Sustainable indicators and their implication in the
environment
منوچهر
طبییان
author
text
article
1999
per
The principal objective of any urban environmental improvement strategy
is the enhancement of the health and the quality of life of the citizens.
In order to ascertain the quality of an urban environment, lit is necessary to
use techniques that would enable to monitor and measure those variable
which, over a certain period of time, have a significant impact on the
quality of the environment.
During the past century, and until recently, evaluation techniques were
based on analytical and ideal criteria. These techniques were largely devoid
of scientific bases.
Experience in recent decades has shown that the design, compilation, and
application of the so - called "Environmental quality indices" is a very
valuable tool for evaluating the quality of the urban environment. These
tools are currently being used to evaluate policies, ideas, and various
innovations implemented in relation to the urban environment.
This article reviews a number of descriptive and traditional evaluation
techniques, presents some analytical methods, and finally, introduces the
model designed by Bahrainy and Tabibian et a1. (The B. T. Model 1998).
Which will be tested in the city of Tehran, Isfahan, Shiraz and Yazd.
Journal of Environmental Studies
دانشگاه تهران
1025-8620
25
v.
24
no.
1999
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_25204_de6f4ab7af2dba2df8392e1bf837c3dd.pdf
Evaluation of Horizontal - Flow Roughing Filteration
Performance in turbidity removal
دکتر علی
ترابیان
author
مهندس عبدالله رشیدی مهر
آبادی
author
text
article
1999
per
Slow Sand Filtration (S.S.F) is a main process in the water treatment
technology and generally considered as most appropriate for
application in rural and small urban areas in developing countries.
However, performance of the S.S.F is very sensitive to high turbidity
levels. Therefore, pretreatment is necessary for such waters.
Horizontal - Flow Roughing Filtration (HFRF) and Direct Horizontal
- Flow Roughing Filtration (DHRF) have been porposed as two
effective pre-treatment technologeis, prior to SSF.
In this study two par all el lab - scale pilot plants were used. Each pilot
consisted of three units: Raw water supply unit , coagula tion un it and
horizontal filter. The filter was made of P. V. C. tubes, each 20 cm in
diameter. Each filter consisted of a 1.5 m long first compartment (15 to
25 mm grains) and 1.5 m second compartment (3-5 mm grains in firs t
filter and 7-9 mm grains in second filter) .
Initial turbidity was 300 NTU. The coagulant dose in DHRF was 2.5
Mg/L Fecl3.
The results of the experiments indicated that the efficiency of filtration
decreases as the filtration rat e is increased. Also, a fine graded filter,
has a higher efficiency than a coarse graded one. In the first
compartment of the filter in a DHRF procosses, floculation and
sedimentation are efficiently achieved. The amount of wash water in
the fast drain age method is acceptable. The scour velocity increases
with the increased sludge age .
Journal of Environmental Studies
دانشگاه تهران
1025-8620
25
v.
24
no.
1999
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_25205_3af889efb0d362151f743b3598b0c72c.pdf
Economic Study on the appilication of starch as a
coagulant - aid in water treatment
دکتر نسرین
گودرزی
author
سیمین
ناصری
author
text
article
1999
per
Iran, for it's socio-economic development is faced with limitations,
because of growing population, economic drawbacks and shortcomings
in resources. Therefore, country planning should be based on
considering the limitations.
At present, water treatment industry in Iran is regarded as one of the
major development activities needing a comperehensive management
with both quantitative and qualitative approaches.
In this paper, emphasis has been placed on the evaluation of the
application of starch as a natural organic polymer in turbidity removal ,
due to the shortage and the high price of some coagulants. Also the
effectiveness of starch was compared with imported synthetic
polyelectrolytes.
In this research, following the determination of the starch optimum
dosage in turbidity removal in different conditions, economic
evaluation was done on the cost of the chemicals (Alume, ferric
chloride and starch).
Then, regarding the number and the capacity of water treatment plants
(WTPs) in Iran, which use Alum and ferric chloride as coagulant, the
annual cost savings of 6/878/933/300 Rials in water treatment industry
in the case of starch application was resulted.
Journal of Environmental Studies
دانشگاه تهران
1025-8620
25
v.
24
no.
1999
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_25206_571b15c56ab9806c6496ee3205f9da05.pdf
Fertility in Hormozgan Province Year, (1996) 1375
زهرا عالی
نژاد
author
محمود
محمودی
author
text
article
1999
per
Total population of Hormozgan pro vince of Iran was 760,014 in 1365
and 10,045,085 in 1375, which shows a growth rate of %3/2 in 10 years.
In comparison with other provinces. the growth rate is one of the
highest in the country.
Th e aim of this study was to determine the fertility of Hormozgan
province.
The method of study was cross - sectional and the sampling in a two
stage s sampling of 2000 household. They were questioned randomly
and the eligible married women at reproductive ages (15-49) were
interviewed. Total fertiligy rate for Hormozgan province in 1375 was
4.875, while those for urban and rural are as were 3.48 and 5.89,
respectively. The highest feritility rate for urban women was recorded
in ages 20-24, whil e that fo r rural areas occured in age group 30-34.
Int er stingly, the net reproduction rates for Sunies in both rural (2.59)
and urban (1.22) areas were lower than those for Sheiets in rural (2.29)
and urban (1.67) areas.
Journal of Environmental Studies
دانشگاه تهران
1025-8620
25
v.
24
no.
1999
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_25207_17144841c3bb4c2171314795a4ba513f.pdf
The morphological structure of the city between
wisdom and sentiment
هما ایرانی
بهبهانی
author
text
article
1999
per
Journal of Environmental Studies
دانشگاه تهران
1025-8620
25
v.
24
no.
1999
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_25208_9a9340a8d09b1062d27dd636a6567944.pdf
The Design and implementation of Environmental Data
Atlas (EDA) by Geographic Information System (GIS) and
Remote Sensing (RS)
دکتر حمیدرضا
جعفری
author
مهندس محسن
محفوظی
author
text
article
1999
per
Environmental monitoring and rest or at ion requires efficient access to
large amounts of spatial information. The geographic information
system (GIS) and remotely sensed data are related to both physical and
man-mad e features. In order to handle this task, the Environmental
Scienc es Section (ESS) created the Environmental Data Atlas (EDA)
that uses spatial keys to link all data sources to a common geog raphical
data base. Furthermore, it is important that all of the data he readily
accessible o n the desktop of scientists, regardless of the type of
computer platform they used. This paper describes the creation of a
comprehensive computing environment that utilizes a geographical data
browsing system as the core for meeting these requirements. It also
describes how bibliographic search and aerial photography browsing
functions were incorporated into the system. Finally, it describes a
sophisticated modeling system that has been integrated into the system
to support site selection activities. By taking advantage of the latest
advancements in geographical data browsing systems, fourth generation
procedural programming languages, and network communications, the
integrated system represents an important step in the evolution of GIS.
Journal of Environmental Studies
دانشگاه تهران
1025-8620
25
v.
24
no.
1999
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_25209_d00944229cc9dc20957d3ff6c43a762a.pdf
Managerial Considerations in the use of groundwater
models
مهندس محمد حاتمی
ورزنه
author
دکتر مجتبی کبودانیان
اردستانی
author
text
article
1999
per
The management of using the groundwater models consists of different
subjects, the most important of which have been mentioned and briefly
discussed in the present article.
Here the most important subjects is the successful use of mathematical
models which depends on the training and experiences of the technical
support staff, applying the model to a problem, and on the degree of
communication between these technical persons and management.
The other subject is the cost of different hardwares and softwares in a
groundwater modeling process. A" a general rule, costs are greatest for
personnel, moderate for hardware, and minimal for software. Managers
need to seriously consider which level of maintaining of above
mentioned factors are appropriate.
Having criteria in selection of modeling programs is also a matter of
importance. Technical criteria for selecting groundwater modeling
codes formulated by U.S. EPA (1988) is presented. These technical
criteria correspond roughly to the hydrogeologic model parameters.
Fundamentaly, using of programs should be based in accordance with
performance standards and accepted criteria.
The increasing use of modeling and computer codes, in regulatory
settings where decisions may be contested in court, requires careful
attention on quality assurance and quality control (QNQC) in both
model development and application.
Considering the limitations of computer codes is also a matter of
importance. Managers should have enough knowledge of capability
limitations of codes used appropriate for the region under study, and
then make proper decisions regarding the requirements.
In general the largest number of codes are in the saturated 110w
category (97), followed by the saturated solute-transport category (73).
Journal of Environmental Studies
دانشگاه تهران
1025-8620
25
v.
24
no.
1999
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_25210_df732e281409903adfd6454a4f1c6c9a.pdf
Spatial variability of cadmium pollution around three
Zinc- ore smelrers in north . east Belgium
دکتر جهانگرد
محمدی
author
text
article
1999
per
This paper deals with the pollution by a heavy metal, cadmium (Cd), of
the topsoil over a relatively large area in the north-east of Belgium. It
consists of a typical environmental soil hazard originating from three
zinc-ore smelters, complicated by the uneven distribution of the
transporting medium, which is wind. The main goal of this paper is to
map cadmium concentration in the soils of the study area. The topsoil
Cd has a relatively high mean value, 3.86 mg Kg-I, and the data ranged
over more than 70 mg Kg-l . A regional trend was identified, which
showed a relationship between the Cd concentration and the distance
to the nearest factory. Additionally, an anisotropic variability found,
which was related to the dominant wind directions. To estimate the Cd
concentration, results of modelling and the regional trend were used.
The Cd concentration of this area is predicted to be almost everywhere
above the background value of 1 mg Kg
. Moreover, close to the
factories, large amounts of Cd can be expected. Finally, important areas
around the factories, with extensions towards the north-east, have an
enrichment of cadmium well beyond the limit of 5 mg Kg
Journal of Environmental Studies
دانشگاه تهران
1025-8620
25
v.
24
no.
1999
https://jes.ut.ac.ir/article_25211_d953505a58b6a7d7a81d5d0fccb5685f.pdf