivity (very low, low, medium, high, very high). Class 1 areas with very low sensitivity and class 5 areas with very high sensitivity. In this map Coastal Areas with red color show the coastal areas with very high sensitivity. 4- Discussion of Results - In this research, in addition to identification of the factors affecting production, distribution and accumulation of oil pollution, the criteria are categorize in three categories of criteria related to beach physics, biological criteria and human criteria. Biological criteria weighed 0.369 has greatest weight and human resources criteria and beach physics with the weight of 0.335 and 0.297 respectively, were the next priorities. - In both models the highest areas coastal city of Bandar Abbas show medium sensitivity (sensitivity class 3). -Figure 14 The results of class sensitivity between the values of classification model ELECTRE-I suggest that, respectively, the highest rate of approximately 76 km2 of coastal city hypersensitive average, 32 km2 of high sensitivity and approximately 12 km2 sensitive too are high. - The results of the sensitivity classes were classified in the amounts of AHP model showed that respectively about 160 km2 of the coast city has an average sensitivity, 113 km2 of high sensitivity and low sensitivity are approximately 71 km2. - The results of numerical indicators show areas around the port Shahid Rajai, the port shahid Bahonar and parts of the coastal port city of Bandar Abbas, have a very high sensitivity to oil pollution. In addition, the east parts of coastal area of Bandar Abbas that are mostly mangrove protected areas have moderate to high sensitivity.}, keywords = {oil pollution,Spstial Multi Criteria Decision Making,AHP,ELECTRE-I,Sensitivity of Coasts}, title_fa = {مدل سازی مناطق مستعد آلودگی نفتی در سواحل شهرستان بندرعباس با استفاده از مدل‌های ELECTRE-I و AHP}, abstract_fa = {محیط‌زیست ساحلی سیستم تکامل‌یافتة طبیعی و دربرگیرندة پیچیده‌ترین و غنی‌ترین اکوسیستم‌های مولد روی کرة زمین است. این منطقه، ناحیه‌ای انتقالی و آسیب‌پذیر و آخرین پذیرندة آلاینده‌های خشکی و دریاست و در معرض تجمع آلاینده‌ها و تهدیدات بالقوه آن قراردارد. در میان انواع آلوده‌کننده‌ها، نفت و انواع مختلف هیدروکربن‌های نفتی بین‌المللی از نظر سیاسی، اقتصادی و علمی اهمیت خاصی دارد. از آنجا که میزان حساسیت مناطق مختلف نوار ساحلی شهرستان بندرعباس به آلودگی‌های نفتی مشخص نیست، امکان برنامه‌ریزی برای محافظت از سواحل و اولویت‌بندی در این زمینه وجود ندارد. پردازش‌ها و تجزیه‌وتحلیل‌های تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره مبتنی بر GIS را می‌توان به‌منزلة فرایندی در نظر گرفت که داده‌های مکانی (نقشه‌ها) و مقادیر ارزیابی‌ها (اولویت‌ها و معیارهای تحلیلگران) را با هم ترکیب می‌کند. در این تحقیق ضمن شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر تولید، انتشار و تجمع آلاینده‌های نفتی، معیارها در سه دستة کلی معیارهای مربوط به فیزیک ساحل، معیارهای بیولوژیکی و معیارهای انسانی قرارگرفت. معیارهای بیولوژیکی با وزن 369/0 بیشترین وزن و معیارهای منابع انسانی و فیزیک ساحل به‌ترتیب با وزن 335/0 و 297/0 در اهمیت‌های بعدی بود. در مرحلة بعد مدل‌های الکترة I و AHP در تعیین مکان‌های حساس در برابر آلودگی نفتی بررسی شد. نتایج حاصل از شاخص‌های عددی نشان می‌دهد مناطقی در اطراف بندر شهید رجایی، اسکلة شهید باهنر و قسمت‌هایی از سواحل شهر بندرعباس، حساسیت خیلی زیاد در برابر آلودگی نفتی دارد. همچنین، مناطق شرقی سواحل شهرستان بندرعباس که عمدتاً مناطق حفاظت‌شدة حراست حساسیت‌های متوسط تا زیاد دارد. ایجاد سیستم پشتیبانی تصمیم‌گیری، تجهیز اسکله‌ها، پایانه‌های بارگیری و سکوهای ثابت و شناور به تجهیزات مورد نیاز آمادگی و مقابله با سوانح آلودگی نفتی، به‌خصوص در مناطق با حساسیت بیشتر، امری ضروری به‌نظر می‌رسد.}, keywords_fa = {oil pollution,Spstial Multi Criteria Decision Making,AHP,ELECTRE-I,Sensitivity of Coasts}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60942.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60942_fc1b659a0f9376abcb8d52b7081689ca.pdf} } @article { author = {hojati, majid}, title = {Artificial neural network based model to estimate dust storms 10PM content using MODIS satellite images}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {823-838}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2017.60943}, abstract = {Abstract Particular matters which are referred as PM contents in air are one of the main indexes in air pollution studies. PMs are consisted of water, solid particles with aerodynamic radius less than 10 micrometer or less than 2.5 micrometer. The main aim of this study is to find possibility of the usage of MODIS images for estimation of PM10 concentration of dust storms. To achieve this goal Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) of MODIS sensors is used. Until now there has been lots of studies which used empirical relations in order to model the behavior of PM10 in dust storms. Some of these studies have combined methodology parameters such as temperature, wind direction and wind speed and etc. AOD data of MODIS is in five separate bands. Most of current studies have not focused on which of these bands are more useful than others and they simply used 555 nanometer band to estimate PM10 concentrations. In this study at first step the days with dust storms in 2013 in Khuzestan providence in Iran has been chosen. To choose these days the visibility of these days is used. Then MODIS AOD data are downloaded for these days. In the next step the correlation between PM10 data and MODIS AOD data is calculated and best band with higher correlation is selected. The best band in this step was 476 nanometers. To increase the accuracy of the model wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity and pressure for selected days are used in model. Two MLP (Multilayer Perceptron) and (Radial-Basis Function) RBF models are used in this study and their results has been compared with each other. Results showed that MLP has more accurate values than RBF and RMSE value of this model is 78 microgram/m3 (PPM). Other results of this study is that the 476 nanometer band of MODIS shows better results than other bands at estimation of PM10. 1- Introduction Concentrations of suspended particles are one of the main indicators of air quality. suspended particles are formed of a combination of liquid and solid particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 micrometers, or 2.5 micrometers. A major source of these particles in natural areas are places such as sea salt, dust, volcanic ash or resources caused by human activities such as fossil fuels, industry and transportation. In another division for mechanical particles they are sorted into categories such as dust or a chemical compound (such as SO2 and NOx). AOD is one of the parameters that helps us to estimate air quality using satellite imagery. AOD can be defined as reduction of the amount of sunlight absorbed by the aerosol particles Passive imaging is capable of providing measurement data for the AOD. AOD products can be obtained from satellite sensors such as TOMS, SEAWIFS, OMI, POLDER, MERIS, MODIS. Algorithms such as deep blue, dark object are developed. 1- Materials and methods AOD which is derived from MODIS satellite is produced with a spatial resolution of 10 × 10 km at Nadir and 20 × 40 km in the corners of the image. This product is produced using the dark target algorithm and is called MODIS MOD04. MODIS products for aerosols is freely available. Climatic factors affecting the PM are characterized into two general categories. Factors that directly influence on particles (such as speed and direction of air flow, Earth's surface temperature and precipitation) and the factors that influence indirectly on PM (such as temperature, humidity weather, clouds form and barometric pressure). Data which are used in this model includes the relative humidity (RH), wind speed (SWD), wind direction (SWD), the average temperature (T), and the Earth's surface pressure (SP) which have been collected from local meteorological stations. Study Area Ahvaz, the center of Khuzestan province, is one of the major cities in Iran. Its geographical location is in 31 degrees and 20 minutes’ north latitude and 48 degrees 40 minutes’ east longitude, in the plain of Khuzestan. This city is 18 meters above sea level. There are large industrial plants, offices and industrial facilities, the South Oil Company and National Iranian Drilling Company in Ahvaz, because of these facilities Ahvaz has turned into one of the most important industrial centers in Iran and this has caused many immigrants to the Ahwaz. It is one of the cities where most dust storms happen. The origin of most of these dust storms are Iraq and Syria, and some recent storms are with a domestic source. 2- Discussion of results The model of the PM10 content in dust storms are primarily based on data from meteorological stations and MODIS MOD04 products. Wind speed and direction, relative humidity, and the PM is collected by ground stations in accordance with the time specified and selected satellite overpass. At the first step days with dust storms are specified. These days are specified using the reports about dust storms and also visibility of the ground stations in study area. Because MODIS AOD values are calculated in different bands, in the first stage between AOD values which are extracted from MODIS different bands and values of PM associated from ground stations a correlation is calculated. The correlation between AOD MODIS band 3 and PM10 is 0.493 which is the highest value and this bond is used for model. Modelling After determining the best band to use MODIS AOD with the highest absolute correlation with PM10 levels, in order to increase the precision of the PM10 prediction in the final model the climate parameters were used in the modeling process. neural network model Recursive neural network model has input layer, hidden and output layers. In the current model in order to estimate the values of PM10 five input layer and an output layer exists. As the input layer parameters including temperature, relative humidity, wind direction, wind speed and the amount of AOD and output is the corresponding neural network model of PM10 per station at the time of imaging. The model input data sets from a variety of data, including satellite data, weather and so on. This random data network by 60% for training, 20% for validation and 20% for testing was used. Examples of training for an independent set of data stored, validation are used to find errors occurred during training. This will prevent excessive training. The test data in order to calculate the predicted values were then used to calculate RMSE and MAE. The testing date is another independent set of data which is stored in the neural network and used for the final evaluation. samples are not used in the production model. In this study, two Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (MLP) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) models are used to predict and then the results are compared with each other. Validation In order to validate the model used in this paper, the two indicators of RMSE and MAE are used The results show that artificial neural network MLP values of RMSE and MAE values is less than the other. Values of 78.853 for RMSE and 22.776 for MAE are calculated for MLP model. So using this model to estimate the values of PM10 ground gives better results.}, keywords = {MODIS,AOD,MLP,ANN,PM10}, title_fa = {مدل مبتنی بر شبکه‌های عصبی مصنوعی به‌منظور تخمین محتوای 10PM توفان‌های گردوغبار به کمک تصاویر ماهواره‌ای MODIS}, abstract_fa = {یکی از شاخص‌های اصلی کیفیت هوا، میزان غلظت ذرات معلق است. ذرات معلق از ترکیبی از ذرات مایع و جامد، با قطر آئرودینامیکی کمتر از 10 میکرومتر یا 5/2 میکرومتر تشکیل شده است. منبع اصلی این ذرات در مناطق طبیعی همچون نمک دریا، گردوغبار یا منابع ناشی از فعالیت‌های انسان است. هدف این کار بررسی امکان استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای سنجندة MODIS به‌منظور تخمین میزان PM10 اتمسفری ناشی از توفان‌های گردوغبار است. بدین‌منظور، با استفاده از شاخص عمق بصری (Aerosol optical depth) سنجندة MODIS مدلی تجربی توسعه داده شد. تاکنون در زمینة تخمین غلظت ذرات معلق با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای مطالعات زیادی انجام شده است. بیشتر این مطالعات با استفاده از شاخص عمق بصری ذرات معلق و ترکیب این شاخص با پارامترهای اقلیمی به مدل‌سازی غلظت ذرات پرداخته‌اند. شاخص عمق بصری سنجندة مادیس در پنج باند مختلف ارائه می‌شود. تحقیقات انجام‌شده تاکنون همگی با استفاده از باند 555 نانومتر به تخمین غلظت ذرات معلق پرداخته‌اند. در این پژوهش، نخست هدف تعیین باند مناسب برای شاخص عمق بصری ذرات معلق برای تخمین غلظت PM10 در توفان‌های گردوغبار است. در ادامه پس از مشخص‌شدن بهترین باند با استفاده از پارامترهای اقلیمی و هواشناسی به مدل‌سازی شبکة عصبی مصنوعی در تخمین غلظت PM10 توفان‌های گردوغبار پرداخته‌ایم. در این پژوهش در اولین قدم، روزهای دارای توفان گردوغبار در سال 1393 در شهر اهواز در استان خوزستان مشخص شده است. به‌منظور این کار از پارامتر هواشناسی قابلیت دید در ایستگاه‌های هواشناسی استفاده شده است. در ادامه در روزهای دارای توفان گردوغبار، تصاویر ماهواره‌ای مادیس تهیه و مقادیر شاخص عمق بصری از آن استخراج شده است. سنجندة مادیس شاخص عمق بصری را در پنج باند جداگانه ارائه می‌دهد. در این مرحله، به‌منظور شناسایی بهترین باند برای مدل‌سازی با استفاده از شاخص همبستگی، میزان همبستگی داده‌ها با مقادیر داده‌های زمینی محاسبه و بهترین باند با بیشترین میزان همبستگی انتخاب شده است. پس از استخراج مقادیر شاخص عمق بصری از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای مودیس، به‌منظور افزایش دقت مدل برای مقادیر برآوردشده، در مقایسه با مقادیر PM10 اندازه‌گیری‌شده در سطح زمین، از پارامترهای اقلیمی همچون دما، رطوبت نسبی، سرعت و جهت باد استفاده شد. این پارامترها به دو صورت مستقیم و غیرمستقیم بر PM10 اثرگذار است. به‌منظور ایجاد مدلی مناسب در این مقاله برای اولین‌بار از مدل شبکة عصبی مصنوعی MLP(Multilayer Perceptron) و(Radial-Basis Function) RBF استفاده و نتایج خروجی از این دو مدل با یکدیگر مقایسه شده است. پس از مدل‌سازی نهایی برای صحت‌سنجی مدل‌های استفاده‌شده از دو متغیر (Root Mean Square Error (RMSE و (Mean Absolute Error)MAE استفاده شده است. نتایج نشان داد که مدل MLP بهترین تخمین را با کمترین میزان RMSE به میزان 78 ارائه کرد. همچنین، این پژوهش نشان داد که شاخص عمق بصری استخراج‌شده از باند 476 نانومتر سنجندة مادیس نتایج دقیق‌تری نسبت به باندهای دیگر این سنجنده ارائه می‌کند. همچنین، مدل RBF با تخمین‌های غیردقیق برای مطالعه و مدل‌سازی غلظت PM10 قابلیت استفاده ندارد.}, keywords_fa = {MODIS,AOD,MLP,ANN,PM10}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60943.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60943_ecb2ab50401b2bdefeac13d3a9a7fa73.pdf} } @article { author = {Badalians Gholikandi, Gagik}, title = {Efficacy of Fered-Fenton advanced oxidation process for organic loading (COD) removal from saline tannery wastewater}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {839-854}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2017.60944}, abstract = {The saline tannery wastewater also contains the high concentration of organic materials and various chemical compounds like lime, sodium sulfite, sulfate ammonium, sodium chloride, disinfections, vegetable tannins, salts of chromium and chloride. In recent years different applications of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are applied to remove organic loading (COD) from wastewater. Advanced oxidation processes produce Hydroxyl radicals that among them HO• is the most powerful one after Fluoride in oxidization of organic compounds. This radical is also favorable because of its high efficiency in oxidation beside non-selective reactivity that makes it able to take the electron from all organic compounds. EAOPs are based on the combination of Fenton reagents and electrochemical process. Compared to the conventional Fenton process, the electro-Fenton process has the benefit of allowing better control of the process, more efficacy in less hydraulic retention time, less excess sludge and avoiding the storing and transport of the H2O2. Electro-Fenton process has two different types. In the first one so-called Fered-Fenton, Fenton reagents are added to the reactor from outside and inert electrodes regenerate ferrous ions while in the second type, only hydrogen peroxide is added from outside and Fe2+ is provided from sacrificial cast iron anodes. The main purpose of this study was effective investigation on Fered-Fenton advanced oxidation process for removal of organic loading (COD) from saline tannery wastewater under optimized conditions including the effect of initial pH, [Fe2+]/[H2O2], H2O2 concentration, current and hydraulic retention time in the presence of high concentration of Cl ions. Pilot studies and investigations were carried out in laboratory scale. Saline tannery wastewater samples were taken from the wastewater treatment plant of Varamin, Iran. The examined Fered-Fenton reactor depicted on figure 1 consists of four graphite electrodes, two anodes and two cathodes, due to chemical inert and decomposable characteristic of graphite. The electrodes dimension were 140mm*60mm*1mm, and the distance between them was 1.5 cm. The reactor volume that is made of Plexiglas was 1 L, equipped with an electrical mixer and digital power to adjust amperage. Chemicals including ferrous sulfate, hydrogen peroxide, and concentrated sulfuric acid (Merk Chemical Co. Inc., Germany) and filter paper #42 (Whatman Co. Inc., United Kingdom) were analytical grade and used without further purification.. The pH values of wastewater samples were adjusted using sulfuric acid and soda before ferrous sulfate and hydrogen peroxide were added to the system. At first, ferrous sulfate was added and mixed vigorously, then hydrogen peroxide was injected into the reactor. After connecting electrodes to the power supply and putting them in the reactor, amperage and voltage were set. All tests were done according to the standard methods (APHA) and each part of experiments was repeated three times. pH is one of the most impressive factors in Fenton reactions. Adjustment of pH is necessary for precipitation of Iron, Hydrogen peroxide decomposition, complex and recalcitrant Iron compounds and overall efficacy of the process. Based on the own results at the laboratory scale (Fered-Fenton reactor) observed the maximum efficiency of COD removal at pH between 2.5 and 3.5. Oxidation efficiency essentially reduces at pH values lower than 3 because of resulting stable complexes from Fe2+ and H2O2 that leads to deactivation of Fe2+ as a catalyst. While pH value increases from 3 to 5, the process efficiency declines continuously. At higher pH values than 5, Iron species begin to precipitate as ferric hydroxides and cause a reduction in efficiency of the process. During the process continuous detection of pH in order to keep optimized pH value constant is really essential. Generally, water hydrolysis and formation of Carboxylic acids make the pH decay in the system. Since high concentrations of Cl ions available in tannery wastewater, Hypochlorous acids (HClO) and Hydrochloric acid (HCl) are formed that they would also drop the pH. Hence, lack of continuous detection of pH results in the inadequacy of Fered-Fenton process for COD removal from saline tannery wastewater at pH optimized. In the Fenton and Electro-Fenton processes, the mass ratio of ferrous Iron and Hydrogen peroxide is very crucial in terms of overall cost and efficacy of the process in COD removal. Excess or shortage of any of these two reagents would make the process insufficient either by scavenging of Hydroxyl radicals or by stopping the process. In the absence of Fe2+ efficiency of the process is limited to only 14% that is because a few number of iron ions were available as the catalyst to generate enough OH•. The maximum efficiency of the system was achieved by [Fe2+]/[H2O2]=0.6. More addition of Fe2+ causes both OH• scavenging and more iron sludge. Hydrogen peroxide is the main source of Hydroxyl radicals in Fenton related processes. An inadequate dosage of H2O2 does not generate enough hydroxyl radicals to achieve complete mineralization. Although an increase in the amount of H2O2 raises the efficacy of the process, the overdose of it let the side reactions initiate i.e. all of the generated OH• would not be utilized to oxidize organic matters. New radical species generated from side reactions are not as strong as OH• so they reduce the efficacy of the process. Furthermore, COD is defined as the amount of a specified oxidant that reacts with the sample under controlled conditions. Therefore, the determination of Fenton reagent’s dosages should be made on the basis of initial COD for efficient treatment. By increasing the initial COD the required dosage of H2O2 would raise and consequently expand the amount of Fe2+. By considering the fact that samples are real saline tannery wastewater, all of the samples do not show the same initial COD and oscillate in a range of 900 to 1500 mg/lit. Further increase in the ratio of [H2O2]/[CODi] would lead to the adverse effect of scavenging reactions and finally to the ineffectiveness of the process. Therefore, the [H2O2]/[CODi]=2 would be considered as the optimum ratio. When no current was applied to the reactor Fenton process was predominant. With the increase in current, the electro-regeneration of Fe2+ from Fe3+ would be improved. At the current equal to 0.8 Ampere, the maximum COD removal occurred. Higher current has an inhibiting effect on redox of Fe3+ and also would decrease the efficiency of the process due to the decomposition of Hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) is an essential parameter in operation. Although the shorter hydraulic retention time ameliorates the operation, it corresponds to the higher treatment capacity. In the first 2 hours of the process, the highest COD removal (61%) was obtained due to high concentrations of the degradable organic matter and later it gradually slowed down. However increase in the hydraulic retention time would raise the chance of oxidation of organic matters. Energy consumption must be considered for long HRTs. Hence, in order to make a balance between COD removal, treatment capacity and energy consumption 120 minutes is the optimized HRT for Fered-Fenton process. Chlorine gas generated at anode due to high concentrations of Cl ions formed hypochlorous acids (HClO) and Hydrochloric acid (HCl) that could disinfect and diminish the disgusting odor of wastewater. Although the generated acids could oxidize organic matter, their oxidation power could not be compared with OH• oxidation power. Halide ions like Cl ions in saline tannery wastewater act as the significant scavengers of OH• but forming reactive halogen species (RHS). Chlorine was removed (40%) under optimum conditions of COD removal by Fered-Fenton process that could be continued as long as the current was applied to the system. According to the results and observations, it could be concluded that, although considerable amounts of Chloride as a key factor of salinity in tannery wastewater was eliminated, high concentrations of Cl ions in the tannery wastewater was restricting the effectiveness of COD removal by Fered-Fenton process.}, keywords = {Saline tannery wastewater treatment,Fered-Fenton process,COD removal,Chloride removal}, title_fa = {بررسی کارآمدی فرایند اکسایش پیشرفتة فردفنتون در حذف بار آلی از فاضلاب شور صنایع چرم‌سازی}, abstract_fa = {تجربة موفق به‌کارگیری روش اکسایش پیشرفتة فردفنتون در تصفیة فاضلاب شهری و لجن مازاد بیولوژیکی در چند سال اخیر، بستر مناسبی را برای مطالعات دیگر از جمله بررسی کارآمدی این فناوری در تصفیة فاضلاب‌های صنعتی فراهم کرد. هدف اصلی این تحقیق بررسی کارآمدی فرایند فردفنتون در خصوص حذف بار آلی بر حسب COD از فاضلاب شور صنایع چرم‌سازی بود. در کنار میزان حذف COD، میزان حذف یون کلر نیز اندازه‌گیری و بررسی شد. این مطالعة‌ موردی با استفاده از پایلوت منقطع آزمایشگاهی به حجم 1 لیتر، مجهز به دستگاه همسوکنندة جریان برق و چهار الکترود گرافیت انجام پذیرفت. بر اساس نتایج بررسی‌های انجام‌شده، رآکتور آزمایشگاهی فردفنتون تحت شرایط بهینة 3pH=، نسبت 6/0 [Fe2+]/[H2O2]=، غلظت پراکسید هیدروژن 2260 میلی‌گرم بر لیتر، جریان 8/0 آمپر و مدت زمان 120 دقیقه بررسی شد. نتایج حاصل نشان داد که کارآمدی حذف COD و یون کلر به‌ترتیب برابر با 61 و 40 درصد است. بر مبنای نتایج حاصل و مشاهدات انجام‌شده می‌توان گفت که گرچه از سویی بخش قابل‌توجهی از یون کلر به عنوان عامل شوری حذف می‌شود، ولی غلظت بالای یون کلر موجود عامل محدودکنندة کارآمدی این راکتور در خصوص حذف COD است.}, keywords_fa = {Saline tannery wastewater treatment,Fered-Fenton process,COD removal,Chloride removal}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60944.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60944_1109ae0a7fc662275c8949eb2f9c22ab.pdf} } @article { author = {Nazirian, Pooria and Ayati, Bita and Ganjidoust, Hossein}, title = {Comaring the Capability of Photocatalyst Nano Zinc Oxide Process by Two Slurry and Immobilized Methods in Dye Acid Orange 7 Removal}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {855-867}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2017.60945}, abstract = {Comaring the Capability of Photocatalyst Nano Zinc Oxide Process by Two Slurry and Immobilized Methods in Dye Acid Orange 7 Removal Introduction Everyday million liters of color wastewater are produced in different industries and cuases environmental problems. The textile industry significantly affects the environment, producing high volume of wastewater from water and chemicals used in processes including sizing, washing, bleaching, dyeing, printing, and finishing. The wastewater contains salts, acid, or alkali, washing solvents, other chemicals, intermediates, and residue dyes. In the presence of toxic colored substances in water light fails to penetrate the waters lower layers and consequently the photosynthesis of water plants and the level of dissolved oxygen decreases, and results in the death of aquatic life. Dyes are stable compounds that are not easily biodegradable; especially Azo dyes which are considered to be carcinogens that pollute the surface and groundwater. Generally, the physical, chemical and biological methods or a combination of them have been used for treating textile wastewater can be mentioned as membrane filtration, and ultrasonic waves, electrocoagulation, adsorption, Fenton, photo-Fenton, ion exchange, electrolysis, coagulation, conventional, and advanced oxidation and photo-catalytic process. In recent years, the ability of advanced oxidation processes in treating various hazardous wastes has brought this technology to the forefront of research. Among advanced oxidation processes, application of heterogeneous photo-catalysis by using semiconductors has been proved to be real interest as an efficient tool for degrading both aquatic and atmospheric organic contaminants. Semiconductors are photo-reactive metal oxides for contaminants eradication that refer to photo-catalysts. These methods mineralize and converse pollutants into CO2, H2O and inorganic ions, by the action of hydroxyl radical, which acts as a nonselective and strong oxidant of organics. Because of the excellent properties and wide applications on nanomaterials, recent years, researchers start to focus on the nano-zinc oxide granule size lies in the 1-100 nms, because of having nanophase structure and char acteristics, it gets the surface effect and bulk effect and gains some special capabilities (on magnetism, light, electric and sensitivity etc.) and many new usages. Photocatalytic reactors for water and wastewater treatment can be classified to slurry and immobilized systems. In the slurry reactors, the nano particles are freely dispersed in the water phase and consequently the photo-catalyst is fully integrated in the liquid mobile phase. Whereas the immobilized catalyst reactor design features a catalyst anchored to a fixed support and dispersed on the stationary phase. The mail aim of this sudy was to compare removal efficiency of acid orange 7, one of the high consumed textile dyes, in slurry and immobilized methods using photocatalyst UV/ZnO process. Methods and materials In this study, after detrmination of the maximum absorption wavelength of acid orange 7 (Table 1), the initial experiments were done to determine the main role of photocatalyst process (Figure). Then the effect of different amounts of dye concentration and catalyst, pH, irradiation power and energy consumption were investigated and optimized for both slurry and immobilized systems by changing one papramter and keepig the others constant. The Water Sealer Method (WSM) was used to immobilize the nano ZnO powder on concrete surface. The process began by complete mixing of 100 mL of selected concrete sealer (colorless liquid) with measured amounts of ZnO. To the cured concrete surface of one reactor, 10 mL of 10% (by mass) ZnO sealer solution was prepared and put into ultrasonic cleaner (Fungilab UE-6SFD) for 5 min to ensure the complete separation of nano particles. Then the solution was applied and allowed to be cured for at least 3 d. Table 1 Characteristic of Acid Orange 7 Structure Formula C16H11N2NaO4S Molar mass 350.3243 λmax 487 nm Solution pH 3 Slurry and immobilized photo-catalyst reactors According to the Beer Lambert law, by measuring the absorbance of samples at the maximum absorption wavelength of the dye (487 nm) in a spectrophotometer, dye concentration and removal rate (Eq. 1) were calculated, where CR was color removal efficiency (%), C0 represented initial dye concentration, and C indicated instant dye concentration. In order to eliminate flocs errors, samples were filtered and centrifuged prior to placing them in the spectrophotometer. (1) The main equipments used in this study include a Kern PLS 360-3 digital scale with 0.001 accuracy and Metrohm 691 pH meter. The amount of dye in solution was measured by using a Hach DR-4000 spectrophotometer at a wavelength of maximum absorption of acid orange 7 (485 nm) and the calibration curve of dye concentrations, respectively. All experiments were performed according to the method of analysis of water and wastewater and repeated at least 3 times. Results and discussions In summary, acid orange 7 could be successfully degraded and mineralized by nanophotocatalysis in both slurry and immobilized ZnO nanoparticle photocatalytic reactors. The experiments in optimum conditions in both slurry and immobilized methods were shown that in pH of 7, catalyst concentration of 80 gr/m2 (10.32 gr/L) and 32 Watt UVc lamps, over 95 and 35 percent of 50 ppm dye was removed in slurry and immobilized methods, respectively. The amount of COD removal was higher in the slurry method (Table 2). Table 2- Comparison of optimum conditions in the studied systems Immobilized System Slurry System parameter 80 gr/m2 10.32 gr/L Catalyst Concetration 50 50 Dye Concentration (ppm) 7 7 pH 32 32 Power (Watt) 375 56 Time 4 6 COD Removal after 60 minutes 35 45 COD Removal after 375 minutes Keywords: COD, radiation intensity, pH, dye concentration, zinc oxide, photocatalyst}, keywords = {COD,photocatalytic,Immobilized,Slurry}, title_fa = {مقایسة کارایی فتوکاتالیستی نانو ذرات اکسید روی تثبیت‌شده و معلق در حذف رنگزای اسید نارنجی 7}, abstract_fa = {رنگ‌های آلی مصنوعی کاربرد گسترده‌ای در صنایع مختلف دارد. رنگزا‌های آزو دستة بزرگی از این ترکیبات است که حذف و تصفیة آن به‌دلیل پایداری زیاد و قابلیت سرطان‌زایی بالا اهمیت بسیاری دارد. هدف از این تحقیق عبارت است از مقایسة راندمان حذف رنگزای اسید نارنجی 7، یکی از پرمصرف‌ترین رنگزاهای نساجی، در دو حالت بستر بتن تثبیت‌شده و معلق با استفاده از فرایند فتوکاتالیستی UV/ZnO. پس از تعیین طول موج ماکزیمم رنگزا، نخست آزمایش‌های شاهد انجام شد تا نقش اصلی فرایند فتوکاتالیستی مشخص شود. سپس، تأثیر مقادیر مختلف غلظت رنگزا، میزان کاتالیست، pH، میزان شدت تابش و مصرف انرژی با تغییر یک پارامتر و ثابت نگه‌داشتن سایر پارامترها بررسی و بهینه‌سازی شد. آزمایش‌ها در شرایط بهینه در هر دو روش نشان داد که حذف رنگ در پسابی با غلظت ppm 50 رنگزا، pH معادل 7، غلظت کاتالیست 80 گرم بر مترمربع (32/10 گرم بر لیتر) و شدت تابش 32 وات لامپ UVC، در هر دو حالت معلق و تثبیت‌شده و در زمان 60 دقیقه به‌ترتیب بیش از 95 و 35 درصد است. همچنین، میزان حذف COD در روش معلق بالاتر بوده است.}, keywords_fa = {COD,photocatalytic,Immobilized,Slurry}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60945.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_60945_d1d23e0522f69fbbe607e5e940c3d78a.pdf} } @article { author = {Shenasi, Mohit}, title = {Extended abstract}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {4}, pages = {1-35}, year = {2017}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2021.331418.1008235}, abstract = {English 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English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English EnglishEnglish EnglisEnglish English English English English English English English English}, keywords = {English}, title_fa = {چکیده انگلیسی زمستان1395}, abstract_fa = {}, keywords_fa = {English}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_83731.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_83731_7995e578d7e345d3184531ad79203d01.pdf} }