@article { author = {Nedae Tousi, Sahar}, title = {Assessing the Spatial Development Plan's Outcome on Regions' Sustainability Status Using Ecological Footprint Method, case study: Qazvin Urban Region Plan}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {259-280}, year = {2016}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2016.58733}, abstract = {Population growth on the one hand and the emergence of unstable behavior patterns on the other hand have been caused appearance of many environmental problems. So considering the concept of sustainable development means development within environmental constraints, is necessary. In order to fulfill the objective of regional stability, both indices “ecological footprint” as an approximation of the status of the environmental demand, by measuring the needs of individuals to variety of land to meet their and also “biological capacity” as an approximation of the state of the environmental supply, through estimating ability of the regional environment and ecosystem to meet the needs of individuals(Production of useful vital materials and residual absorption) are considered an important tool to display communities sustainable status and thus decision-making and policy-making for development of regions. Strategic environmental assessment during the preparation of Urban and regional spatial development plans is one of the possible means to fulfill the sustainability status of settlements; But the record of regional development plans prepared in Iran shows that the most of them ignored sustainability considerations. So far in different countries, several studies using ecological footprint method is done to diagnose the sustainability status of regions and monitoring changes over time; Which can be noted evaluation of ecological footprint in metropolitan region of Barcelona during 1994-2000 by Muniz and Galindo(Muñiz & Galindo, 2005). Also in 1993, the ecological footprint of Santiago was calculated, according to national estimates of Chile by Lewan and others. Zurong, and Jing in their study entitled "ecological footprint and reflections of green development in Hangzhou" have calculated the ecological footprint in Hangzhou city from 1988 to 2008 focused on ecological footprint method. In Iran, Sasanpvr in his doctoral thesis entitled "evaluation of Tehran metropolis with ecological footprint method" has investigated the sustainability status of Tehran city. In another study also Jmhpvr and others has examined the stability of Rasht region using ecological footprint method. As well as Samadpur has assessed the environmental impacts of increasing population density and urban constructions particularly High-rise buildings in urban areas and neighborhoods in Elahieh region of Tehran, using the ecological footprint method. A review of documents indicates that the dominant approach in most of previous studies globally and in Iran is assessing the sustainability status of region in the current situation with a descriptive approach or investigating changes compared to the past. However, the assessment of future conditions arising from the implementation of development interventions in the region(as one of the methods used in foresight situation in the region) is an effective and helpful step in the modification and revision of development programs and Directing it toward a sustainable society. With this introduction, ahead research research agenda With the aim of inclusion of sustainability considerations in development plans,has dedicated to assess probable changes resulting from the implementation of Qazvin Conurbation plan on the sustainability status of region in the plan horizon.The plan has been prepared with the aims of organizing, control and guide the development of population and activity centers located within the area of 1,400 square kilometers of the central district of Qazvin county and all Alborz county, with the centered of Qazvin city, by Naghshe Jahan Pars Consulting Engineers, and passed by the Supreme Council of Architecture & Urbanism of Iran On 26.12.1392 Solar date. Qazvin Conurbation population is 658,841 people in 1385, and in this plan is estimated equivalent of 917,190 people in 1410. In the case of Implementation of Qazvin conurbation plan, the area of cropland grazing and forest Land will decline from 1251 sq km in the origin year to 1069 sq km in the destination year. These land use changes will reduces Conurbation biological capacity In these years. This is increasingly important particularly due to the higher yield and equivalence factors of this category of land on the supply biological needs of the resident population of the region. Innovation of ahead research is the method of calculation of the ecological footprint in addition to efforts to assess the impact of development plans and estimate the future status of regional stability resulting from the implementation of development plan; In this study, assuming that ecological footprint of different communities is proportional to the consumption patterns of different social strata, after social groupings of the population of the Case Study, total ecological footprint of Qazvin Conurbation is calculated using stratified sampling method and its generalization to the entire group, By applying a yield and equivalence factors derived from Global Footprint Network website. With regard to the results of research, In order to compensate the ecological deficit and achieve sustainable status, two planning solutions categories for supply and demand sides can be taken on the agenda of regional developers as follows:• Demand-side solutions; minimizing the ecological footprint: the solutions of this category with the aime of reducing the population consumption, are divided into two groups. The first group is strategies for attracting selective population, and advanced and more responsive requests to environmental problems in the regions by increasing the quality of life and environment in conurbation; and other is Solutions related to modified the pattern of development and population demand. In this regard, there can be negative and positive policies, such as; monitoring the development of regions and land use change (environmental patrols), prevention of vegetation damage and change, and urban sprawl to environmental assets; Acceptance infill development approach in cities, increasing citizen awareness and decreasing advertisements for consumerist patterns, emphasis on reuse and recycling of resources, promotion of sustainable modes of transport, identifying patterns of sustainable regional development, Identifying low watery activities and agricultural products, voluntary commitment to global and international agendas in relation to the environment, efforts to develop local indicators, and finally increase costs of energy and water resources; in this regard, spatial development plan will have a significant role. • Supply-side solutions; Increase the biological capacity: the solutions of this category which are pursueing in more developed countries and communities, seek to increase the biological capacity through innovative solutions. In this regard, we can refer to two policy categories; policies that attempt to raise the capacity of environmental services through the carbon sequestration by natural and artificial methods, re-afforestation and creation of forest land in capable zones and increasing the supply of green spaces and vegetation in population and activity zones with the aim of helping to air purification, and other policies that attempt to raise the capacity of environmental resources through methods such as increase to use of renewable energy instead of fossil fuels, increase the efficiency of the six lands and so on. Finally, it should be noted that the role of regional spatial development decision-makers will be very important.}, keywords = {"ecological footprint","carrying capacity","sustainability status","ecological deficit","Qazvin Urban Region Plan"}, title_fa = {ارزیابی پیامد طرحهای توسعه فضایی بر وضعیت پایداری مناطق با استفاده از روش ردپای اکولوژیک، مورد پژوهی طرح مجموعه شهری قزوین}, abstract_fa = {ارزیابی راهبردی محیط‌زیست در خلال تهیه‌ی برنامه‌های توسعه فضایی‌شهری‌و‌منطقه‌ای یکی از ابزارهای ممکن در تحقق وضعیت‌پایداری سکونت‌گاه‌ها به شمارمی‌رود؛ لیکن سابقه‌ی برنامه‌های منطقه‌ای تهیه‌‌شده در ایران نشان‌گر آن است که اکثر این طرح‌‌ها ملاحظات‌پایداری را در برنامه‌های خود نادیده‌گرفته‌‌اند. با این مقدمه هدف پژوهش پیش‌رو ارزیابی محیط‌زیستی "طرح مجموعه‌ی‌شهری‌قزوین" از طریق بررسی تغییرات احتمالی ایجاد شونده در وضعیت پایداری مجموعه در افق طرح(سال 1410) نسبت به وضع موجود، برحسب ردپای اکولوژیکی جمعیت بارگذاری شده و ظرفیت زیستی مجموعه شهری قزوین است. از این‌رو به شیوه‌ی پرسش‌نامه‌ای نسبت به تشخیص الگوهای مصرفی و میزان ردپای محیطی به روش جزء اقدام خواهد شد. سپس از طریق برآورد ظرفیت زیستی مجموعه شهری قزوین با استفاده از نرم‌افزار جی‌آی‌اس وضعیت پایداری فعلی مجموعه تخمین زده خواهد شد. در نهایت نیز نسبت به ارائه‌ی راهکارهای تسکینی اقدام خواهد شد. نتایج تحلیل‌ها حاکی از آن است که مجموعه شهری قزوین در سال افق با کسری اکولوژیک روبه‌رو است و در صورت پیاده‌سازی طرح مذکور نیز نه تنها وضعیت پایداری منطقه بهبود نیافته بلکه با اندکی تغییر تنزل پیدا خواهد کرد. راهکارهای پیشنهادی این پژوهش از یک سو کمینه کردن ردپای اکولوژیک(تغییر تقاضا) و از سوی دیگر افزایش ظرفیت زیستی مجموعه(بهبود عرضه) است.}, keywords_fa = {"ecological footprint","carrying capacity","sustainability status","ecological deficit","Qazvin Urban Region Plan"}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58733.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58733_fa22b0e72fc6006c3b200657da152a2d.pdf} } @article { author = {safaee, amir and Salehi, Esmaeil}, title = {A Benchmarking of Policy Instruments and Experiences for Improving Farmland Preservation in Urban Fringes of Iran}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {281-314}, year = {2016}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2016.58734}, abstract = {A Benchmarking of Policy Instruments and Experiences for Improving Farmland Preservation in Urban Fringes of Iran1. Amir Safaee, Ph.D. Candidate In Environmental Planning, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran- IranA_safaee@ut.ac.ir2. Shahrzad Faryadi*, Associated Professor, Department of Environmental Planning and Management, Faculty of Environment, University Of Tehran, Tehran- Iran sfaryadi@ut.ac.ir3. Majid Sheikhmohammady, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Tarbiat Modarres University,Tehran, Iranmsheikhm@modares.ac.ir4. Ismael Salehi, Associated professor, Department of Environmental Planning and Management, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran- Irantehranssaleh@ut.ac.irIntroductionFarmland conversion can be seen as a case of market failure in which the free market fails to protect environment. The reason is that the market value is incapable of reflecting the social benefits of farmland as well as internalizing environmental externalities made by urban sprawl. Farmland preservation in urban fringe is justified by their economic, ecological and aesthetic functions, because if farmlands are converted to urban constructed areas, the society will not be able to enjoy those benefits. Thus, considering the fact that planning is mainly deal with public interest, planners may have authority to suggest public policies for farmland preservation and urban growth management. They may do the job through public policy instruments including public acquisition and management, regulative instruments and incentive based instruments. In the last half of century, as a consequences of imbalance in national space arrangement and rapid urbanization, Iran farmlands are being converted to constructed areas in a rapidly high rate. Although some policies are made during this period to fix the problem, farmland conversion is yet on and on. Therefore to improve policy making in this area, it would be necessary to critique on Iran farmland preservation and urban growth management policies. This paper is seeking to take into account this goal.Materials and MethodsTo achieve mentioned target, the paper first presents some of the most important public policy instruments for managing urban growth and preserving farmland. The regulative instruments which are discussed are including planning mandates, urban growth boundary, urban services boundary, greenbelt and agricultural zoning. Also, the main incentive based instruments are development impact fee, infill and redevelopment incentives, tax incentives/disincentives and acquisition of development rights/credits. Then, five nation’s experiences about farmland preservation (the United States, Canada, the Britain, the Netherlands and Iran) are reviewed. Next, using a comparative methodology, the nations are comprised together in some standpoints such as possible preservation reasons, different normative values which conduct the policies and the ways which the instruments were being used. Through the brilliant notions which would be learned, main strengths and weaknesses of Iran policy making system in those areas are implied as well as general optimal insights to improve the system are discussed. Table 1 briefs five nation’s experiences focusing on the type and scale in which public policy instruments are used. According to what mentioned above, some may consider this paper as a kind of benchmarking to improve environmental management in this area. However, the present study uses a theoretical framework to organize and integrate concepts and theories form various scientific areas such as economics and public policy related to farmland preservation. Moreover, it develops a policy framework which implies policy making priorities, proposes some political solutions and connects knowledge to action regarding this problem.Discussion of Results and ConclusionsAs figure 2 shows, farmland preservation in Iran can be investigated from two separated but closely interrelated aspects. From the policy making system side, some critiques and solutions are pointed, as follows:1) Preservation costs are being shared among stakeholders in an unfair manner. In the last decades, as land inflation was increased and at the same time incomes derived from agricultural activities decreased. Hence, it may be concluded that the opportunity cost of keeping farmlands in agricultural use is increased and consequently land use conversion is a more preferred option by farmland owners. In this situation, regulatory restrictions forbid land owners to develop their farmlands, while because of policy making environment is inflexible, no compensation is offered to them. To fix this problem, it is suggested to expand policy burden and compensate landowners for regulatory restrictions by giving incentives. Conservation easement in the US preservation experiences as well as right to compensation for land development restrictions in the Netherlands are the good examples for expanding policy burden which make a legal base to use incentive based instruments in those countries. 2) Although there are many policies and plans about farmland preservation and urban growth management, there is no policy framework to coordinate them in a way that integrates all related activities in each city. As a result of the lack, farmland preservation activities are being assumed separated from urban growth management and a different governmental organization is being responsible for each of them. To solve the problem, it is suggested to formulate a policy framework for both farmland preservation and urban growth management in every city. The mentioned framework should include three steps: the first is defining and announcing policy priorities through a political statement. The statement shows why farmlands are valuable for the city and what preservation goals are more preferred. By clearing such issues, local decision makers can define preservation strategies and instruments very easily as well as their decisions would be publicly more clear and convincible. The second step is making policy strategies in a way that farmland speculative value would be eliminated while their productive value is being increased. Also, the selected strategies for farmland preservation and those selected to urban growth management should be supplemented together. The final step is to choose supplementary policy instruments package based on priorities and strategies which were selected. 3) Because of conventional top-down process of planning in Iran, the issue of how the stakeholders’ interactions could be led to farmland conversion was underestimated. It would be highly important especially if it is known that there are many stakeholders involved in farmland conversion dilemma. Because they have different and usually controversial interest about possible uses of the land, and also they try to maximize their own outcomes, the situation almost is led to conflict. In such competitive and non-cooperative decision making environments, stakeholders act and decide based on individual rationality rather than group rationality (preferring best outcomes for their own rather than best outcomes for all of them or society). Farmland change would be the result of such decision making environments. Therefore, it is suggested that conflict resolution should be considered as an important part of any farmland preservation framework as was proposed above. For effective conflict resolution and to reach an equilibrium between social-individual interests, policy makers need to realize roles of the conflict by strategic analysis of stakeholders’ interactions and then to design optimal rules of interactions. The second section of investigation about Iran farmland preservation is focused on Iran land administration system. In this section, main weakness is considering farmland preservation and urban growth management as two separated policy matter and so distributing each of them among different governmental organizations. Consequently, those organizations are not well coordinated and their activities are not complemented. Also some of them may have some possible financial interests from farmland change such as land use change permission fees. To modify that problem, it is suggested to integrate all policy matters about farmland preservation and land use administration through establishment of a self-determining organization with full authority in mentioned areas. The local departments of this organization should prepare farmland preservation policy framework for their each own city. Putting preservation as only interest of this organization, it should not have any possible financial interests from farmland change for its own as well as should not be a part of larger organization who may have such interests.}, keywords = {Farmland preservation,land use change,Policy Instruments,urban fringe,Benchmarking}, title_fa = {بهینه‌کاوی ابزارها و تجارب سیاست‌گزاری به منظور بهبود حفاظت زمین‌های کشاورزی پیرامون شهرها در ایران}, abstract_fa = {با توجه به روند پرشتاب تبدیل زمینهای کشاورزی به کاربری‌های ساخته شده در پیرامون شهرهای ایران، ارزیابی سیاست‌های کشور و ارائه راهکارهایی برای بهبود سیاست‌گزاری در این زمینه ضروری است. در این پژوهش، برخی از مهم‌ترین ابزارهای سیاست‌گزاری عمومی برای مدیریت رشد شهری و حفاظت زمینهای کشاورزی معرفی میگردد. سپس تجارب حفاظتی پنج کشور ایالات متحده، کانادا، بریتانیا، هلند و ایران بررسی و با روش تحلیل تطبیقی از نظر متغیرهایی مانند نحوه استفاده ابزارهای سیاستی مقایسه می‌شود. با الگوبرداری از این بینش‌ها، نقاط ضعف و قوت و راهکار‌های کلی بهبود نظام سیاست‌گزاری ایران ارائه می‌شود. بر اساس نتایج، مهم‌ترین چالش‌های ساختار سیاستی ایران، تخصیص غیرمنصفانه هزینه‌های حفاظت بین ذی‌نفعان، عدم انسجام سیاست‌ها و بی‌توجهی به تأثیر تعاملات ذی‌نفعان بر تبدیل زمین‌های کشاورزی است. برای اصلاح این موارد، پیشنهادات ذیل ارائه شده است: 1) توسعه ظرفیت سیاست‌گزاری و ارائه مشوق به مالکان زمینهای کشاورزی 2) تدوین چارچوب سیاست‌گزاری حفاظت زمین‌های کشاورزی شامل اولویت‌ها، استراتژی‌ها و ابزارهای سیاستی 3) حل ‌و فصل مناقشات برای ایجاد تعادل بین منافع ذی‌نفعان. مهمترین نقد ساختار مدیریتی ایران ناهماهنگی تصمیمات سازمان‌های مسئول است. پیشنهاد می‌شود با ایجاد سازمانی مستقل برای مدیریت مسائل مربوط به حفاظت و کاربری زمین، کارویژههای سیاستی این دو حوزه تجمیع شود.}, keywords_fa = {Farmland preservation,land use change,Policy Instruments,urban fringe,Benchmarking}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58734.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58734_93166c0a520cf77046bfb25cc8c6fae9.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Carbon Sequestration portion in global warming moderating (Case study:shirazcity)}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {315-327}, year = {2016}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2016.58735}, abstract = {Growing process of industrialization in different societies, excessive expansion of industries and factories and increase transport industries, push human toward unstable development. Among these problem, massive volume of pollutions is also added to the atmosphere. Air pollution in industrial societies and cities is more intensive. Global warming is one of the major problems of 21 century. CO2 diffusion dangers in different global environmental societies has emphasized and combatting ways to that has thought. From the beginning of industrial revolution, fossil fuel burn and deforestation leads to increasing atmospheric CO2. Global warming may leads to changes like change in raining patterns, sea level expansion and wide spectrum of influences on plants, wild life and human. Gases that trap heat in atmosphere are named greenhouse gases. Existing proofs show that human activities, can increase atmospheric ability to conserve heat (greenhouse effect) and result to climate change (global warming). Increase greenhouse effects results from increase in CO2, CH4 and NOx of human activities that trap oxygen and increase temperature of the earth. These gases are include: CO2, CH4, NOx and CFC that CO2 content is more than others. (farag and others,2007) different effects has presented for greenhouse gases till now. The first effect is the effect that cause probable increase heat as a result of absorption infrared photography . Urbanity and urbanization is as one of the important land use in 21 century that according to anthropogenic reasons rapidly growing in other ecosystems. 50 percent of world population are living in cities that this process rapidly growing. Based on anticipations, urban population will reach 70 percent in 2050.urban areas, because of rapid population growing has passed from agricultural land use. Urban growing in different social, economic, political and ecologic areas leads to decrease ability of cultivated areas to produce enough foods for world population. Growing big cities leads to use of sources like energy, minerals, fuel, water, food and production great sources of sewage and scrap. This intensive ecological form and extreme use of natural sources as an important anthropogenic motivation leads to global continent change. Continent change is one of the important problems of permanent development that can have negative influence on marine and land ecosystems. Main sources of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in urban ecosystems imputes to industry and transport systems in this areas. Bad weather quality in millions of cities resulted from effluence of wide range of gases from industrial sources. In compare to rural areas, also there is more density of CO2, CH4 and ozone in urban cities. Air pollution effects on primary network of production and indirectly influence on GCC. Worry from mass volume of emitted carbon in atmosphere and its effects on continent, human and ecosystem functions continuously increase. As after these worries, in 1992 approximately all of world countries include Iran sign a convention as United Nation Continental Changes Convention that aimed to find a course of actions to balance out volume of atmospheric greenhouse gases and predict budget for this purpose and to search and survey around this problem in member’s countries of this convention in long term. Pursuant that convention, another pact in 1997 in Kyoto approved by most of industrial developed countries at which countries undertook to find solutions to balance out container of atmospheric greenhouse gases. Most suitable mentioned solution which can decrease atmospheric carbon is carbon sequestration by forests, pasture, woodland and soil. Carbon sequestration is long time storage of carbon in surface, underground or oceans in the way that decrease CO2 volume ( main greenhouse gas) of the atmosphere. Carbon sequestration in plant biomass and soils around this biomass is one of the cheapest and simplest ways to decrease CO2. Dominant vegetation cover is one of the important and effective factors in stabilization and carbon sequestration in ecosystems. Differences in vegetation diversity physiology determine absorbed carbon rate, rate of carbon transmission to the soil and loss of carbon in ecosystem. Consequently, animate and inanimate factors can determine absorption rate, stabilization rate, scale and speed of energy flow I an ecosystem by influence on vegetation diversity. Increasing CO2 and other greenhouse gases in atmosphere is the main reason of climate change. In metropolitans especially because of dense volume of industrial activities, these gases leads to pollution. Increase density of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in atmosphere are the major causes of climate changing. Intensive industrial activities especially in metropolises, can increase this gases and lead to pollution Carbon storage in the soil is one of different methods to sequestrate atmospheric carbon and preventing pollution. Storing carbon in soil is one of the different ways to trapping atmospheric carbon and reducing pollution. This study is aimed to evaluate the soil carbon storage in herb, shrub and tree covers in human made usage (city) include boulevard, urban park, industrial areas, house gardens and in agriculture, garden and pasture usages. For this propose, in the area at the west of Shiraz, from depth of 0-10 and 10-50 of mentioned usages, sampling has done in systematic random way. Statistical analyses has done based on completely unequal random pattern in the form of factorial design. Results showed that, SOC sock under tree and shrub covers in compare to herb has a considerable increase. Also cultivated gardens with 3/8 t/h carbon stock has considerable increase in carbon sequestration in compare to other land usages. According to results, increase wooding beside other covers and changing land use like changing arid land and destroyed pastures to cultivated gardens in long time can lead to increase soil carbon stock.}, keywords = {climate change,Soil Organic Carbon Stocks,Greenhouses Gases}, title_fa = {سهم ترسیب کربن در تعدیل اثر گرمایش جهانی مناطق شهری(مطالعه موردی:شهر شیراز)}, abstract_fa = {افزایش غلظت دی اکسید کربن و دیگر گازهای گلخانه ای در جو زمین به عنوان اصلی ترین عامل تغییرات اقلیمی است. ذخیره کربن در خاک یکی از راههای به دام انداختن کربن اتمسفری و کاهش آلودگی در شهرها می باشد. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی میزان ذخیره کربن خاک تحت پوشش های علفی، بوته، درختی و درختچه در کاربری های انسان ساخت (شهری) شامل بولوار، پارک شهری، مکان های صنعتی، باغچه های منازل مسکونی و همچنین کاربری های کشاورزی، باغ زراعی و مرتع انجام شد. به این منظور در محدوده غرب شهر شیراز در کاربری های مذکور از عمق های 10-0 و50-10 سانتی متر طبق روش تصادفی سیستماتیک نمونه برداری به عمل آمد. تجزیه های آماری در قالب طرح فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح کاملا تصادفی نامتعادل انجام گرفت. نتایج به دست آمده نشان داد ذخیره کربن آلی خاک تحت پوشش درختی و درختچه در مقایسه با پوشش های بوته و علفی افزایش معناداری داشته است. کاربری باغ ثمری با مقدار کربن ذخیره شده 3/8 تن در هکتار افزایش معناداری در ترسیب کربن در مقایسه با سایر کاربری ها داشته است. بنابراین افزایش درختکاری در کنار سایر پوشش ها در دراز مدت می تواند منجر به افزایش ذخیره کربن خاک گردد.}, keywords_fa = {climate change,Soil Organic Carbon Stocks,Greenhouses Gases}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58735.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58735_077dafeba1cf556092d1887104219602.pdf} } @article { author = {ALIREZA, alireza}, title = {Application of neural network of Multi Layers Perceptron (MLP) in site selection of waste disposal (Case ‎study: fereydoonshahr city)‎}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {329-341}, year = {2016}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2016.58736}, abstract = {IntroductApplication of neural network of Multi Layers Perceptron (MLP) in site selection of Municipal Solid ‎Waste landfilling with emphasis on Hydrogeomorphic characteristics (Case study: fereydoonshahr city)‎Introduction‏:‏Cities are at the nexus of a further threat to the environment, namely the production of an increasing ‎quantity and complexity of wastes. The estimated quantity of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated ‎worldwide is 1.7 – 1.9 billion metric tons.‎‎ In many cases, municipal wastes are not well managed in low-income countries, More than 50 per cent of ‎the collected waste is often disposed of through uncontrolled landfilling and about 15 per cent is ‎processed through unsafe and informal recycling. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is the natural result of ‎human activities. If an appropriate management system is not used for this problem, it may lead to ‎environmental pollution and jeopardize the mankind’s health. ‎The ANN models are basically based on the perceived work of the human brain‏.‏‎ ANNs can be trained to ‎model any relationship between a series of independent and dependent variables (inputs and outputs to ‎the network respectively). For this reason, ANNs have been usefully applied to a wide variety of ‎problems that are difficult to understand, define, and quantify. It should be pointed out that similar to any ‎other statistical and mathematical model, ANN models have also some disadvantages, too. Having a large ‎number of input variables is one of the most common problems for their development because they are ‎not engineered to eliminate superfluous inputs.‎‎ Literature survey demonstrates that artificial neural network (ANN) models are proper tools for prediction ‎of solid waste generation predicting. Noori et al (2008) investigated the Prediction of Municipal Solid ‎Waste Generation with Combination of Support Vector Machine and Principal Component Analysis in ‎Mashhad and in authors’ opinion, the model presented in this article is a potential tool for predicting WG ‎and has advantages over the traditional SVM model. Jalili and Noori (2008) investigated the Prediction of ‎Municipal Solid Waste Generation by Use of Artificial Neural Network and Results point that artificial ‎neural network model has more advantages in comparison with traditional methods in predicting the ‎municipal solid waste generation.Noori et al (2010) investigated the Evaluttion of PCA and Gamma test ‎techniques on ANN operation for weekly solid waste prediction and Findings indicated that the PCA-ANN ‎and GT-ANN models have more effective results than the ANN model. These two models decrease the ‎number of input variables from 13 to 7 and 5, respectively.‎The accurate prediction of waste disposal Zonation plays an important role in the solid waste management ‎system. For this reason, ANN is used and different models are created and tested.‎Materials‏ & ‏‎ Methods‏:‏Fereydunshahr city is located from 49° 36ʹ to 50° 19ʹ longitude and from 32° 37ʹ to 33° 05ʹ latitude ‎geographic coordinate system. The extent of the area is 77646 hectar. Fereydunshahr city with an average ‎altitude of 2500 m above sea level is a mountainous region and is located in the province of Isfahan. ‎According to hydrological, geological, and Geomorphological characteristics of study area and the goals ‎outlined, it can be said that the parameters used to Municipal Solid Waste landfilling are different. In this ‎research the most important factors are used For this purpose are 12 primary factors influencing ‎Municipal Solid Waste landfilling in the study area, including lithology, Level of groundwater, Soil ‎texture, distance to habitate, land use, slope, aspect, elevation, rainfall, distance to fault, distance to road, ‎and drainage density were identified by interpretation of satellite imagery, aerial photography, and field ‎studies. The used base map in this work including geological map at a scale of 1: 100,000, aerial ‎photographs on a scale of 1: 40,000, topographical maps with a scale of 1: 50,000, ETM +satellite images ‎and precipitation (rain-gauge stations) were prepared by ArcGIS10.2 software. ‎The digital elevation model (DEM) with 30 meter multiplied by 30 meter pixel size was prepared by using ‎topographic map 1:50000. The distance to drainage and road was extracted by drainage and road ‎networks from study area topographic map. The land use map was provided by including unsupervised ‎classification ETM+ image satellite, field survey, and accuracy control. Also geologic map was prepared ‎by digitizing and polygonize of rock units of geologic map 1:100000 and using ArcGIS10.2. Artificial ‎neural networks, originally developed to mimic basic biological neural systems‏.‏‎ a network can perform a ‎surprising number of tasks quite efficiently (Reilly and Cooper,1990). This information processing ‎characteristic makes ANNs a powerful computational device and able to learn from examples and then to ‎generalize to examples never before seen. Recent research activities in artificial neural networks (ANNs) ‎have shown that ANNs have powerful pattern classification and pattern recognition capabilities.The most ‎popular architecture for a neural network is a multilayer perceptron (Bishop, 1995; Jain, et al., 2006). In ‎this study, we used was the feed forward, multilayer perceptron (MLP), which is consideredable to ‎approximate every measurable function (Gardner and Dorling, 1998). The main issue in training MLP for ‎prediction is the generalization performance. MLP, like other flexible nonlinear estimation methods such ‎as kernel regression, smoothing splines, can suffer from either underfitting or overfitting (Coulibaly, et al., ‎‎2000). In this situation error between training and testing results start to increase. For solving this problem, ‎Stop Training Approach (STA) has been used. Data are divided into 3 parts in this method. First part is ‎related to network training, second part for stopping calculations when error of integrity start to increase ‎and the third part that is used for integrity of network. In order to evaluate the performance of the ANN ‎model 3 statistical indices are used: t Mean Squared Normalized Error (MSE)‎, root mean square error ‎‎(RMSE) and correlation coefficient (R2) values that are derived in statistical calculation of observation in ‎model output predictions, defined as:‎MSE=(∑_(i= 0)^N▒〖 (d_(i )- y_i ) 〗)/N ‎RMSE=√(∑_(i=1)^n▒((obs-pre)/n) ) ‎‏ ‏R^2=(∑_(i=1)^n▒〖(obs-obs) (pre-pre) 〗)/(√(∑_(i=1)^n▒(obs-obs)^2 ) ∑_(i=‎‎1)^n▒(pre-pre)^2 )‎‏ ‏‎ ‎Discussion of Results‏ ‏& Conclusions:‎Accurate prediction of landfilling site selection of municipal solid waste is crucial for programming ‎municipal solid waste management system. In this research with application of feed forward artificial ‎neural network, an appropriate model for predicting of landfilling site selection of municipal solid waste ‎in Fereydunshahr city, was proposed. For this purpose, In this paper, neural network is trained and tested ‎using MATLAB 7.2.. For this purpose, 12 primary factors influencing Municipal Solid Waste landfilling in ‎the study area, including lithology, Level of groundwater, Soil texture, distance to habitate, land use, ‎slope, aspect, elevation, rainfall, distance to fault, distance to road, and drainage density were chosen for ‎imput layers. Also, for recognizing the effect of each input data sensitive analysis was performed.Finally, ‎different structures of artificial network were investigated and then the best model for predicting ‎landfilling site selection of municipal solid waste was chosen based on ‎Mean Squared Normalized Error ‎‎(MSE)‎, root mean square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (R2) indexes. After performing of the ‎mentioned models, Mean Squared Normalized Error (MSE)‎, root mean square error (RMSE) and ‎correlation coefficient (R2)in neural network for test have been achieved equal to 0.0081 , 0.11 and ‎‎0.999% respectively. Results indicate that trainlm model has more advantages in comparison with trainbp ‎and trainbpx methods in landfilling site selection of municipal solid waste. after determining the best ‎network structure, zonation map of the best site for landfilling of municipal solid waste using 12 imput-‎layer was prepared in 5 classes. The results showed that 37.2% (28884/31Ha) of the total area is very ‎suitable for waste landfilling, 7.2% (5590/51 Ha) suitable, 12.6% (9783/39 Ha) is fairly suitable, 38% ‎‎(29505/48 Ha) unsuitable and 5% (3882/3 Ha) is very unsuitable‎Keyword: Multi Layers Perceptron, Site Selection, Waste disposal, Fereydunshahr City.‎‏‎}, keywords = {‎ Multi Layers Perceptron,Site Selection,waste disposal ‎}, title_fa = {کاربرد شبکه عصبی پرپسترون چند لایه (‏MLP‏) در مکانیابی دفن پسماند جامد شهری با تاکید بر خصوصیات هیدروژئومورفیک‏}, abstract_fa = {به تبع افزایش جمعیت شهری و در نتیجه افزایش تولید پسماند نیاز به یافتن محل مناسب به منظور دفع پسماند ضرورت دارد. با توجه به عوامل مختلف مؤثر در مکانیابی محل دفن و ‏وسعت زیاد منطقه مورد مطالعه، روش های سنتی جهت مکان یابی بسیار وقت گیر،‎ ‎هزینه بر و کم دقت می باشد. در این پژوهش از پرپسترون چند لایه با الگوریتم ‏لورنبرک-مارکوارت استفاده گردید. تابع سیگموئید به عنوان تابع فعال سازی برای هر واحد پردازشگر در شبکه انتخاب گردید. آموزش داده ها با 10 پارامتر ورودی شامل فاصله از آّبراهه، ‏فاصله از جاده، فاصله ازگسل، لیتولوژی، پوشش گیاهی و کاربری اراضی، شیب، جهت شیب، فاصله از سکونتگاه، طبقات ارتفاعی و نقشه همبارش، 7 لایه پنهان و یک لایه خروجی که ‏نقشه پهنه بندی را نشان می دهد انجام گرفت. جهت صحت سنجی مدل از شاخص های آماری میانگین مربعات خطا، جذر میانگین مربعات خطا و ضریب همبستگی‎ ‎استفاده گردید. در ‏نهایت پس از تعیین بهترین ساختار شبکه مدل اجرا شده و منطقه مورد مطالعه به 5 کلاس خیلی مساعد، مساعد، نسبتا مساعد، نا مساعد و خیلی نامساعد طبقه بندی گردید. بهترین دقت ‏مدل 99/0 بدست آمد که بیانگر کارایی بالای پرپسترون چند لایه جهت پهنه بندی می باشد.‏}, keywords_fa = {‎ Multi Layers Perceptron,Site Selection,waste disposal ‎}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58736.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58736_68cc2851cb5d06f7d14f9d0e332b7352.pdf} } @article { author = {Neshat, Ali Asghar and Rashidi mehrabadi, abdollah and Alighardashi, abolghasem and tajrobehkar, omid}, title = {Assessment of Autotrophic denitrification process with different sources of sulfur for removal of nitrate from water}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {343-352}, year = {2016}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2016.58737}, abstract = {Introduction:Nitrate entrance to water bodies can cause eutrophication and decrease quality of them, furthermore it can effect on human health so concentration of nitrate must be at defined standard level. There are several methods for reduction or removal of nitrate in water such as ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis and denitrification. Microbial denitrification of nitrate in anoxic condition can be a cost effective and high efficiency miner in that nitrate was reduced to N2 Gas. There are two microbial denitrifications which are autotrophic and heterotrophic. The heterotrophic bacteria need to organic source while in autotrophic process the bacteria need to inorganic source like sulfur components, CO2, bicarbonate, carbonate as well as H2.These bacteria have a slow growth rate therefore they produce low sludge .A few Studies about autotrophic denitrification has conducted in Iran, so the aim of this study was to investigate the autotrophic denitrification process and compare the achieved results in different energy sources for bacteria.Material and method :In this research study 9 reactors in 3 series were designed and operated. The water was prepared with different concentrations of nitrate and sulfur sources synthetically. The energy sources were sulfide, thiosulfate and elemental sulfur. For investigating of autotrophic denitrification, firstly N2 gas injected to water for 30 minutes to reduce DO to zero. Then the operational status was defined according to table 1 and operation of reactors was started. The studied variables were mole ratio of nitrate to sulfur source, alkalinity consumption per every mg/l of reduced nitrate as nitrogen, produced sulfate per every mg/l of reduced nitrate as nitrogen, hardness concentration changes and removal percent of nitrate. The optimum ratios of nitrate to sulfur source achieved from studied articles and considered in first series of reactors. In second series tried to reverse the previous optimum ratios to see the effect of mole ratio on process, and in third series of reactors the ratios of nitrate to sulfur source were equal 1.All examinations were according to Standard methods for water and wastewater examinations. The operational temperature was 22±1 ºC. Nitrate detection conducted whit Spectrophotometer at 220 nm wave length, sulfate was determined gravimetric and other parameters like alkalinity, hardness as well as sulfide were determined according titration methods. Autotrophic denitrifier bacteria was prepared from anoxic sludge of domestic wastewater treatment in south of Tehran. After adding macro and micro elements needed for bacteria, the operation of reactors started. All of examinations repeated for 3 times to validate data and the Statistics analysis of data done by SPSS program. Table.1.the operational status of reactorsDiscussion of results and conclusion:The results of this study have been shown in table no.2.In denitrification process with sulfur as electron donor, H+ ions produce and alkalinity consumed although it would be different in various sulfur components. In this study the alkalinity consumption in all reactors were comprised to each other. The results show that when the electron donor is sulfide and the mole ratio of NO-3 to sulfide is 8:5, alkalinity consumption rate is 1.39 mg/l as caco3 per mg/l removed nitrate as nitrogen. When the mole ratio of NO-3 to sulfide was 1:1 alkalinity consumption rate was 1.45 mg/l as caco3 per mg/l removed nitrate as nitrogen. These amounts are lower than the other energy sources. On the other hand when the electron donor is sulfide the alkalinity consumption is lower than other components of sulfur. As shown in table no.2 the added hardness when the elemental sulfur is electron donor is more than other two mentioned energy sources. Table.2. the results of hardness, alkalinity, sulfate and nitrate variations in autotrophic denitrification when sulfid was electron donor this addition was lower.There is a stoichiometry reaction about autotrophic denitrification that is shown below:NO3-+1.1S0+0.76H2O+0.4CO2+0.08NH4+ 0.5N2+1.1SO42-+1.28H++0.08C5H7O2According to this reaction when elemental sulfur is electron donor , the alkalinity consumption is 4.57 mg/l CaCO3 and the added sulfate is 7.54mg/l per mg/l removed nitrate as nitrogen. The results of this study show that alkalinity consumption in reactors series1 was 5 in series2 was 5.21 and in series 3 was 5.38 mg/l as caco3 per removed nitrate as nitrogen.sulfate addition in reactors series 1 was 8 in rectors series2 was 8.12 and in reactors series 3 was 8.46 mg/l as CaCO3 per removed nitrate as nitrogen. Statistics analyses of data show that there is not a significant difference between the stoichiometry amounts and the achieved data from this study.(P>0.05).There are some other stoichiometry reactions about alkalinity consumption with HS- and S2O3 2- are electron donor. These reactions are shown below:0.844 S2O32- + NO3- + 0.347 CO2 + 0.086 HCO3- + 0.086 NH4+ + 0.434 H2O→ 1.689 SO42- + 0.5 N2 + 0.086 C5H7O2N + 0.697 H+0.421 H2S + 0.421 HS- + NO3- + 0.346 CO2 + 0.086 HCO3- + 0.086 NH4+→ 0.842 SO42- + 0.5 N2 + 0.086 C5H7O2N + 0.434 H2O + 0.262 H+According to these reactions when the electron donor is hydrogen sulfide the alkalinity consumption is 0.93 mg/l as CaCO3 per removed nitrate as nitrogen and when thiosulfate is energy source this amount is 2.49 mg/l as CaCO3 per removed nitrate as nitrogen. Statistics analyses of data show that there is a significant difference between the stoichiometry amount and the achieved data from this study about sulfide (P<0.05) but there is not a significant difference between the stoichiometry amount and the achieved results about thiosulfate(P>0.05).The results of nitrate removing shows that in raectors seri 1 with elemental sulfure as electron donor the nitrate removal was complete.In rectors seri 2 with tiosulfate as electron donor the result was like.In other rectors with diffrent mole ratio the results were different so we can see the effect of mole ratio on autotrophic denitrification.Autotrophic denitrification seems to be an effective process for removal of nitrate from water.If the source of energy and mole ratio of nitrate to energy sourec be suitable the efficiency of process will be grate.In this study sulfid was the best source since the alkalinity consumption and hardness addition and nitrate removal percent all were acceptable.}, keywords = {water,Nitrate,autotrophic denitrification,alkalinity,hardness}, title_fa = {بررسی فرایند دنیتریفیکاسیون اتوتروف با منابع سولفوری متفاوت درحذف نیترات از آب}, abstract_fa = {برای حذف نیترات از آب روش‌های متفاوتی بکار گرفته می‌شود که از آن جمله روش‌های بیولوژیک می‌باشد .در بین روش‌های مقرون‌به‌صرفه بیولوژیک فرایند دنیتریفیکاسیون اتوتروف جایگاه ویژه‌ای دارد .در این فرایند از منابع متفاوت انرژی برای میکروارگانیسم‌های دنیتریفایر استفاده می‌شود که مهم‌ترین آن‌ها سولفور عنصری، سولفید و تیوسولفات است .مطالعه حاضر برای مقایسه این سه منبع انرژی در فرایند دنیتریفیکاسیون اتوتروف، طراحی و اجرا گردید .برای انجام مطالعه حاضر 9 راکتور ناپیوسته در سه دسته سه‌تایی به مدت 35 روز متوالی و در دمای 22 درجه سانتی‌گراد، مورد بهره‌برداری قرار گرفت . متغیرهای مطالعه عبارت‌اند از حذف نیترات، مصرف قلیاییت به ازای هر میلی‌گرم نیترات حذف‌شده برحسب نیتروژن، افزایش سختی، افزایش سولفات و نسبت مولی نیترات به منبع سولفوری .نتایج به‌دست‌آمده نشان می‌دهند که انتخاب نسبت مولی مناسب نیترات به منبع انرژی نقش مؤثری در حذف نیترات از آب دارد همچنین آنالیز آماری با نرم افزار SPSS و آزمون مقایسه میانگین ها نشان داد که نوع منبع انرژی و نسبت یادشده در فاکتورهای مصرف قلیاییت، تولید سختی و افزایش سولفات نیز مؤثر می‌باشند. استفاده از نسبت مولی نیترات به سولفور عنصری1/1:1 و نیترات به تیوسولفات 1:1/6 منجر به حذف کامل نیترات از آب شدند.}, keywords_fa = {water,Nitrate,autotrophic denitrification,alkalinity,hardness}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58737.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58737_6713166c60a82738b7db97eabe81fbf6.pdf} } @article { author = {Erfanian, Mahdi}, title = {Modeling the Effects of Land Use on Water Quality Parameters Using OLS and GWR Multivariate Regression Methods in Fars Province Watersheds}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {353-373}, year = {2016}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2016.58738}, abstract = {Extended AbstractIntroductionIn recent years, several studies around the world have shown that land use has a strong impact on water quality, and significant correlations exist between water quality parameters and land use types. Generally land use types have adverse impacts on water quality, so positive relationships exist between percentages of these land use types and concentrations of water pollutants. In other words, negative relationships are usually found between percentages of un-developed lands (e.g. forest and rangelands) and concentrations of water pollutants (good water quality). In contrast, higher percentages of these developed land use types are related to higher concentrations of water pollutants (worse water quality). The relationships between different land use types and different water quality parameters vary greatly, and a land use type might be positively associated with one water pollutant but negatively related to another. The relationships between water quality and land use are usually analyzed by conventional statistical methods such as Ordinary Least Squares regression (OLS). In recent years, a simple but powerful statistical method named Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) has been developed to explore the continuously varying relationships over space. Similar to OLS, GWR builds a model to analyze how one dependent variable changes in response to the change in one or more independent variables, and it can calculate a set of local regression results including local parameter estimates. This study applied the GWR technique to explore the spatially varying relationships between land use and water quality in 42 watersheds located in Fars Province, Iran. The main objective of this study is to explore how the relationships between land use and water quality indicators change over space over selected watersheds. Materials and MethodsThe present study was carried out in Fars Province, Iran, and water quality data from 1971 to 2011 were obtained from the water company authority in Fars. The water quality parameters consist of Ca, Cl, EC, CO3, HCO3, K, Mg, Na, PH, TH, SAR, SO4 and TDS. Seven land use types, including bare soils, rangelands, fallow, agricultural, Orchards, residential and forest lands, were selected in this study in this study. The land use map was created and validated by utilizing the Landsat TM images (12 frames in July 2010) based on the widely-used remote sensing technique known as the maximum likelihood method. The spatially varying relationships between land use and water quality indicators were analyzed using GWR. Water quality indicators were used as dependent variables, while land use indicators were independent variables. Because high correlations exist among the land use indicators, each GWR model used only one land use indicator to analyze its association with one water quality indicator. There were seven land use indicators and thirteen water quality indicators. Therefore, the relationships for 91 (13 times 7) pairs of water quality and land use indicators were analyzed by building 91 GWR models. GWR analyses were conducted using GWR4 software package. Afterwards, the local parameter estimates, the values of t-test on the local parameter estimates, and the local R2 values produced by the GWR models were mapped to give a clear visualization of the spatial variations in the relationships between land use and water quality, and the abilities of the land use indicators to explain water quality. All mappings and GIS analyses were performed using the ArcGIS 9.3. The OLS models are like the following: (1)Y represents the dependent variable, is the intercept, and is the coefficient and the independent variable, represents the error term, and p is the number of independent variables. The GWR model differs in that it incorporates the coordinates of each location “i” with a metric coordinates “u” and it is defined as: (2) The model GWR is calibrated using an exponential distance decay function: (3)The weight of site “j” as it effects site “I”, W is calculated using the distance (d) between sites “i” and “j” with selecting “b” as the bandwidth. The weight decreases rapidly when the kernel is smaller than the distance. For this study, an adaptive band was used because the density of sample sites varied across the study area. We used the Global Moran’s I statistics for the residuals of both OLS and GWR models to test spatial dependence (Autocorrelation). Global models assume that relationships between water quality and explanatory variables are the same across space. This is particularly problematic given the variation in land cover and multiple sources of pollutants. To evaluate two model performances, we utilized the coefficient of determination (R2) and the corrected Akaike’s Information Criterion (AICc). The purpose of comparing GWR with OLS models was to identify whether GWR models have better model performance than the corresponding OLS models. The comparison was performed by comparing the model R2 and the AICc values from both GWR and OLS models. A lower AICc indicates a closer approximation of the model to reality, lower AICc means better model performance. Results and DiscussionThe global R2 of GWR with comparison of R2 of OLS for each pair of dependent variable (water quality indicator) and independent variable (land use indicator) indicate that a dramatic improvement in R2 of GWR over OLS is observed for every pair of water quality and land use indicators. The R2 values in GWR in all watersheds were larger than 0.83 and the AICc for all water quality parameters were much smaller than the OLS models. The higher values of the global R2 from GWR than the R2 from OLS indicate the improvement in model performance of GWR over OLS. However, the statistical significances of the improvements need to be verified with AICc values. The statistical test results for improvement in model comparisons of the AICc value indicates a closer approximation of the model to reality. Thus, in this study, a GWR model is considered to be significantly improved from its corresponding OLS model if the AICc value of the GWR is at least three lower than that of the OLS and the F-test is significant at p-value < 0.05 level. The spatial maps of the GWR model parameters, reproduced for the study area in the ArcGIS 9.3 for EC and CL showed that rangeland, fallow lands, orchards and residential in the southeast, bare soil and agricultural lands in the north, and forest lands in the southwest of Fars Province, have the significant increasing impact on EC indicator values. Furthermore, bare soils, rangelands, fallow and forest regions in the west, agricultural areas in the southwest, orchards and residential areas in the south of this Province have decreasing impact on EC values. For the case of chloride (Cl), bare soils, rangelands, agricultural areas and forest in the north, orchards and fallow lands, in the southeast and residential zones in the east show a significant increase impact on this indicator. In addition, bare soils in the northwest, rangelands, fallow lands and forest in central zones, orchards and residential in the south, agricultural lands in the southwest of this province, have not significant increase on the chloride.ConclusionThis study examined the relationships between seven land use types (%) and thirteen water quality indicators using both OLS and GWR models in 42 watersheds of Fars Province, Iran. Most GWR models show great improvements of model performance over their corresponding OLS models, which is proved by F-test and the comparisons of model R2 and AICc from both GWR and OLS. Many GWR models also successfully reduce spatial autocorrelations examined by Moran's I statistics. The GWR models improved the reliabilities of the relationships between variables by reducing the spatial autocorrelations in residuals. The visualization of the GWR model local parameter estimates (Beta maps), and local R2 maps in ArcGIS, highlight the great spatial variations in the impacts of different land use types on different water quality indicators and help identify their spatial patterns.}, keywords = {Water quality,GWR,spatial Autocorrelation}, title_fa = {مدل سازی آثار کاربری اراضی روی پارامترهای کیفیت آب با روش های رگرسیونی چند متغیره OLS و GWRدر حوزه های آبخیز استان فارس}, abstract_fa = {در این تحقیق، مدل‌سازی اثرات انواع کاربری اراضی بر روی 13 پارامتر کیفیت آب اندازه گیری شده در 42 ایستگاه ‌هیدرومتری مربوط به تعدادی از حوزه‌های‌ آبخیز واقع در استان فارس، مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. بدین منظور، از روش‌های رگرسیونی چند متغیره خطی OLS و GWR برای تعیین روابط بین متغیرهای وابسته (پارامتر کیفیت آب) و متغیرهای مستقل (درصد کاربری اراضی) استفاده شد. پارامتر‌های کیفیت آب شامل کلسیم، کلر، هدایت الکتریکی، کربنات، بیکربنات، پتاسیم، منیزیم، سدیم، اسیدیته، سختی کل، نسبت جذب سدیم، سولفات و باقیمانده خشک بود. ارزیابی میزان کارایی مدل‌ها در حوزه‌های آبخیز انتخابی، بر اساس ضریب تعیین (R2)، معیار اطلاعات آکائیکه (AICc) و شاخص موران (I) انجام شد. مقادیر ضریب تعیین یا R2 در روش GWR در کلیه حوزه‌های آبخیز انتخابی، بزرگتر از 83/0 بدست آمد. تفاوت دو روش مذکور از نظر معیار AICc در تمام پارامترهای کیفیت آب، بیشتر از سه و مقادیر این معیار در روش GWR همواره کوچکتر از OLS بدست آمد. همچنین شاخص موران میزان خود همبستگی مکانی کمتری نسبت به روش OLS نشان داد. نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که روش GWR در مدل‌سازی اثرات کاربری اراضی روی پارامترهای کیفیت آب، از کارایی بالاتری برخوردار است.}, keywords_fa = {Water quality,GWR,spatial Autocorrelation}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58738.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58738_3ec701a822a32079d8c04951f5d517a5.pdf} } @article { author = {Gholampour Arbastan, Houman and Gitipour, Saeid and Abdoli, Mohammad Ali and Kardgar, Milad}, title = {Assessment of the Effects of Concentration and Temperature of 3-mercaptopropionic acid on Remediation of Mercury and Chromium, From Contaminated Soil using Soil Washing Technique (Case Study: Tehran Oil Refinery Site (TOR))}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {375-385}, year = {2016}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2016.58739}, abstract = {IntroductionThe expanding production of fuels, drugs, fertilizers, chemicals, and hazardous materials has caused considerable environmental contaminations. The contamination of soil and groundwater with petroleum hydrocarbon-based fuels as a result of accidental spills or improper storage has been reported frequently. Iran is seriously facing soil contamination problem, due to owning 8.58% of the global oil fields; generating 35 million tons of petrochemical products; and having more than 20 000 km of pipelines. The extraction of 1 kg of crude oil usually generates 10–20 g of waste residues Petroleum refineries are burdened with the problem of handling large sludge quantities. It is estimated that more than 28,000 tons of petroleum oily sludge are being generated each year from each petroleum refinery. This oily sludge is recognized as hazardous waste under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Since the early 1970s leaks from evaporation ponds, storage tanks and under- ground pipelines at the Tehran Oil Refinery (TOR), which is located in the Shahre-Ray district, south of Tehran, Iran, were the major sources of soil and groundwater pollution in the area. For many years, wastes contaminated with chromium and mercury from the TOR site have contaminated the area, thus causing the pollution of soil, air and groundwater in the region. Heavy metals have toxic characteristics, and due to their non-degradability and persistency, they impose adverse effects on humans and ecosystems. The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) consider mercury and chromium among the 100 most dangerous toxic substances .Furthermore, the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) lists these metals as toxic metals, while their concentration in soil leachates should not exceed 0.2 and 5 ppm, respectively. Chromium is also the 21st most abundant element in the Earth’s crust with an average concentration of 100 ppm. Chromium damages the kidneys the liver and blood cells through oxidation reactions When reaches the blood stream. Contact with products containing chromates can lead to allergic contact dermatitis and irritant dermatitis, resulting in ulceration of the skin. In addition to these sorts of effects, the carcinogenicity of chromate dust has been proved since 1980 when the first publication described the increasing cancer risk of workers in a chromate dye company.Mercury (Hg) is a silvery liquid metal. The primary source of Hg is a sulfide ore called cinnabar (HgS). Although Hg usually obtained as the by-product of processing complex ores which contains mixed sulfides, chloride, oxides and minerals, it could occur as the principal ore product.Mercury can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes. Mercury vapors can also be inhaled. Accordingly, containers of mercury are extremely sealed to avoid any spill and evaporation. In order to avoid exposure to mercury vapor, heating of mercury or decomposable compounds of it is always carried out with adequate ventilation.Soil washing is a combination of using liquids (usually water, occasionally combined with solvents) and mechanical processes to scrub soils. “Solvents are selected on the basis of their ability to solubilize specific contaminants, and on their environmental and health effects.” The soil washing process separates fine soil (clay, silt, etc) from coarse soil (sand and gravel). Since hydrocarbon contaminants tend to bind to fine soil particles (mainly clay and silt), separating the smaller particles from the larger ones decreases the volume of contaminated soil. The smaller volume of soil, which contains the majority of clay and silt particles, can be further treated by other methods, such as incineration or bioremediation, or disposed in according to federal regulations. The clean, considerable volume of soil is seemed to be non-toxic and can be used as backfill. Generally, semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), petroleum and fuel residuals, heavy metals, PCBs, PAHs, and pesticides are the target contaminant groups for soil washing. This technology lets the recovery of metals and it can purify a wide range of organic and inorganic contaminants from coarse-grained soils. because of reducing the quantity of material which would require further treatment, soil washing is cost-effective compare to other technologies. Materials & MethodsIn this paper, 3-mercaptopropionic acid reagent was used for soil washing of the samples. Brief description of this reagent is as follows:• 3-Mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), HSCH 2CH 2COOH, is used in a variety of applications. The MPA itself is used as cocatalyst in the manufacture of Bisphenol A, which is a key raw material in Polycarbonate production. MPA enhances the process efficiency.Reagents preparationA 250-mL solution of 3-mercaptopropionic acid with the concentration of 1.22 kg/L was prepared in the laboratory for testing of the samples. This solution was used as the main washing reagent to evaluate the contaminants removal efficiency under various temperature and concentration conditions.Washing procedureTwenty grams of contaminated soil were placed in a 600-mL beaker and 400 mL of reagents solution were added to the sample (1-20 is TCLP ratio). The soil was mixed with the designated washing solution using Jar test equipment for 4 hours at the rotational rate of 250 rpm.Temperature effectsTo obtain the effects of temperature on contaminants removal efficiencies, three washing solutions were made at 25, 35 and 45°C (respectively named T1, T2, and T3). To maintain the desired testing temperatures, the samples were kept in different water baths during the washing procedure.Concentration effectsTo evaluate effects of solutions concentration on the soil washing efficiency 4 different concentrations of 3-mercaptopropionic acid solutions (0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 normal) were prepared.Extraction methodU.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) METHOD 3050B was applied to digest soil samples for ICM-MS tests. This method has been written to provide two separate digestion procedures, one for the preparation of sediments, sludge, and soil samples for analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FLAA) or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and one for the preparation of sediments, sludge, and soil samples for analysis of samples by Graphite Furnace AA (GFAA) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).The average values of 155.7 and 27.2 ppm, respectively were used as the concentrations of chromium and mercury in raw soil samples of Tehran oil refinery contaminated site throughout this paper.Discussion of ResultsEffects of solutions concentration on mercury removal efficiencyThe removal efficiencies of the contaminants were 67.88, 73.39, 81.57, and 84.53% at 0.05, 0.15, 0.1 and 0.2 N concentrations of 3-mercaptopropionic acid solution, respectively.Effects of solutions temperature on mercury removal efficiencyBy using 3-mercaptopropionic acid in 4 different concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2N) the removal efficiencies of mercury were measured to be 71.31, 79.12, 84.94, and 86.98% at 35°C and to be 75.15, 83.44, 86.79, and 87.90% at 45°C, respectively.Effects of solutions concentration on chromium removal efficiencyThe average amounts of chromium removals corresponding to 0.05 N and 0.2 M 3-mercaptopropionic acid solutions at 25°C were in the order of 51.37%, and 63.45%, respectively.Effects of solutions temperature on chromium removal efficiencyBy using 3-mercaptopropionic acid in 4 different concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2N) the removal efficiencies of chromium were reported to be 52.35, 53.98, 57.89, and 67.63% at 35°C and to be 55.11, 57.89, 62.76, and 75.21% at 45°C, respectively.ConclusionsThe outcomes illustrate that the highest mercury and chromium removal efficiencies from the sludge samples achieved by using 0.2 N 3-mercaptopropionic acid solution at 45°C (87.90% and 75.21% respectively) Furthermore, by using 0.2 N 3-mercaptopropionic acid solution at 25 °C, %84.53 of Mercury and %63.45 of Chromium were extracted.}, keywords = {Mercury,chromium,Soil washing,3-mercaptopropionic acid}, title_fa = {بررسی تأثیر دما و غلظت محلول 3-مرکاپتوپروپانوئیک اسید در درصد حذف آلاینده‌های جیوه و کروم از خاک آلوده به روش خاکشویی (مطالعه موردی: محدوده پالایشگاه نفت تهران)}, abstract_fa = {از ابتدای دهه 1350 شمسی نشت مواد نفتی از استخرهای تبخیر، مخازن ذخیره و لوله‌های زیرزمینی در پالایشگاه نفت تهران که در شهر ری واقع شده است، باعث ایجاد آلودگی‌های گسترده خاک و آب‌های زیر‌زمینی این ناحیه گشته‌ است.با انجام نمونه‌گیری و تعیین غلظت‌های فلزات سنگین جیوه و کروم در نمونه‌های خاک منطقه مشخص گردید که میزان این فلزات از حدود مجاز فراتر بوده و انجام تحقیقات جهت انتخاب روشی مناسب به منظور پالایش خاک این منطقه ضروری به نظر می‌رسد. هدف این تحقیق، بررسی تأثیر میزان غلظت و دمای محلول 3-مرکاپتوپروپانوئیک اسید بر درصد حذف فلزات جیوه و کروم از خاک آلوده محدوده پالایشگاه نفت تهران به روش خاکشویی می‌باشد. جهت تعیین تأثیر میزان این دو پارامتر بر بازده حذف فلزات، نمونه‌ها توسط محلول 3-مرکاپتوپروپانوئیک با غلظت‌های 0/05، 0/1، 0/15 و 0/2 نرمال در دماهای 25، 35 و 45 درجه سانتی‌گراد مورد شستشو قرار گرفته است. نتایج بدست آمده از آزمایشات نشان می‌دهد، بیشینه بازده حذف جیوه و کروم با اعمال غلظت 0/2 نرمال محلول شستشو در دمای 45 درجه سانتی‌گراد به ترتیب برابر87/90% و75/21% و با اعمال غلظت 0/2 نرمال محلول شستشو در دمای 25 درجه سانتی گراد به ترتیب برابر 84/53 و 63/45 درصد بوده است.}, keywords_fa = {Mercury,chromium,Soil washing,3-mercaptopropionic acid}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58739.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58739_368d49c332d02ea6cf08f0a52db6be1e.pdf} } @article { author = {Hosseinzadeh, Majid and nayeb, hossein}, title = {A Pilot Study for Evaluation of Membrane Bioreactor for Advanced Treatment of Industrial Effluents and Reverse Osmosis Pretreatment}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {387-396}, year = {2016}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2016.58740}, abstract = {IntroductionCurrently, treated industrial wastewater is discharged to the environment in most industrial towns in Iran. It is, however, a potential water resource for produce industrial process water. For reach this reuse application, further treatment would be needed. Nowadays membrane separation processes are becoming quite popular in wastewater treatment and reclamation, since they combine process stability with an excellent effluent quality. One of this membrane processes for water reuse and reclamation is using reverse osmosis (RO) that is increasingly being used in all over the world. RO relies on pressure differential to force a solution (usually water) through a membrane that retains the solute on one side and allows the pure solvent to pass to the other side.MBR is a process in which conventional biological system is coupled with the membrane process (microfiltration, MF or ultrafiltration, UF). Due to the shortage of water resources in the Shokouhieh industrial town (located in Qom province, Iran) reclamation and reuse of industrial wastewater treatment plant effluent using RO modules were put on the agenda. Effluents of this WWTP were not being adequately treated by biological treatment and there are biodegradable organic matters in effluent of wastewater treatment plant. This research has focused on the evaluation of the pilot scale operation and monitor of an MBR system to advance treatment of an industrial wastewater in order to produce water with appreciate quality as RO feed water. In other words this study has discussed the feasibility of RO pretreatment for water reuse from industrial wastewater treatment effluent (before disinfection) with operation of a MBR pilot. The removal of certain pollution parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids (SS) were monitored and Silt Density Index (SDI) analyses were performed on the MBR effluents to determine the fouling potential of MBR effluent as RO influent.Materials and methodsActual wastewater used in this study was taken from an industrial wastewater treatment plant of Shokouhieh, Qom, Iran. This plant receives and treats the wastewater from different factories such as welding, dairy, beverage, metal finishing, … Due to poor design this existing treatment system is not effective in removing the all organic load of influent wastewater. So there is significant amount of biodegradable organic matters in effluent. The wastewater samples as MBR feed wastewater were collected from outlet of sand filters in plastic containers and were delivered to the laboratory where pilot is operated there. Continuous operation of a pilot scale ultrafiltration membrane bioreactor system was carried out in this study. The bioreactor was made of Plexiglass with total volume of 32 liters. A flat sheet membrane ultrafilter was placed in the center of bioreactor. Membrane operated at a constant flow rate of 4 L/hr using a prestaltic pump. Air blower was used to provide required sufficient air during operating the MBR. Also pilot was equipped with control instruments for measuring temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and wastewater level.Membrane bioreactor was operated continuously, corresponding to an 8-hour hydraulic retention time (HRT) and the duration of operation was 30 days. Prior to use, membrane was washed with tap water until a steady pure water permeate flux was obtained. The MLSS temperature in the bioreactor was kept constant at 22–27 °C. Transmembrane pressure (TMP) was continuously recorded using an analogue pressure gage. Chemical cleaning of the membrane module was not carried out during the operation. No biomass was initially removed from the reactor to allow the biomass concentration build up in the system to about 2000 mg/L. After that Daily withdrawal of mixed liquor was conducted from the reactor in order to maintain the predetermined SRT (25 day) and to control an excessive increase of organic matter and solid concentrations in the bioreactor. Most analytical techniques used in this research followed the standard methods described by APHA. Data in this paper was averaged by at least 2 experiment results at each processResults and discussionDuring this study, it was detected that the MBR had MLSS in the range of 1600–2300 mg/L. Because of the extend order of magnitudes of the concentration values, the concentration measurements are plotted on a logarithmic scale. Results shows excellent solids separation achieved by the UF membrane. Removal of SS reached greater than 98% resulting in the MBR permeate with SS levels below 3 mg/L. Also as can be seen from results, the inlet COD varied from 178 to 320 with the average COD concentration of the influent 220 mg/L whereas COD concentration in Effluent varied between 41 and 51 and Average elimination rate was higher than 75%. It means MBR system produced excellent removal of organic constituents and it was capable of achieving a high removal of COD and can effectively decrease the COD. Some previous studies reported more than 90% of COD removal which is higher than results of this study. Lower COD removal in this study may relate to less organic material concentration in this bioreactor.For investigation of membrane fouling, the change of TMP with time in the MBR was monitored. TMP increased and went up slowly in exponential manner due to the fouling of the UF membrane. TMP reached 58 kPa on the 13th day of operation which was the fastest fouled MBR. In this stage particle, colloidal, biological and organic matters rapidly accumulated onto the membrane, and formed a cake which was probably compressible, leading to a rapid increase in the TMP. Some of these foulants are easily removed through physical wash by water, thus called reversible fouling. There is another fouling that is not readily removable from the membrane surface and requires use of chemical cleaning. As was mentioned before, for remove fouling in this study membrane was soaked in a 250 mg/L NaOCl solution and afterwards with 4000 mg/L citric acid solution for at least 4 hours. Then membrane was cleaned with tap water. However, it still remains a bit clogging of the membrane pores that are not washed away and caused pore blocking. During operation of MBR and several cleaning of membrane, pore blocking increases. Thus, as was shown, the time interval between the membrane washing is reduced during operation and cleaning of membrane repeats in a shorter duration (10 and 7 days).As mentioned before, if RO process feed directly with filtrate wastewater without any pre-treatment it will show a significant increase in process pressure. In this study, the permeate SDI was below 3 for most of the time, although there was a slight increase and fluctuation during the testing periods. The average measured value was 2.21, with the tendency to increase with increasing duration of operation. Conclusion In this study, we presented the possibility and applicability of MBR for RO pretreatment and reclaim effluent in an industrial wastewater treatment plant. The MBR pilot was evaluated in terms of effluent quality. In general, it can be concluded that MBR can produce high permeate quality and is capable to be a very efficient method for RO pretreatment. Product permeate from MBR with average SDI less than 3 indicate that by using MBR pretreatment for RO system, it can be anticipated that the rate of membrane fouling reduce and the life of RO membrane modules extend. Also effluent water from the MBR has a high quality according to SS and COD removal during operation.}, keywords = {membrane bioreactor,reverse osmosis,silt density index,wastewater reuse}, title_fa = {مطالعه پایلوتی برای بررسی کارایی بیوراکتور غشایی در تصفیه پیشرفته پساب صنعتی برای پیش تصفیه اسمز معکوس}, abstract_fa = {در تصفیه پیشرفته پساب ‌های خروجی از تصفیه‌ خانه فاضلاب شهری و صنعتی توسط فرآیند اسمز معکوس، به دلیل حساسیت بالای غشاء به انواع مختلف ناخالصی های آلی و غیر آلی و برای محاظت از غشا و جلوگیری از گرفتگی‌های زود هنگام و افزایش طول عمر آن، بکارگیری پیش‌تصفیه مناسب ضروری است. در این تحقیق کارایی بیوراکتور غشایی به عنوان پیش تصفیه واحد اسمز معکوس جهت استفاده مجدد از پساب تصفیه خانه فاضلاب صنعتی بررسی شده است. ارزیابی کیفیت آب خروجی از بیوراکتور غشایی بر اساس شاخص های میزان مواد معلق و اکسیژن مورد نیاز شیمیایی انجام شد. همچنین از شاخص گرفتگی فیلترهای اسمز‌معکوس جهت بررسی پتانسیل ایجاد گرفتگی برای آب ورودی به اسمز معکوس استفاده گردید. نتایج نشان می دهدکه آب خروجی فرآیند بیوراکتور غشایی جهت استفاده در واحد اسمز معکوس به دلیل حذف بیش از 98 درصد از مواد معلق و نیز 75 درصد از اکسیژن مورد نیاز شیمیایی دارای کیفیت بالا بوده و نیز با توجه به کمتر بودن شاخص گرفتگی از 3، می تواند بعنوان خوراک ورودی وارد واحد اسمز‌ معکوس شود. نتایج این تحقیق نشان دهنده آن است که پایلوت بیوراکتور غشایی به عنوان یک سیستم پیش تصفیه مناسب برای واحد اسمز معکوس عمل می‌کند.}, keywords_fa = {membrane bioreactor,reverse osmosis,silt density index,wastewater reuse}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58740.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58740_800c35d4a171987ae8a70570dd82f5bf.pdf} } @article { author = {Ghane, Alireza}, title = {Application of Backward Probability Method in Pollutant Source Tracking in Non-Uniform Flow Rivers}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {397-410}, year = {2016}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2016.58742}, abstract = {Application of Backward Probability Method in Pollutant Source Tracking in Non-Uniform Flow RiversAlireza GhaneM.Sc. Student of Water Structures, Tarbiat Modares University, TehranMehdi Mazaheri Assistant Prof., Department of Water Structures, Tarbiat Modares University, TehranJamal Mohammad Vali SamaniProfessor, Department of Water Structures, Tarbiat Modares University, TehranIntroductionRivers are very vulnerable to the chemical pollutions that were released from industries and agriculture. Contaminants are suddenly interned into rivers. So the location of contaminant that was released to the river should be identified quickly to control and decrease the pollution and determine responsibility, If the location or the release time of contaminants are unknown, in order to determine the location or the release time, it needs to use the backward model in both location and time. Backward probability method is one of the backward models that able to determine the location and the release time of the contaminant. Identification of contaminant sources is faced to the two parameter, the first one is the location of contaminant and the second one is the release time. Accordingly, the identification problem is illustrated with two kind of probability concept. Backward location and backward travel time probability are the two different way to identify the location and the release time of the contaminant source. Backward location probability determines the location of the contaminant source based on the assumption that the release time is known. In contrast, backward travel time probability gives the information about the release time based on the assumption that the source location is known. The ability of this model has been proven in groundwater, but it used less in surface water. Therefore, the main goal of this study is application of this model to identify the location and the release time in non-uniform and steady state rivers. Governing Equations of Backward Probability MethodGoverning equation for mass transport in non-uniform and unsteady rivers is advection-dispersion equation (ADE). Upstream boundary condition in the ADE is the third type and downstream boundary will be the first type. Adjoint analysis is an efficient approach for sensitive analysis. In common, sensitive analysis approach we need to run the model more and more, but adjoint equation is solved once and the results are used for sensitive analysis. This equation is used as Backward Probability Method. So, the governing equation for Backward Probability Method is adjoint equation. Adjoint equation is similar to the ADE, and it will be:(1) is the adjoint state, is the backward time and is the source term. Source term is different in both kind of Backward Probabilities. Dirac Delta Function approximates source term. It can be utilized as an initial condition. Boundary condition for adjoint equation is shown in equation 2: (2)Adjoint equation governs on both Travel Time and Location Probability, but the source term make a difference between Backward Travel Time Probability and Backward Location Probability. The source term is determined based on the type of the probability. After one time simulation both Backward Probabilities can be obtained. Backward SimulationA numerical code was developed to compute the backward probabilities based on adjoint equation. The control volume method based on explicit scheme is utilized for the numerical code. In this study first, we utilized the backward code with exist analytical solution for a uniform canal. Therefore, we reached an accommodation between analytical solution and Backward Probabilities Solution. After verifying the model, it was used for a hypothetical non-uniform river. To compute hydraulic parameters of the river we need a hydrodynamic model. So a standard step method was used to compute the hydraulic parameters. So, the backward model inputs are outputs of the hydrodynamic model with a modification on flow field. For using hydrodynamic results in the backward model the flow field is reversed. Three release points were assumed in non-uniform. These are 500 m, 10 km and 20 km from observation point. We used a forward explicit method to compute the arrival time of the contaminants to the observation point at x=0. Then, it will identify the release time and the location of the contaminant by using the backward probability model. The model was ran for 40000 s. we show both PDF and CDF figure for the backward location and the travel time probability.ResultsThe model was verified with analytical solution. It was applied for a rectangular canal with constant velocity. The length of the canal was 8 km. the contaminant was released at 5km from detection point. It took 10000 s to arrive to the detection point. We verified both the Backward Travel Time Probability and the Backward Location Probability. Figure1: Verification of Backward Travel Time ProbabilityThe model predicted the release time of the contaminant very well. The most percentage of the backward location probability is at the 1000 point. So the release time of contaminant is 1000 s.The model has been tested in a non-uniform river. The contaminant was released contaminant from 3 different points, to test the ability of the model. Here we just show the second point (10 km). Figure2: Pollutant Released from 10kmContaminant arrive to detection point in 4.2 hr. Figure3: Backward Location Probability in 4.2 hrThe model predict the source of the contaminant very well. Therefore, the most percentage of backward probability is at the 10 km. So, the source of contaminant is 1000 s.ConclusionIn the past researches, backward probability method has been used less in surface water. But in the present paper, the backward probability method was used in non-uniform and Steady State River. According to the results backward probability method is able to apply for the non-uniform and steady state rivers. This method is able to identify the location and the release time only by one simulation. The accuracy of the model depends on the condition of rivers. The accuracy is high in uniform rivers, but it decreases in non-uniform rivers. So, this method is fast, since it does not need to run several times. Finally, it is suggested that this model test in non-uniform and unsteady rivers. Key Word: Identification of Contaminant Sources, Backward Probability Model, Adjoint- Analysis, Non-uniform Rivers}, keywords = {Identification of Contaminant Sources,Backward Probability Model,Adjoint Analysis,Non-uniform Rivers}, title_fa = {کاربرد مدل احتمال برگشتی در ردیابی منبع آلاینده در رودخانه در شرایط وجود جریان غیر یکنواخت}, abstract_fa = {معمولا آلاینده‌ها به صورت ناگهانی و نامحسوس در رودخانه‌ها تخلیه می‌شوند. بمنظور کاهش خسارات وارده نیاز است هرچه سریع‌تر مکان و زمان ورود آلاینده مشخص شود. به‌ همین منظور می‌بایست از مدل‌های بازگشتی در زمان و مکان استفاده شود.‌ مدل احتمال برگشتی یکی از مدل‌های تشخیص مکان و زمان رهاسازی آلاینده است. تشخیص منبع آلاینده با دو پارامتر مکان و زمان رهاسازی روبه‌رو است. بر همین اساس در مدل برگشتی احتمالی دو نوع احتمال معرفی می‌شود: 1- احتمال برگشتی زمان پیمایش آلاینده 2- احتمال برگشتی مکان. از آنجایی که کاربرد این روش در آب‌های سطحی کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است، لذا مهم‌ترین هدف این پژوهش کاربرد مدل احتمال برگشتی در تشخیص منابع آلاینده در رودخانه با شرایط غیر یکنواخت و ماندگار است. مدل حاضر بر اساس آنالیز الحاقی برای کاربرد در رودخانه‌ای با شرایط عمومی توسعه داده شده است. در مرحله‌ی اول مدل با استفاده از اطلاعات یک رودخانه فرضی با شرایط ثابت صحت سنجی شده است. در بخش دوم مدل برای رودخانه‌ای با وجود شرایط غیریکنواخت بکار گرفته شده است. نتایج حاصل از مدل نشان می‌دهد، که مدل به خوبی قادر به پیش‌بینی مکان و زمان رها سازی آلاینده در یک رودخانه با شرایط غیریکنواخت و ماندگار است.}, keywords_fa = {Identification of Contaminant Sources,Backward Probability Model,Adjoint Analysis,Non-uniform Rivers}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58742.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58742_4b6149aee5e42373daab4452f47179ab.pdf} } @article { author = {Abdollahzadeh, Zahra and Sepehr, Adel}, title = {Application of dilation mathematical morphology algorithm to detect transition zone of ecosystem}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {411-426}, year = {2016}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2016.58743}, abstract = {IntroductionAccording to the regime shift and extension of the desert boundary in last decades, it is important to identifying of transition zones, which are the most likely area to crossing over into the desert state in arid ecosystems. Shifts in relationships between climatic variables especially soil moisture and productivity relationships are not easily traced, mainly because the responses of biological processes to variation in rainfall and soil moisture are characterized by several temporal and spatial scales. Between-seasons differences in magnitude and frequency of rainfall events, and in seasonal rainfall amounts and distribution, add to the difficulties in defining threshold values of ecosystem responses to changes in rainfall characteristics. Thus, detection of changes in ecosystem productivity should be established through a long-term study. This is especially true in the case of annual vegetation, which exhibits no carry-over effects from previous seasons, i.e., the productivity of each growing season reflects only that specific season’s weather conditions. The impact of changes in climatic conditions on productivity is, therefore, complex and combines the effects of several driving factors. Identifying and mapping such thresholds is difficult because of the high diversity of vegetation, soil and bare rock patterns and ecogeomorphic instabilities in these regions. Embedded recovery and erodibility potentials in these patterns convert together by erosion vegetated and dilation of complementary phase or conversely. The adjacency of ecological (vegetation) and morphologic (soil and rocks) parameters in transition zones is illustrative high potential to cross over into an irreversible threshold. Therefore, early detection of transition zones can be effective in controlling and preventing of desert borders extension. For this purpose, application of mathematical morphological algorithm like dilation provides the tools for implementing spatial domination of this patterns. The application of morphological analysis is a new technique in environmental sciences spatially in Iran and one of the most basic morphological operations is dilation. Dilation algorithms effects on shape and structure of a feature and adds pixels to the boundaries of features in an image. It performances in binary images. In a morphological algorithm such as Dilation, the value of each pixel in the output image is based on a comparison of the corresponding pixel in the input image with its neighbors. By choosing the size and shape of the structure element, it is possible to construct a morphological operation that is sensitive to specific shapes in the input image. We assessed the application of dilation algorithm to detection of transition zones in part of Khorasan Razavi province. Materials and methodsIn this research, we applied a mathematical morphological algorithm to detection of the transition zone between arid and semi-arid regions in the part of Khorasan Razavi province, because of an altitude and climatic gradient. The altitude difference in this region is more than 800 m from the west to the southeast which effects on rainfall fluctuation about 200 mm through this gradient. As a result, vegetation covers as an ecological stabilizing factor is under the influence of such gradient. An image processing was applied for detecting desert areas based spatial differences and geomorphic properties considering lithology, soil and vegetation relationships. The required data in this survey was surface reflectance images of MODIS for June 2004. These data sets are known as "MOD 09 Surface Reflectance 8-day L3 global" product with spatial resolutions 500 m and are computed from the MODIS Level 1B land bands 1,2,3,4,5,6, and 7 (centered at 648 nm, 858 nm, 470 nm, 555 nm, 1240 nm, 1640 nm, and 2130 nm, respectively). The product is an estimate of the surface spectral reflectance for each band as it would have been measured at ground level if there were no atmospheric scattering or absorption. In the first step, binary images as inputs for implementing of dilation algorithm was obtained by implementing of spectral angle mapper algorithm for spectral un-mixing on surface reflectance images. In this step, it was necessary to determine surface conditions as a function of the relative cover of vegetation, bare soil, and rocks. Radiometric and geometric enhancements were applied before image classification and processing. However, in order to the accessibility of normal state of ecological conditions, the monthly image of June was produced by using a weighted average. Such parameterization may be obtained by using a spectral angle mapper (SAM), which classifies pixels based on the spectral distance between the pixel integrated reflectance and the representative spectra of these three surface cover types. The morphological algorithm of dilation was performed by laying the structuring element on the image. Since the size and shape of structuring element (kernel) are important in morphological operations, in the second step, choosing a proper structuring elements was required for implementing dilation technique. So, three kinds of 3×3 kernels of two-dimensions were examined and the most appropriate kernel was chosen for this purpose. Where the origin of the structuring element coincided with a pixel with 1 value (60 in this research), there was no change and moved to the next pixel. But where the origin coincided with a pixel with 0 value, made black all pixels from the image covered by the structuring element. Finally, the fringes of dilated phases were extracted by subtracting the dilated cover fractions from the main image. Transition zones are then identified as boundaries between erodible and recovery area by a combination of two dilated layers. Results and DiscussionIn result of implementing of the spectral algorithm, the surface conditions were determined as a function of the relative cover of bare soil and rocks, and green shrubs. In this context, we have two complementary phases of vegetation and bare soil and rocks, which recovery potential concerns the domination of shrub and other green vegetation and erodibility refers to the domination of bare soil and rock surfaces. Bare soil fraction and shrub cover change inversely along the altitude and climatic gradient in the case study. Implementing of dilation by a structuring elements of two dimensions which all of the elements involves 1 value, provided a proper covers which surrounded of each pixel completely. The implementing morphological algorithm of dilation on both cover types by a 3*3 kernel resulted in a significant extension of cores of maximal cover proportions. In the other words, the operation of dilation set the maximum value of all pixels in the input pixel's neighborhood for the value of the output pixel which in this study the maximum value was 60 (or 1). Subtracting the dilated cover fraction revealed a most distinctive narrow boundary zone characterized by the convergence of differences between the inverse extension potentials of shrubs and bare rock cover. The results have proved that there is a significant variation in shrub and soil fraction distribution along these climatic gradients. ConclusionIn this research, a new methodology was developed for mentioned approach based on the analysis of potential inverse trends of erosion and recovery embedded in heterogeneous patterns of vegetation, soil and rocks cover in transition zones. Also, we hypothesized that this heterogeneity in itself contains important information regarding the formation of desert thresholds in transition zones. This information includes the mutual trends of inverse recovery and erodibility potentials in spatial patterns. The methodology applies spectral mixing analysis to map surface conditions and uses mathematical morphology algorithms of dilation to detection of transition zones, where two complementary phases are located adjacent each other. Accordingly, we could separate area with a high rate of erodibility potentials into the southeast of the case study. Although, the desert boundary were detected, but the result indicates an expansion of desert boundary into the North West. The new methodology has proved application of morphological algorithms in the detection of arid ecosystems fringe. Also, it may be implemented in wide regions of semi-arid to arid transitions, providing information that is instrumental in identifying eco-geomorphic changes under global climate change and changes in human disturbance regimes.}, keywords = {Mathematical morphology,Dilation Algorithm,Transition zone,Kernel,Desert borders}, title_fa = {کاربرد الگوریتم مورفولوژی ریاضی اتساع در آشکارسازی مناطق گذر اکوسیستم}, abstract_fa = {در مطالعات زیست‌محیطی، آشکارسازی تغییرات اکوسیستمی یا تعیین مناطق گذر حد واسط دو وضعیت متفاوت، با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای و الگوریتم‌های مختلفی که در فرآیند پیش یا پس‌پردازش بر روی تصاویر اعمال می‌شود امکان‌پذیر است. از آن جمله می‌توان به الگوریتم‌های مورفولوژی ریاضی اشاره نمود. پردازش‌های مورفولوژیک یکی از مهمترین تکنیک‌های آنالیز و بررسی عوارض و پدیده‌های موجود در تصویر به‌حساب می‌آیند و از کاربردهای آن می‌توان به آشکارسازی لبه‌ها یا مرزها اشاره کرد. از مهمترین این پردازش‌ها می‌توان به عملگر پایه اتساع اشاره نمود. پیاده‌سازی این الگوریتم‌ مورفولوژیک نیازمند یک تصویر باینری و استفاده از یک عنصر ساختاری مناسب است. در این پژوهش با کاربرد الگوریتم‌ طبقه‌بندی طیفی بر روی تصویر سنجنده مودیس اقدام به تولید یک تصویر باینری شده که دارای دو بخش می‌باشد. مناطق دارای پوشش گیاهی که متعلق به منطقه غیر بیابانی و بخش دیگر شامل مناطق خاکی و سنگی بدون پوشش که معرف مناطق بیابانی هستند. پس از آن با پیاده‌سازی مجزای الگوریتم اتساع بر روی دو فاز مکمل (بخش دارای پوشش و بخش بدون پوشش)، به تحلیل تصویر اولیه بر اساس مرزهای متسع شده در نتیجه فرآیند اتساع پرداخته شد و کاربرد الگوریتم اتساع در آشکارسازی لبه‌ها یا مرزهای اکوسیستم بیابانی ارزیابی گردید.}, keywords_fa = {Mathematical morphology,Dilation Algorithm,Transition zone,Kernel,Desert borders}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58743.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58743_4206145493dcaebb9f49bf18b7928e59.pdf} } @article { author = {}, title = {Application of Logistic Regression in Landscape Aesthetic Quality Modelling (Case study: Ziarat watershed of Golestan Province)}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {427-439}, year = {2016}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2016.58744}, abstract = {IntroductionMain trend of ecotourism is nature and its beauties; so finding the beautiful landscapes and evaluating aesthetic values of the area would be considered as one of the principles of recreational planning. Scenic beauty is a major component of every encounter with the natural environment in tourism and recreation activities. Visual elements of landscape not only present aesthetical values but also verify the mutual relationships of these values in cultural, economic and biological dimensions. The perceived aesthetic value of landscape is beyond identifying processes of physical and biological signs on the landscape and virtually is a perceptional process originated from visual aesthetic exchanges between the observer and geographic space. This perception is a process through which sensory information can be detected and classified into meaningful structures. The aesthetic appreciation of a landscape as it is perceived by humans has been a subject of theory development in various disciplines. With the development of land use planning, and its requirement for environmental data on which to base land use decisions, came an increased desire to elaborate valid means to quantify the scenic characteristics of landscapes. Due to the fact that visual sense has the highest amount of influence on the quality of individuals’ recreational experience, visual quality assessment seems to be essential. Integration of GIS beside field surveys has provided more sophisticated decision support tools for solving complex management problems such as evaluating the scenic value considered as a non-quantifiable source in the recent past. Most studies have been conducted to assess the landscape visual quality in Iran is based on subjective approach and there is no references about objective assessment. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the visual quality of landscapes to single out more valuable landscapes.Materials and methodSince the main trend of ecotourism is nature and its beauties so finding beautiful landscapes and evaluating aesthetic values of the area would be considered as one of the principles of recreational planning. Special geographic position, climate diversity, special topographic and geomorphologic statuses are considered as unique potentials of ecotourism. Given that, Ziarat watershed which is one of the tourism poles of the Golestan province in Iran and comprises the above mentioned characteristics was selected as the study area to assess and model the aesthetic value of its walking tracks using an objective approach as it named logistic regression method.Regression model is a statistical model which explained the relationship between a phenomenon (the dependent variable) and some of its elements (independent variables) based on a defined set of observed data. Logistic regression model is a special type of regression model which independent variable in it is Boolean and attaches only zero or one. The main assumption of regression logistic is that the possibility of which the dependent variable attaches the one score (a positive response) is followed by a logistic curve and this amount would be calculated using the equation (1):Equation (1): p(Y=1/X)=(exp∑▒BX)/(1+exp∑▒BX)According to the above equation:P: Is the probability in which the dependent variable attaches One score.X: Is the independent variablesB: Is the coefficients of the independent variablesThis logarithmic change caused that the predicted possibility was in the range of 0 to 1. Accuracy assessment of regression model:Accuracy assessment of regression model will be calculated using Pseudo-R2 and ROC indices. Pseudo-R2 will be examined the fitness of the model based up on the rate of the possibility as it followed (equation 2):Equation (2): Pseudo- R2 =1-( log(likelihood)/ log(Lo))If Pseudo- R2 were higher than 0.2 , it would be regarded as a good fitness of model in spatial studies.In summary, the main steps of this research are as it follows: Identifying effective criteria on scenic values of the study area (independent variables) Marking the most beautiful points of the study area (dependent variable) Mapping independent variables Standardization of independent variables Running the regression model Accuracy assessment of regression modelDiscussion of results: After data collection and mapping the factors affecting the aesthetic value of the study area, these criteria were standardized between 0-255. Finally eight criteria including tree type, vegetation density, diversity of vegetation density, ecotone of tree type, viewshed layer for waterfalls, peaks and rivers along the walking tracks and visibility of points with higher diversity were inserted in the model as independent variables. As mentioned in previous part, dependent variable is a Boolean layer including beautiful and non-beautiful point of the study area. Finally, after the implementation of the model, each variable with respect to their impact on the aesthetic value, has allocated separated regression weight as it shown in table 1.Table 1. Regression coefficient assigned to each criterion Independent variable Regression coefficient Tree type 0.00113912Vegetation density 0.01807187Diversity of vegetation density 0.01763468Ecotone of tree type Waterfall viewshed -0.003241100.08655779Peak’s viewshed 0.00562768River’s viewshed 0.00970483High diversity point viewshed 0.01256638Intercept -7.2442 The results of regression model (coefficients) shows that the ecoton of tree type has an inverse relationship with aesthetic value and by increasing the ecotone value, the aesthetic value will be decreased While other parameters have a direct relationship with aesthetic value.The model was validated using Pseudo-R2 and ROC indices. The estimated value of Pseudo- R2 for this model was equal to 0.4129, and this amount was higher than 0.2 which represented the good fitness of model. Validating by ROC confirmed the results of the model too, ROC index was equal to 0.875. Fig (1) shows the prediction map of the model. This map has predicted aesthetic value of the study area using the independent variables. Fig (1): Prediction map of the aesthetic value using logistic regression modelIn order to determine the importance of each independent variable, we tried to remove each of variables from the regression equation and examined its impact of each criterion (fig 2). The indices of river and the visibility of high diverse point were the most effective criteria. Fig (2): The elimination effect of each independent variable on model’s validityConclusion:The development of measuring aesthetic/environmental quality has made progress over the last years. In addition, it is possible to create statistically reliable maps to predict visual quality of environment. The process is relatively efficient and effective. Planners, designers, and citizens can measure the perceived effects of spatial treatments and can assess the perceived impact of various proposals and plans. The represented approach in this research is one more tool in a toolbox of expert and statistical measures to understand the impacts proposals and plans may have upon the environment. The proposed approach (not with the same criteria as each region can differ in terms of their biophysical characteristics) can be conducted in other similar geographic regions to evaluate and rank the scenic beauty of landscapes.The results showed that the zones which have had more aesthetic value often has been located in central region, eastern and western ridge and south part of the study area. Validating the regression model by Pseudo-R2 and ROC indexes showed the high capability of model to determine the areas which have the high aesthetic quality. The results of this research can}, keywords = {Ecotourism,Aesthetic values assessment,Logistic regression,ziarat watershed}, title_fa = {کاربرد روش رگرسیون لجستیک در مدل‌سازی کیفیت زیبایی شناختی سیمای سرزمین (مطالعه‌ی موردی: آبخیز زیارت استان گلستان)}, abstract_fa = {برنامه‌ریزی گردشگری طبیعی، نخستین اقدام در مدیریت مناطق طبیعی با رویکرد گردشگری است که در آن عرصه‌های مستعد طرح‌ریزی تفرجی، پهنه‌بندی می شوند. بنابراین یافتن منظره‌های زیبا می‌تواند به عنوان یکی از اصول برنامه‌ریزی تفرجی مطرح شود. در این پژوهش،آبخیز زیارت که یکی از قطب‌های گردشگری استان گلستان است جهت مدلسازی ارزش‌های زیبایی شناختی به روش رگرسیون لجستیک که قادر به برقراری ارتباط بین متغیر وابسته و متغیرهای مستقل است مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. متغیر وابسته مجموعه‌ای از نقاط زیبا و نازیبا و متغیرهای مستقل 8 معیار تیپ پوشش گیاهی، تراکم پوشش گیاهی، تنوع تراکم پوشش گیاهی، اکوتون پوشش گیاهی، قابلیت دید آبشار، قله، رودخانه و نقاط پر تنوع هستند. پس از نقشه‌سازی معیارها، در نهایت نقشه تناسب ارزش زیبایی‌شناختی بر اساس مدل آماری رگرسیون لجستیک تهیه شد. نتایج ارزیابی مدل رگرسیونی برازش داده شده با مقادیر ROCبرابر با 879/0و Pseudo-R2 برابر با 4129/0 بیانگر درستی و اعتبار نسبتاً بالای مدل است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد پهنه‌هایی که دارای ارزش زیبایی شناختی بالاتری هستند بیشتر در ارتفاعات و محدوده‌ی مرکزی‌، حاشیه خط‌الرأس های شرقی و غربی و بخش جنوبی حوزه قرار دارند. نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق، می‌تواند فرآیند تصمیم‌گیری برای مکان‌یابی و انتخاب مناطق تفرجگاهی زیباتر را تسهیل نماید.}, keywords_fa = {Ecotourism,Aesthetic values assessment,Logistic regression,ziarat watershed}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58744.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58744_da731c7902019413b6c5512a364b1a60.pdf} } @article { author = {Shamsipour, Aliakbar and Alavipanah, Sadroddin and Qureshi, Salman}, title = {Cooling effect of urban vegetation (case study Munich)}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {441-453}, year = {2016}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2016.58745}, abstract = {1. IntroductionHumans have actively managed and transformed the world’s landscapes for millennia. After the industrial revolution (between 1820 and 1840) with increase in sanitation, food security and quality of life the human population increased tremendously. Urbanization, the demographic transition from rural to urban, is associated with shifts from an agriculture-based economy to mass industry, technology, and service. For the first time ever, the majority of the world's population lives in a city, and this proportion continues to grow. One hundred years ago, 2 out of every 10 people lived in an urban area and by 2050; this proportion will increase to 7 out of 10 people. The result was the physical growth of urban areas, be it horizontal or vertical. Urbanisation is an extreme form of Land Use and Land Cover Change (LULC) that occurs when the natural vegetation of an area is replaced with buildings and roads, which tend to have significantly higher air temperatures than their rural surrounding. This phenomenon is known as Urban Heat Island (UHI). UHIs directly and indirectly affect the thermal comfort and health of city inhabitants. UHIs cause generating more CO2 emission by increasing the energy consumption for cooling the infrastructure, but also influences water use, biodiversity change and human discomfort where all together aggravate social and environmental quality in cities which collectively contributes to global challenges. Increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration in association with LULC changes are among the main drivers to climate change.Energy consumption, generating CO2 emissions and contributing to earth warming, in association with land use and land cover changes are amongst main drivers of global climate change on the one hand and of increasing the ‘Urban Heat Islands’(UHI) – higher temperatures in cities compared to their surroundings – on the other. Therefore, urban vegetation can have a role in mitigating the UHI effect. Urban vegetation through several mechanisms of shading, increasing albedo and evapotranspiration decreases the penetration of sun during the day. Urban vegetation also decreases summertime energy demand to cool the indoor climate, decreasing CO2 emissions as well. Remote sensing has proved to be a useful tool for cross-scale ecological research at various spatial, temporal, and spectral scales. Remote sensing images of the apparent surface temperature of cities show the marked coolness of vegetated surfaces in general and parks in particular. Therefore ‘urban greening’ has been proposed as one approach to mitigate the human health consequences of increased temperatures resulting from climate change. However, urban vegetation not only regulates climate but also acts as an important amenity for the neighbouring communities; it support urban life and can ensure social cohesion and wellbeing. The goal of this paper focuses on the cooling effect (pattern) of urban vegetation in the city of Munich, Germany, for more than 10 years. Consequently, it is hypothesised if the urban vegetation’s cooling effect takes place during continuing years, including the warm year of 2003 in the study area?2. Materials and MethodsIn order to make this study happen, remote sensing data, GIS and LULC data has been used for the study area. The study area is located in the South-East of Germany and is the capital city of Bavarian state. This city is approximately 310.43 km2 with the population of 1.37 million inhabitants in 2011. Munich is a developed city and a stable region in terms of land use and land cover in the period 2002 to 2012. Distribution of green parks within the administrative area of the city (33.8 m2 per person) is the advantage of the chosen study area (fig 1). Fig 1. Land cover map and spatial distribution of those in study area A. Area study marked with Red, B. land cover classified in 21(CLC2006) B. The land surface temperature data were obtained from MYD11A2 product of MODIS sensor which is an 8-day interval data. The LST data were collected for the warm season of 2002 to 2012. The LULC data were used from the European Environment Agency (EEA) called Corine Land Cover (CLC) database which has been prepared for more than 25 European countries with 44 classes. Due to similarities in the behavior of surface temperature of different CLCs, some classes were reclassified and combined to form two major rather simplified homogenized classes; one of urban areas and the other one being the urban vegetation. The homogenized map was merged to LST data in order to compute the relationship in between. Therefore Kernel Quantile Regression (KQR) was used. KQR performs non-parametric regression and is a method for estimating functional relations between variables for all portions of a probability distribution and aims at estimating either the conditional median or other quantiles of the response variable. QR was used to calculate for the 25, 50 and 75 quantiles for each month, which illustrates the change of LST in urban areas and urban vegetation.3. Results and DiscussionThe results revealed that (I) a higher daytime surface temperature in dense urbanised area rather than well-vegetated and surrounding urban area, due to thermal emissivity properties of urban surfaces and heat capacity, (II) a positive and increasing trend between LST and the ratio of urban, while a negative and decreasing trend between the LST and the urban vegetation within every pixel. Estimates of Weng et al. (2007) reported as well that abundance in vegetation is one of the most influential factors in controlling LST measurements through partitioning solar radiation into fluxes of sensible and latent heat. (III) A non-linear trend between LST and the proportion of LULC within each pixel, especially for urban vegetation. Vegetation can be effective as it delivers several mechanisms of cooling simultaneously and in a complementary manner. Urban vegetation reduces heat islands through shading and evapotranspiration. Shading restricts energy storage and heating of the local environment by limiting solar penetration. Plants convert water into water vapour through evaporation; energy is being used to drive the evaporation process rather than being transferred to the sensible heat that heats up the city. As a result, cooler air temperature is observed within well-vegetated areas. Therefore, fully vegetated pixels were expected to have a cooler surface temperature. (IV) A remarkable and stronger cooling effect in terms of LST in regions where the proportion of vegetation cover was between seventy and almost eighty percent per square kilometre. Better air flow and convection, which are lower in densely vegetated areas, might be the reason for this finding. Leuzinger et al. (2010) demonstrated that trees responded differently to extremes in temperature. Results also demonstrated (V) that LST within urban vegetation was affected by the temperature of the surrounding urban area. A good example is the year 2003, when LST increased in comparison with records of previous years as a result of the well-known heat wave in Europe. The results of this study demonstrate that LST of urban vegetation is related to the temperature of its urban surrounding. Therefore, dependency may differ according to the size, shape and location of the vegetated area. Finally, (VI) the coolest places were areas far from the core of the urbanized region.4. ConclusionThis study concluded that regional and local scale studies within the changing climate can improve our understanding of urban ecological challenges and facilitate appropriate adaptation to regional and global climate change. Therefore, this research could provide urban planners and landscapers with strategies for mitigating the UHI effect through the strategic placement of urban vegetation.}, keywords = {Urban ecology: Urban green vegetation,Global climate change,Urban Heat Island (UHI),Land Surface Temperature (LST)}, title_fa = {اثر خنک کنندگیِ فضاهای سبز شهری (مطالعه موردی شهر مونیخ)}, abstract_fa = {انسان قرن‌هاست منابع را در راستای منافع خود فعالانه مدیریت و تغییر می‌دهد. شهرسازی شدیدترین حالت مدیریت فعالانه تغییر پوشش و کاربری زمین است. جایگزینی پوشش‌های طبیعی با ساختارهای انسان-ساخت پدیدهی جزایر گرمایی شهری (UHI) را ایجاد می‌کند که سبب شکل‌گیری خرداقلیم شهری و افزایش دما در مناطق شهری نسبت به حومه طبیعی و روستاها می‌شود. جزایر گرمایی شهری می‌تواند در اثر گرمایشِ جهانی تشدید شود و نه تنها بر سلامت انسان‌ها اثر مخرب بگذارد، بلکه بر میزان درخواست مصرف انرژی – برای تعدیل دما - نیز اثرگذار باشد. پوشش های گیاهی اضافه بر نقش تنظیم کنندگی دمای اقلیم محلی، شرایط زندگی شهروندی و اجتماعی را نیز مساعد تر می‌نمایند. هدف این پژوهش بررسی اثر خنک کنندگی پوشش گیاهی در یک پهنه شهری از نقشه دمای سطحی (LST) و پوشش و کاربری زمین (LULC1) است. برای تحلیل ارتباط میان پراکنش تمامی متغیر ها از رگرسیون چندکی (KQR) استفاده شد. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد که (1) دمای سطحی در مراکز متراکم تر شهری بیشتر از حاشیه شهرها است. (2) دمای سطحی همبستگی مثبتی با کاربری های فیزیکی و ارتباطی منفی با پوشش های سبز شهری دارد و (3) ارتباطی غیر خطی میان دمای سطحی و میزان گستردگی کاربری زمین وجود دارد.}, keywords_fa = {Urban ecology: Urban green vegetation,Global climate change,Urban Heat Island (UHI),Land Surface Temperature (LST)}, url = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58745.html}, eprint = {https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_58745_b56ff28912e0deda05e28d3fc63ba58a.pdf} } @article { author = {Shenasi, Mohit}, title = {Extended abstract}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Studies}, volume = {42}, number = {2}, pages = {1-34}, year = {2016}, publisher = {دانشگاه تهران}, issn = {1025-8620}, eissn = {2345-6922}, doi = {10.22059/jes.2021.331416.1008233}, abstract = {English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English English 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