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21
28.7
34
46.6
18
24.7
0
0
The effect of wound characteristics (size, intensity and location) on its future condition was studied and the results were shown in Table 3. Our study indicated that the wounds near the ground have a greater incidence of decay compared to the higher wounds. The wound size is one of the most important characteristics related to decay. The results showed the wounds in sizes <25 cm2 had the most ability of healing. The bark squeezed intensity of bole wounds didn’t caused to tree mortality; while about 8.3% of wood-damaged intensity of bole wounds caused to tree mortality and 19.8 % of them caused to wood decayed (Table 3). Overall, results of this study indicated any major wound located in the lower section of the tree have the potential to greatly reduce the quantity and quality of the future wood product by causing stain or decay in the high-value butt log.
Table 3. The condition of wounds in the different wound characteristics
Wound characteristics
Wound condition
Closed
Open
Decayed
Tree destroyed
N
%
N
%
N
%
N
%
Size
< 25
116
90.6
9
7.0
3
2.4
0
0
26-100
74
70.5
29
27.6
2
1.9
0
0
101-1000
4
11.8
12
35.3
15
44.1
3
8.8
>1001
0
0
2
9.1
11
50.0
9
40.9
Intensity
Bark squeezed
60
88.2
8
11.8
0
0
0
0
Bark removed
79
79.0
12
12.0
7
7.0
2
2.0
Wood damaged
55
45.5
32
24.6
24
19.8
10
8.3
Location
Root
4
19.1
10
47.6
5
23.8
2
9.5
<1 m
73
60.4
20
16.5
20
16.5
8
6.6
1 – 2 m
53
69.8
19
25.0
3
3.9
1
1.3
>2 m
64
90.2
2
2.8
4
5.6
1
1.4
Table 4 presents the results of Chi square test for the effect of tree dbh and wound characteristics on the wounds condition. These results showed that the dbh of trees and wound characteristics (size, intensity, and location) have significant effect on wounds condition (Table 4).
Table 4. The results of Chi square test for the effect of tree dbh and wound characteristics on the wounds condition
Factor
Df
Chi Square Value
P-Value
Tree dbh
12
208.3
0.00**
Wound size
9
227.6
0.00**
Wound intensity
6
52.9
0.00**
Wound location
9
50.2
0.00**
** Significant at α = 0.05.
Conclusion
The results of this study showed that logging damage to stand can be reduced substantially.To achieve sustainable forest management, the main requirements are minimization of the logging damages.In the context of selection cutting management, minimizing logging damage to residual trees must therefore remain a major objective.In order to minimize felling damage, directional felling must be applied considering the skid trails.Pre-harvest planning and identifying the winching area before logging operation can reduce damage to the stand in the Caspian forests.
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